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Nsrahwɛ

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Nsrahwɛfo a wɔba Apollo Asɔredan mu, Delphi, Greece

Nsrahwɛ yɛ akwantu a wɔde gye wɔn ani anaa adwuma, ne aguadi dwumadi a ɛne sɛ wɔde akwantu a ɛte saa ma na wɔboa.[1] Wiase Nyinaa Nsrahwɛ Ahyehyɛde no kyerɛkyerɛ nsrahwɛ mu wɔ ɔkwan a ɛkɔ akyiri so, wɔ nsɛm a ɛkɔ akyiri sen adwene a wɔtaa kura wɔ nsrahwɛ ho sɛ ɛyɛ nnapɔnna dwumadi nkutoo nkutoo mu", sɛ nnipa a "wɔtu kwan kɔ mmeae a ɛnyɛ nea wɔtaa yɛ no na wɔtra hɔ a ɛnyɛ nea ɛboro afe biako a ɛtoatoa so ma ahomegye ne nea ennu nnɔnhwerew 24, adwumayɛ ne atirimpɔw afoforo".[2] Nsrahwɛ betumi ayɛ ɔman no mu (wɔ akwantufo no ankasa man mu) anaa amanaman ntam, na amanaman ntam nsrahwɛ wɔ nkɛntɛnso a ɛba ne nea efi mu nyinaa wɔ ɔman bi sika a aka no so .

Nsrahwɛfoɔ dodoɔ so teɛeɛ ɛnam sikasɛm a ɛkɔɔ fam kɛseɛ ( 2000 mfeɛ no awieeɛ sikasɛm mu ɔhaw ) wɔ afe 2008 fa a ɛtɔ so mmienu ne afe 2009 awieeɛ ntam, ne nea ɛfirii mu baeɛ ne sɛ afe 2009 H1N1 influensa mmoawa no paee,[3][4] nanso nkakrankakra nyaa ahoɔden kosii sɛ COVID-19 ɔyaredɔm no de nkɔso no baa awiei mpofirim. Amanaman Nkabom Wiase Nsrahwɛ Ahyehyɛde no buu akontaa sɛ wiase nyinaa amanaman ntam nsrahwɛfo a wɔba no betumi so atew 58% akosi 78% wɔ afe 2020 mu, na ɛbɛma wɔahwere U.S. dɔla ɔpepepem 0.9–1.2 wɔ amanaman ntam nsrahwɛfo a wonya no mu.[2]

Wɔ wiase nyinaa no, amanaman ntam nsrahwɛfoɔ sika a wɔnya (akwantuo adeɛ a ɛwɔ sika a wɔde tua ho ka mu ) kɔɔ soro koduu US$1.03 ɔpepepem ( €740 ɔpepepem) wɔ afe 2005 mu, a ɛne nkɔanim ankasa a ɛkɔɔ soro 3.8% firi afe 2010 no hyia [5] Amanaman ntam nsrahwɛfo a wɔbaa hɔ no boroo nsrahwɛfo ɔpepepem 1 wɔ wiase nyinaa nea edi kan wɔ afe 2012.[6] Na gua ahorow a ɛrenya nkɔso te sɛ China, Russia, ne Brazil ama wɔn sika a wɔsɛe no akɔ soro kɛse wɔ mfe du a atwam no mu.[2]

Wiase nyinaa nsrahwɛfo na ɛma c. Wiase nyinaa mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a wɔtow gu no mu 8%.[7] Ɛnyɛ bere nyinaa na mframa a wɔtow gu ne nneɛma afoforo a ɛho hia a ɛba nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ne asetra mu no so wɔ mfaso ma mpɔtam hɔfo ne wɔn sikasɛm. Esiane eyi nti, nsrahwɛfo nkɔso ahyehyɛde ahorow pii afi ase de wɔn adwene asi nsrahwɛ a ɛtra hɔ daa so de abrɛ nkɛntɛnso bɔne a nsrahwɛfo nkɛntɛnso a ɛrenya nkɔanim no de ba no ase. Amanaman Nkabom Wiase Nsrahwɛ Ahyehyɛde no sii saa nneyɛe yi so dua denam nsrahwɛ a wɔhyɛɛ ho nkuran sɛ Nkɔso a Ɛkɔ So Daa Botae ahorow no fa, denam nhyehyɛe ahorow te sɛ Amanaman Ntam Afe a Ɛfa Nsrahwɛ a Ɛkɔ So Daa ma Nkɔso wɔ afe 2017 mu,[8] ne nhyehyɛe ahorow te sɛ Nsrahwɛ ma SDGs a ɛtwe adwene si sɛnea SDG 8, SDG 12 ne SDG 14 de nsrahwɛ ka ho wɔ sikasɛm a ɛbɛkɔ so atra hɔ daa a wɔbɛbɔ mu .[2]

Nsrahwɛ adu baabi foforo ne nnwuma a ɛreba a ɛfa ahunmu nsrahwɛ ho ne mprempren nnwuma a ɛwɔ po so ahyɛn a wɔde tu kwan no, akwan horow pii wɔ hɔ a wɔfa so kɔsrasra hɔ. Nsrahwɛ adwuma foforo a ebetumi aba ne nsrahwɛ a wɔyɛ no ankasa.

Etymology ho adesua

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Wɔde Borɔfo kasa mu asɛmfua tourist dii dwuma wɔ afe 1772 [9] na wɔde tourism dii dwuma afe 1811.[2][10] Saa nsɛmfua yi fi asɛmfua tour, a efi Engiresi Dedaw turian mu</link> , a efi Franse kasa dedaw mu torner</link> , a efi Latin tornare</link> - "sɛ wobɛdan lathe", a ɛno ankasa fi Tete Helafo tornos mu</link> ( τόρνος</link> ) - "lathe" a wode wo ho to so.[2]

Nkyerɛase ahorow

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Wɔ afe 1936 mu no, Amanaman Apam no kyerɛɛ ɔman foforo so nsrahwɛfo ase sɛ "obi a anyɛ yiye koraa no otu kwan kɔ amannɔne nnɔnhwerew aduonu anan". Amanaman Nkabom a edii n’ade no yɛɛ nsakrae wɔ nkyerɛase yi mu wɔ 1945 mu, denam asram asia a wɔde bɛtra hɔ a ɛsen biara a wɔde kaa ho no so.[11]

Wɔ afe 1941 mu no, Hunziker ne Kraft kyerɛɛ nsrahwɛ ase sɛ "nneɛma a ɛyɛ nwonwa ne abusuabɔ a efi akwantu ne tra a wɔn a wɔnyɛ ɔman no mu ba no nyinaa bom, kosi sɛ ɛmma obi ntra hɔ daa na ɛne dwumadi biara a ɛma wonya sika nni abusuabɔ." [12][13] Wɔ 1976 mu no, England Nsrahwɛ Kuw no nkyerɛase ne sɛ: “Nsrahwɛ yɛ bere tiaa mu, bere tiaa mu nnipa a wɔde wɔn kɔ mmeae a ɛnyɛ mmeae a wɔtaa tra na wɔyɛ adwuma ne wɔn dwumadi bere a wɔtra baabiara.” Ɛka kankyee a wɔde yɛ atirimpɔw nyinaa ho." [14] Wɔ 1981 mu no, Amanaman Ntam Nyansahu mu Abenfo Fekuw a Ɛhwɛ Nsrahwɛ So no kyerɛkyerɛɛ nsrahwɛ mu sɛ dwumadi pɔtee bi a wɔpaw na wɔyɛ wɔ fie akyi.[2]

Wɔ afe 1994 mu no, Amanaman Nkabom no kyerɛɛ nsrahwɛ ahorow abiɛsa wɔ ne Recommendations on Tourism Statistics mu :[15]

  • Domestic tourism, a ɛfa ɔman a wɔde ama no mufo a wotu kwan wɔ ɔman yi mu nkutoo ho
  • Nsrahwɛ a ɛba,[2] a ɛfa nnipa a wɔnyɛ ɔmanfo a wotu kwan wɔ ɔman a wɔde ama no mu ho
  • Nsrahwɛ a ɛkɔ amannɔne, a ɛfa nnipa a wɔte hɔ a wotu kwan wɔ ɔman foforo so ho
  • Akuw afoforo a wonya fii atifi hɔ akuw mu:[2]
  • Ɔman nsrahwɛ, nsrahwɛ a wɔyɛ wɔ ɔman no mu ne nea ɛkɔ amannɔne a wɔaka abom
  • Ɔmantam mu nsrahwɛ, nsrahwɛ a wɔyɛ wɔ ɔman no mu ne nea wɔba mu a wɔaka abom
  • Amanaman ntam nsrahwɛ, nsrahwɛ a ɛba ne nea ɛkɔ akyi a wɔaka abom

Ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔde nsɛmfua nsrahwɛ ne akwantu di dwuma de sesa wɔn ho wɔn ho. Wɔ saa tebea yi mu no, akwantu wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛte sɛ nsrahwɛ nanso ɛkyerɛ akwantu a atirimpɔw wom kɛse. Ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔde nsɛmfua nsrahwɛ ne nsrahwɛfo di dwuma wɔ ɔkwan a ɛyɛ animtiaabu so, de kyerɛ anigye a emu nnɔ wɔ amammerɛ anaa mmeae a wɔkɔsra no ho. Nea ɛne eyi bɔ abira no, wɔtaa de akwantufo di dwuma sɛ sɛnkyerɛnne a ɛkyerɛ sɛ obi da nsow. Nsrahwɛ ho asetra ho adesua asua amammerɛ mu gyinapɛn ahorow a ɛhyɛ saa nsonsonoe ahorow yi ase ne nea ɛkyerɛ wɔ adesuakuw mu abusuabɔ ho.[16]

Nsrahwɛ ho nneɛma

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Sɛnea Wiase Nyinaa Nsrahwɛ Ahyehyɛde kyerɛ no, ade bi a wɔyɛ wɔ nsrahwɛ ho ne:[2]

Nsrahwɛ ho ade no fa nnwuma ahorow pii ho a dea ɛka ho ne:[2]

  • Dabere ho nhyehyɛe fi afie a wɔtra a ne bo nyɛ den so kosi ahɔhodan a nsoromma anum wom so
  • Ahɔhoyɛ adwuma a mmeae a wɔde nnuan ne anonne ma ka ho
  • Akwahosan ho adwumayɛbea ahorow te sɛ aduru a wɔde twitwiw nipadua no
  • Akwan ahorow nyinaa a wɔfa so, ne booking ne rental
  • Akwantuo adwumayɛbea ahorow, akwantufo a wɔkyerɛ wɔn kwan ne nsrahwɛfo akwankyerɛfo
  • Amammerɛ mu nnwuma te sɛ nyamesom nkaedum, tete nneɛma akorae, ne abakɔsɛm mmeae
  • Dwadie

Amanaman ntam nsrahwɛfo

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Amanaman ntam nsrahwɛfo a wɔba afe biara sɛnea ɔmantam biara te

Amanaman ntam nsrahwɛ yɛ nsrahwɛ a ɛtwa ɔman ahye. Wiase nyinaa ayɔnkofa ama nsrahwɛ ayɛ wiase nyinaa ahomegye dwumadi a agye din. Wiase Nsrahwɛ Ahyehyɛde no kyerɛkyerɛ nsrahwɛfo mu sɛ nnipa "a wotu kwan kɔ mmeae a ɛnyɛ nea wɔtaa yɛ no na wɔtra hɔ a ɛnboro afe biako a ɛtoatoa so de gye wɔn ahome, nnwuma ne nneɛma afoforo".[2] Wiase Nyinaa Akwahosan Ahyehyɛde (WHO) bu akontaa sɛ nnipa bɛyɛ 500,000 na wɔte wimhyɛn mu bere biara.[17]

Wɔ afe 2010 mu no, amanaman ntam nsrahwɛ duu US$ 919B, na ɛkɔɔ soro 6.5% sene afe 2009, a ɛne nkɔanim a ɛkɔɔ soro wɔ ankasa mu a ɛyɛ 4.7% hyia.[18] Wɔ afe 2010 mu no, amanaman ntam nsrahwɛfo bɛboro ɔpepem 940 na wɔbaa wiase nyinaa.[19] Eduu afe 2016 no na saa dodow no akɔ soro akodu ɔpepem 1,235, na ɛde sika a wɔsɛee no wɔ mmeae a wɔrekɔ no yɛ USD ɔpepepem 1,220.[20] COVID-19 ahokyere no nyaa nkɛntɛnso bɔne kɛse wɔ amanaman ntam nsrahwɛ so maa su a ɛrekɔ soro no nyinaa brɛɛ ase kɛse.

Amanaman ntam nsrahwɛ wɔ nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia so, a ɔhaw ahorow a wimhyɛn akwantu de ba no fa bi ma ɛyɛ kɛse nanso nsɛm afoforo nso, a nsrahwɛfo a wɔyɛ adefo a wɔde asetra kwan a ɛhaw mpɔtam hɔ nnwuma, nsu ne nwura nhyehyɛe ne afoforo ka ho.

Gyinabea

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Sikasɛm mu nnyinaso a ɛwɔ nsrahwɛ mu titiriw ne amammerɛ mu agyapade, amammerɛ mu agyapade ne sɛnea akwantu beae no te. Ɛfata sɛ yɛka Wiase Agyapade Mmeae ahorow no ho asɛm titiriw nnɛ efisɛ ɛyɛ nsrahwɛfo magnet ankasa. Nanso ɔman bi nniso a ɛwɔ hɔ mprempren anaa kan no mpo betumi ayɛ nea ɛho hia kɛse ama nsrahwɛfo. Sɛ nhwɛso no, Britania adehye abusua no anigye no ma nsrahwɛfo ɔpepem pii ba Great Britain afe biara ma enti sikasɛm bɛyɛ £550 ɔpepem afe biara. Yebetumi aka Habsburg abusua no ho asɛm wɔ Europa Mfinimfini fam. Sɛnea akontaabu kyerɛ no, ɛsɛ sɛ Habsburg ahyɛnsode no ma nsrahwɛfo tɔn euro ɔpepem 60 afe biara ma Vienna nkutoo.[21][22]

Mpɛn pii no, nsrahwɛ hwehwɛ sɛ nsrahwɛfo no te nka sɛ ɔde ne ho ahyɛ beae a wɔrekɔ no ho osuahu ankasa mu. Sɛnea Dean MacCannell kyerɛ no, nsrahwɛ hwehwɛ sɛ nsrahwɛfo no betumi abu beae a wɔakɔsra hɔ no sɛ ɛyɛ nokware na ɛsono wɔn ankasa osuahu a wɔatra ase [23] .[24] : 1 . 113. Nkyekyɛm  </link> Ɛdenam "nea ɛyɛ nwonwa" a nsrahwɛfo hwɛ so no, wosua nea wɔn ankasa nyɛ: kyerɛ sɛ, wɔyɛ "an-exotic," anaasɛ wɔyɛ ade a ɛfata.[24] </link>

Sɛnea MacCannell kyerɛ no, nnɛyi nsrahwɛ nyinaa nya osuahu a ɛyɛ "nokware" ne "nea ɛyɛ nwonwa" sɛ "ɛba fam wɔ nkɔso mu" sen nnɛyi de no —kyerɛ sɛ, osuahu a nsrahwɛfo no tra ase no.[24] : 1 . 114. Nkyekyɛm  </link>

Abakɔsɛm

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Tete

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Japanni nsrahwɛfo bi rebisabisa akwantufo kwankyerɛfo ne akwankyerɛ nhoma bi a efi Akizato Ritō Miyako meisho zue (1787) mu

Na akwantu a ɛkɔ obi mpɔtam hɔ akyi de gye w’ahome no yɛ adefo akuw nkutoo dea, na ɛtɔ

mmere bi a na wotu kwan kɔ wiase mmeae a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri, kɔhwɛ adan akɛse ne adwinni ahorow, sua kasa foforo, nya amammerɛ foforo, nya abɔde a ɛho tew mu anigye na wɔsɔ hwɛ soronko nnuan a wɔde yɛ aduan . Nanso, wɔ Shulgi, mu tɔnn no, ahemfo kamfoo wɔn ho sɛ wɔbɔ akwan ho ban na wosisi akwan so gyinabea ahorow ma akwantufo.[25] Wobetumi ahu akwantu a wɔde gye wɔn ani wɔ Misraim fi 1500 A.Y.B.[26] Na tete Roma nsrahwɛfo a wɔba hɔ wɔ Republic bere so no kɔsra mmeae a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu ne mpoano ahomegyebea ahorow te sɛ Baiae . Na adefo ani gye wɔn ho. Na Romafo a wɔkorɔn no de wɔn ahomegye bere di dwuma wɔ asase so anaa po so na na wotu kwan kɔ wɔn villa urbana mu</link> anaasɛ villa maritima</link> . Na adan akɛse pii wɔ Campania, atwa Rome ho ahyia ne Adriatic asubɔnten no atifi fam te sɛ nea ɛwɔ Barcola a ɛbɛn Trieste no. Pausanias kyerɛw ne Description of Greece wɔ afeha a ɛto so abien Y.B. Wɔ tete China, ɛtɔ mmere bi a na atitiriw yɛ wɔn adwene sɛ wɔbɛkɔ Bepɔw Tai ne ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔbɛkɔ Mmepɔw Kronkron anum no nyinaa so .

Eduu tete mmere no akyi no, na ɔsom ahorow pii a Kristosom, Buddhasom, ne Nkramofo ka ho anya akwantu ho atetesɛm . Canterbury Anansesɛm ( c. 1390 mfe no mu ), a ɛde akwantu bi di dwuma sɛ afiri a wɔde yɛ mfonini no da so ara yɛ Engiresifo nhoma ahorow a wɔagye din, ne Journey to the West ( c. 1592 ), a ɛwɔ beae titiriw wɔ Chinafo nhoma ahorow mu no wɔ Buddhafo akwantu bi wɔ n’asɛm no mfinimfini.

Wɔ mfinimfini mmere mu Italy, Petrarch kyerɛw mfatoho kyerɛwtohɔ bi a ɛfa ne foro kɔɔ Mont Ventoux wɔ 1336 mu a kamfoo akwantu adeyɛ no na ɔkasa tiaa frigida incuriositas</link> (‘awɔw mu anigye a wonni’); wobu saa kyerɛwtohɔ yi sɛ ɛyɛ nsɛm a edi kan a wonim sɛ wɔde tu kwan ma n’ankasa yiyedi no mu biako.[2][27] Burgundian anwensɛm kyerɛwfo Michault Taillevent [ fr ] akyiri yi hyehyɛɛ n'ankasa nkae a ɛyɛ hu a ɛfa akwantu bi a ɔfaa Jura Mmepɔw so wɔ 1430 mu ho .[28]

Wɔ China no, ‘akwantu ho kyerɛwtohɔ nhoma’ (遊記文學; ) bɛyɛɛ nea agye din wɔ Nnwom Ahemman no mu (960–1279).[29] Akwantuo ho akyerɛwfoɔ te sɛ Fan Chengda (1126–1193) ne Xu Xiake (1587–1641) de asase ne asase ho nsɛm pii kaa wɔn nkyerɛwee ho, berɛ a ‘daytrip essay’ Record of Stone Bell Mountain a anwensɛm kyerɛwfoɔ ne ɔmannifoɔ a wagye din Su Shi kyerɛweeɛ no (1037–1101) de nyansapɛ ne abrabɔ pa ho akyinnyegye mae sɛ n’atirimpɔw titiriw.[30]

Nsrahwɛ Kɛse Kɛse

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Ɔheneba Ladislaus Sigismund a ofi Poland kɔsraa Cornelis van der Geest Mfoniniyɛbea a ɛwɔ Brussels wɔ 1624 mu

Yebetumi ahu nnɛyi nsrahwɛfo afi nea na wonim no sɛ Grand Tour, a na ɛyɛ atetesɛm akwantu a wɔde twa Europa (titiriw Germany ne Italy ), a Europa mmerante a wɔkorɔn a wɔwɔ sika titiriw, a wofi Europa Atɔe fam ne Atifi fam aman mu titiriw na wɔyɛe no mu. Wɔ 1624 mu no, Poland Ɔheneba kumaa, Ladislaus Sigismund Vasa, Sigismund III babarima panyin fii akwantu bi ase faa Europa, sɛnea na Polandfo atitiriw taa yɛ no.[31] Otutuu akwan faa nsasesin a ɛwɔ nnɛyi Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, faako a n’ani gyee sɛnea Spain asraafo, France, Switzerland, kosii Italy, Austria, ne Czech Republic kaa Breda hyɛɛ mu no ho .[31] Na ɛyɛ nhomasua akwantu [2] na nea efii mu bae no mu biako ne Italiafo opera a wɔde baa Poland–Lithuania Amanaman Nkabom no mu .[32]

Amanne no nyaa nkɔso fi bɛyɛ 1660 kosii sɛ keteke akɛse a wɔde fa nnipa bae wɔ 1840 mfe no mu na mpɛn pii no na edi akwantu nhyehyɛe a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ akyi . Na ɛyɛ nhomasua hokwan ne amanne a wɔde twa kwan . Ɛwom sɛ na ɛne Britaniafo atitiriw ne adefo a wɔwɔ asase so ahemfo wɔ abusuabɔ titiriw de, nanso mmerante a wɔyɛ adefo a wofi Protestant Europa Atifi fam aman a ɛwɔ Asasepɔn no so na wotuu akwantu a ɛte saa ara, na efi afeha a ɛto so 18 no fa a ɛto so abien no mu no, Amerika Kesee Fam, U.S., ne amannɔne mmerante afoforo bi de wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu . Wɔtrɛw atetesɛm no mu ma ɛkaa mfinimfini mpanyimfo pii ho bere a keteke ne po so ahyɛn akwantu maa akwantu no yɛɛ mmerɛw akyi, na Thomas Cook maa "Cook's Tour" yɛɛ asɛmfua a wɔde frɛ no.

Grand Tour no bɛyɛɛ dibea ho sɛnkyerɛnne ankasa maa sukuufo a wɔkorɔn wɔ afeha a ɛto so 18 ne 19 mu. Wɔ saa bere yi mu no, Johann Joachim Winckelmann nsusuwii ahorow a ɛfa sɛnea tete amammerɛ korɔn ho no bɛyɛɛ nea nkurɔfo ani gyee ho kɛse na wɔkyerɛɛ ho anisɔ wɔ Europa nhomasua wiase no mu. Mfoniniyɛfo, akyerɛwfo, ne akwantufo (te sɛ Goethe ) sii so dua sɛ adwinni a wɔagye din a Italy, France, ne Greece de ho nhwɛso pa ma no korɔn. Esiane saa nneɛma yi nti, na Grand Tour no kɔ titiriw ne saa mmeae no, baabi a na sukuufo a wɔkorɔn betumi anya adwinni ne abakɔsɛm a wɔagye din ho nhwɛso ahorow a wɔntaa nhu.

Nnansa yi ara New York Times kaa Grand Tour no ho asɛm wɔ saa kwan yi so sɛ:

Na wogye di sɛ mfaso titiriw a ɛwɔ Grand Tour no so ne sɛ wɔbɛda tete tete mmere mu amammerɛ agyapade ne Renaissance, ne Europa asasepɔn no so nnipa a wɔyɛ adehye na wɔwɔ animtew wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so no nyinaa adi.

Ahomegye akwantu a ɛbae

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Engiresifo postcard a ɛkyerɛ kurow dedaw Alsfeld a ɛwɔ Germany, a nsrahwɛfo wɔ gua so abɔnten so

Na akwantu a wɔde gye wɔn ahome no ne Mfiridwuma mu Ɔsesɛw a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ United Kingdom no wɔ abusuabɔ – Europa man a edi kan a ɛhyɛɛ ahomegye bere ho nkuran maa mfiridwuma mu nnipa a wɔredɔɔso no.[33] Mfiase no, na eyi fa mfiri a wɔde yɛ nneɛma wuranom, sikasɛm mu nnipa kakraa bi, adwumayɛbea wuranom ne aguadifo ho. Eyinom na na wɔyɛ mfinimfini mpanyimfo kuw foforo no .[33] Cox & Kings ne akwantu adwumakuw a edi kan a aban mpanyimfo hyehyɛɛ wɔ afe 1758.[2]

Britania mfiase a adwuma foforo yi fi bae no da adi

Slatina Spa a ɛwɔ Slatina, Bosnia ne Herzegovina no agye din wɔ ne su ahorow ho na na atwetwe nsrahwɛfo fi 1870 mfe no mu.

wɔ mmeae din pii mu. Wɔ Nice, France, akwamma ahomegyebea ahorow a edi kan na wɔagye din sen biara wɔ French Riviera, no mu biako no, wonim ɔkwan tenten a ɛwɔ po no ano no de besi nnɛ sɛ Promenade des Anglais ; wɔ abakɔsɛm mu ahomegyebea afoforo pii a ɛwɔ Europa asasepɔn so no, ahemfie ahɔhodan dedaw a wɔagye din yiye no wɔ din te sɛ Hotel Bristol, Hotel Carlton, anaa Hotel Majestic – a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea Engiresifo adetɔfo di tumi kɛse.

Wɔ 1855 mu no, ɔyɛɛ nhyehyɛe sɛ ɔbɛkɔ amannɔne nea edi kan, bere a ɔde kuw bi fii Leicester kɔɔ Calais ma ɛne Paris Ɔyɛkyerɛ no hyiae no . Afe a edi hɔ no ofii ne "grand circular tours" ase wɔ Europa.[2] Wɔ 1860 mfe no mu no ɔkɔɔ apontow ahorow mu kɔɔ Switzerland, Italy, Egypt, ne United States. Cook de "inclusive independent travel" sii hɔ, a ɛnam so na akwantufo no kɔ ahofadi nanso n'adwumakuw no gye akwantu, aduan, ne dabere ho ka bere pɔtee bi wɔ ɔkwan biara a wapaw so. Ne nkonimdi araa ma Scotland keteke nnwumakuw no twee wɔn mmoa no fii hɔ wɔ 1862 ne 1863 ntam hɔ sɛ wɔn ankasa bɛsɔ akwantu adwuma no ahwɛ.

Thomas Cook a na ɔyɛ akwantu adwumayɛbea adwuma no kwampaefo, na adwene a ɛne sɛ ɔbɛma akwantu ahorow no baa ne tirim bere a na ɔretwɛn asɛnka agua so kar a ɛwɔ London Road wɔ Kibworth no. Bere a wobuee Midland Counties Keteke kwan a wɔatrɛw mu no, ɔyɛɛ nhyehyɛe sɛ ɔde kuw bi a wɔyɛ ahosodi ho ɔsatufo 540 befi Leicester Campbell Street gyinabea akɔ nhyiam bi ase wɔ Loughborough, eleven miles (18 km) akyirikyiri. Wɔ July 5, 1841 mu no, Thomas Cook yɛɛ nhyehyɛe sɛ keteke adwumakuw no gye shilling biako wɔ onipa biara ho; na keteke tekiti ne aduan a wɔde bɛkɔ akwantu no ka eyi ho. Wotuaa Cook ka a wogye fii akwantufo no hɔ no mu kyɛfa, efisɛ esiane sɛ na keteke tekiti no yɛ mmara kwan so apam a ɛda adwumakuw ne akwantufo ntam nti, anka wontumi mfa n’ankasa bo mma.  Eyi ne keteke a edi kan a ankorankoro agye a wɔde tu kwan a wɔbɔɔ ho dawuru kyerɛɛ ɔmanfo nyinaa; Cook ankasa gye toom sɛ na ankorankoro keteke ahorow a wɔde tu kwan a wɔammɔ ho dawuru wɔ hɔ dedaw.[34] Wɔ ahohuru bere abiɛsa a edi hɔ no mu no ɔyɛɛ nhyehyɛe na ɔyɛɛ apuei maa ahosodi fekuw ne Kwasida sukuu mmofra. Wɔ 1844 mu no, Midland Counties Keteke Adwumakuw no penee so sɛ wɔne no bɛyɛ nhyehyɛe a ɛbɛtra hɔ daa, sɛ ohu akwantufo no a. Saa nkonimdi yi maa ofii n’ankasa adwuma ase a ɔde keteke akwantu tu mmirika de gyee n’ani, na ogyee keteke ho ka ɔha biara mu nkyem biako.[2]

Photochrom a ɛwɔ Blackpool kwan a wɔfa so nantew so c. 1898 mu

Sikasɛm mu ntease a ɛwɔ nsrahwɛ mu

[sesa]

Nsrahwɛ adwuma, sɛ́ ɔsom adwuma no fa,[35] abɛyɛ sika a ɛho hia ma mpɔtam pii ne aman mũ nyinaa mpo. Manila Mpaemuka a ɛfa Wiase Nyinaa Nsrahwɛ Ho a wɔyɛe wɔ 1980 mu no gye toom sɛ ɛho hia sɛ “dwumadi a ɛho hia ma aman asetra esiane nkɛntɛnso a enya tẽẽ wɔ aman aman asetra, amammerɛ, nhomasua, ne sikasɛm mu, ne wɔn amanaman ntam abusuabɔ so nti.” [2][36]

Nsrahwɛ de sika pii ba mpɔtam hɔ sikasɛm mu wɔ nneɛma ne nnwuma a nsrahwɛfo hia ho ka a wotua, akontaabu as of 2011 </link></link> ma wiase no mu aguadi a ɛfa nnwuma ho no mu 30%, ne, sɛ́ ade a wɔde kɔ amannɔne a aniwa nhu, ma nneɛma ne nnwuma a wɔde kɔ amannɔne nyinaa mu 6%.[37] Ɛsan nso ma wonya adwumayɛ hokwan ahorow wɔ sikasɛm mu ɔsom adwuma a ɛbata nsrahwɛ ho no mu.[2] Wɔkyerɛ nso sɛ akwantu trɛw adwene mu.[2][2]

Ahɔhoyɛ nnwuma a wonya mfaso fi nsrahwɛ mu no bi ne akwantu adwuma (te sɛ wimhyɛn adwumayɛkuw, po so ahyɛn a wɔde tu kwan, akwantu, keteke ne taksi ); dabere (a ahɔhodan, ahɔhodan, afie a wɔtra, ahomegyebea ne adan a wɔde tua ho ka ka ho); ne mmeae a wogye wɔn ani (te sɛ agoprama ahorow, adidibea ahorow, kyakyatow adan, afahyɛ ahorow, aguadidan ahorow, mmeae a wɔbɔ nnwom, ne agoprama ahorow ). Eyi ka nneɛma a nsrahwɛfo tɔ, a nkae nneɛma ka ho ho .

Sikasɛm mu nnyinaso a ɛwɔ nsrahwɛ mu titiriw ne amammerɛ mu agyapade, amammerɛ mu agyapade ne sɛnea akwantu beae no te. Ɛfata sɛ yɛka Wiase Agyapade Mmeae no ho asɛm titiriw nnɛ efisɛ ɛyɛ nsrahwɛfo magnet ankasa. Nanso ɔman bi nniso a ɛwɔ hɔ mprempren anaa kan no mpo betumi ayɛ nea ɛho hia kɛse ama nsrahwɛfo. Sɛ nhwɛso no, Britania adehye abusua no anigye no ma nsrahwɛfo ɔpepem pii ba Great Britain afe biara na ɛnam so ma sikasɛm bɛyɛ £550 ɔpepem afe biara. Yebetumi aka Habsburg abusua no ho asɛm wɔ Europa Mfinimfini fam. Sɛnea akontaabu kyerɛ no, ɛsɛ sɛ Habsburg ahyɛnsode no ma nsrahwɛfo tɔn euro ɔpepem 60 afe biara ma Vienna nkutoo. Nsrahwɛfo nnyinasosɛm "Habsburg tɔn" no di dwuma.[38][39]

Nsrahwɛ, amammerɛ agyapade ne UNESCO

[sesa]
Blue Shield nokwasɛm hwehwɛ asɛmpatrɛw adwuma wɔ Egypt

Wɔ nsɛm pii mu no, amammerɛ ne abɔde mu agyapade ne nea wogyina so yɛ wiase nyinaa nsrahwɛfo koraa. Amammerɛ mu nsrahwɛ yɛ nneɛma akɛse a ɛda adi wɔ nnipa dodow a wɔda hɔ anadwo ne nneɛma a wɔtɔn mu no mu biako. Sɛnea UNESCO rehwɛ kɛse no, amammerɛ agyapade no ho hia ma nsrahwɛfo, nanso ɛde ne ho to asiane mu nso. "ICOMOS - Amanaman Ntam Amammerɛ Nsrahwɛ Nhyehyɛe" a efi 1999 no redi ɔhaw ahorow yi nyinaa ho dwuma dedaw. Sɛ nhwɛso no, esiane asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ ma nsrahwɛfo nti, wɔsan sii Lascaux ɔbodan no maa nsrahwɛfo. Nsrahwɛ a ɛboro so yɛ asɛmfua a ɛho hia a nkurɔfo ani gye ho kɛse wɔ saa beae yi. Bio nso, deɛ UNESCO de n’adwene si so wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɔko wɔ ne sɛ ɛbɛhwɛ sɛ wɔbɛbɔ amammerɛ agyapadeɛ ho ban sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛkura daakye sikasɛm mu nnyinasoɔ a ɛho hia yi mu ama mpɔtam hɔfoɔ. Na biakoyɛ a emu yɛ den wɔ UNESCO, Amanaman Nkabom, Amanaman Nkabom asomdwoe ho adwumayɛkuw ne Blue Shield International ntam. Amanaman ntam ne ɔman no mu nsusuwii, nhwehwɛmu ne nhyehyɛe ahorow pii wɔ hɔ a wɔde bɛbɔ amammerɛ mu agyapade ho ban afi nsrahwɛ ne nea efi ɔko mu no nkɛntɛnso ho. Titiriw no, ɛfa ɔmanfo a wɔnyɛ asraafo ne asraafo a wɔbɛtete wɔn nso ho. Nanso ɛhɔfo a wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ mu no ho hia titiriw. Blue Shield International titrani a ɔhyehyɛɛ adwuma no Karl von Habsburg de nsɛm yi bɔɔ no mua sɛ: "Sɛ ɛnyɛ mpɔtam hɔfo na sɛ ɛnyɛ mpɔtam hɔfo a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu no a, anka ɛno rentumi nyɛ yiye koraa'.[2][40][41][42]

Po so hyɛn a wɔde fa po so hyɛn mu

[sesa]
Nnɛyi po so hyɛn a wɔde tu kwan a wɔfrɛ no Seabourn Ovation a ɛwɔ Mediterranea Po no so no

Po so hyɛn a wɔde fa po so hyɛn mu yɛ ɔkwan a agye din a wɔfa so kɔsrasra nsu so . Peninsular & Oriental Steam Navigation Company (P&O) na ɛde po so ahyɛn a wɔde gye ahomegye bae wɔ 1844 mu, na efi Southampton kɔɔ mmeae te sɛ Gibraltar, Malta ne Athens .[2] Wɔ 1891 mu no, Germanni aguadifo Albert Ballin de po so hyɛn Augusta Victoria fii Hamburg kɔɔ Mediterranea Po no mu. 29 June 1900 na wɔde hyɛn a edi kan a wɔde tu kwan a wɔyɛɛ no atirimpɔw bi ne Prinzessin Victoria Luise, a wɔyɛe wɔ Hamburg maa Hamburg America Line no too fam.[43]

Nnɛyi nsrahwɛfo

[sesa]

Nsrahwɛfo pii a wɔpɛ ahomegye tu kwan kɔ po so ahomegyebea ahorow a ɛbɛn wɔn mpoano anaa akyirikyiri. Mpoano mmeae a ɛwɔ mmeae a osu tɔ na owia bɔ kɛse no yɛ nea nkurɔfo ani gye ho wɔ ahohuru bere ne awɔw bere nyinaa mu.

Nsrahwɛ a nnipa pii kɔ hɔ

[sesa]
Nsrahwɛfo a wɔwɔ Mediterranea Mpoano wɔ Barcelona, 2007

Nhomanimfo akyerɛkyerɛ nsrahwɛ a nnipa pii kɔ mu sɛ akwantu a akuw ahorow tu wɔ akwantu ahorow a wɔadi kan ayɛ ho nhyehyɛe mu, a mpɛn pii no wɔ nsrahwɛ ho abenfo nhyehyɛe ase. Saa nsrahwɛ yi nyaa nkɔso wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 no fa a ɛto so abien mu wɔ United Kingdom na Thomas Cook na ɔyɛɛ akwampaefo . Cook de Europa keteke kwan a ɛretrɛw ntɛmntɛm no dii dwuma na ɔhyehyɛɛ adwumakuw bi a ɛde da koro akwantu akwantu a ne bo nyɛ den ma nnipadɔm, de ka akwamma tenten a ɔde kɔ Europa Asasepɔn, India, Asia ne Atɔe Fam a ɛtwee adetɔfo a wɔwɔ sika kɛse no ho. Eduu 1890 mfe no mu no, nsrahwɛfo bɛboro 20,000 na wɔde Thomas Cook & Son di dwuma afe biara.

Abusuabɔ a ɛda nsrahwɛfo nnwumakuw, akwantu adwumayɛfo ne ahɔhodan ahorow ntam no yɛ ade titiriw a ɛwɔ nsrahwɛ a nnipa pii kɔ hɔ no mu. Cook tumi de bo a ɛba fam sen bo a wɔbɔɔ ho dawuru wɔ baguam no mae efisɛ n’adwumakuw no tɔɔ tekiti pii fii keteke akwan mu. Nnɛyi nsrahwɛ a nnipa pii kɔ hɔ no biako, package tourism, da so ara de fekubɔ a ɛda akuw abiɛsa yi ntam no ka ho.

Akwantu nyaa nkɔso wɔ afeha a ɛto so 20 mfiase mu hɔ, na kar ahorow a wɔyɛe ne akyiri yi wimhyɛn ahorow na ɛmaa ɛyɛɛ mmerɛw. Nkɔso a ɛbaa akwantu mu no maa nnipa pii tuu kwan ntɛmntɛm kɔɔ mmeae a wɔpɛ ahomegye sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a nnipa pii betumi afi ase anya ahomegye bere so mfaso.

Wɔ Europa Asasepɔn so no, na mpoano ahomegyebea ahorow a edi kan no bi ne: Heiligendamm, a wɔde sii hɔ wɔ 1793 mu wɔ Baltic Po no so, a na ɛyɛ po so ahomegyebea a edi kan; Ostend a Brusselsfo gyee din ; Boulogne-sur-Mer ne Deauville ma Parisfo no ; Taormina a ɛwɔ Sicily no . Wɔ United States no, po so ahomegyebea ahorow a edi kan wɔ Europafo kwan so ne Atlantic City, New Jersey ne Long Island, New York .

Eduu afeha a ɛto so 20 mfinimfini no, Mediterranea Mpoano bɛyɛɛ beae titiriw a nsrahwɛfo pii kɔ hɔ. 1960 ne 1970 mfe no mu no, nsrahwɛfo pii dii dwuma titiriw wɔ Spain sikasɛm "anwonwade" no mu. </link> .

Wɔ 1960 ne 1970 mfe no mu no, nyansahufo kaa nkɛntɛnso bɔne a nsrahwɛfo nya wɔ asetra ne amammerɛ mu wɔ mpɔtam a wɔgye ahɔho no so ho asɛm. Efi 1980 mfe no mu no wofii ase huu nneɛma pa a ɛwɔ nsrahwɛ mu nso.[44]

Niche nsrahwɛfo

[sesa]
Kristo Ɔhene Kronkronbea, a ɛwɔ Almada, abɛyɛ mmeae a nyamesom nsrahwɛfo kɔ hɔ kɛse no mu biako.

Niche nsrahwɛ kyerɛ nsrahwɛ soronko pii a aba wɔ mfe no mu, a emu biara wɔ n’ankasa asɛmfua a ɛkyerɛ biribi. Nsɛmfua yi pii na nsrahwɛfo ne nhomanimfo ataa de adi dwuma.[45] Afoforo nso yɛ nsusuwii ahorow a ɛreba a ebia nnipa pii de di dwuma anaasɛ wɔrennya. Nhwɛso ahorow a ɛfa niche tourism gua ahorow a abu so kɛse ne:

Nsɛmfua afoforo a wɔde di dwuma ma niche anaa akwantu ho nkrataa titiriw bi ne asɛmfua "beae" a ɛwɔ nkyerɛkyerɛmu ahorow no mu, te sɛ ayeforohyia a wɔde kɔ, ne nsɛmfua te sɛ beae a wɔkɔ akwamma .

Awɔw bere mu nsrahwɛ

[sesa]
Santa Claus Akuraa a ɛwɔ Arctic Circle a ɛwɔ Rovaniemi, Finland no yɛ mmeae atitiriw a nsrahwɛfo kɔ hɔ wɔ Europa Atifi fam no mu biako.[2]

St. Moritz, Switzerland bɛyɛɛ awɔw bere mu nsrahwɛfo a na ɛrenya nkɔso no akokoaa wɔ 1860 mfe no mu: ahɔhodan sohwɛfo Johannes Badrutt too nsa frɛɛ awɔw bere mu ahɔho bi a wofi England sɛ wɔmmra awɔw bere mu nkɔhwɛ asase a sukyerɛmma wɔ hɔ no, na ɔnam saayɛ so de su bi a agye din fii ase.[2][2] Nanso, ɛyɛ 1970 mfe no mu nkutoo na awɔw bere mu nsrahwɛ dii anim fii awɔw bere mu nsrahwɛ a wɔyɛe wɔ Switzerland mmeae a wɔde ski tu mmirika pii no mu. Wɔ awɔw bere mu mpo no, ahɔho nyinaa mu bɛyɛ nkyem abiɛsa mu biako (egyina beae a wɔwɔ so) yɛ wɔn a wɔnyɛ wɔn a wɔnyɛ skifo.[2]

Ski ahomegyebea akɛse no wɔ Europa aman ahorow no mu dodow no ara (sɛ nhwɛso no Andorra, Austria, Bulgaria, Bosnia ne Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Cyprus, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Sweden, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey ), Canada, Amerika (sɛ nhwɛso no Montana, Utah, Colorado, California, Wyoming, Vermont, New Hampshire, New York) Argentina, New Zealand, Japan, South Korea, Chile, ne Lebanon .

Ahɔhodan bi a wɔde kɔ hɔ wɔ Germany : Yacht Harbor Residence a ɛwɔ Rostock, Mecklenburg

Nnansa yi nkɔso

[sesa]

Nsrahwɛ akɔ soro wɔ mfe du du kakraa a atwam no mu, . </link> titiriw wɔ Europa, baabi a amanaman ntam akwantu a wɔde gye ahome bere tiaa bi abu so no. Nsrahwɛfo wɔ sikasɛm nhyehyɛe ne wɔn anigyede ahorow pii, na wɔayɛ ahomegyebea ne ahɔhodan ahorow pii de adi wɔn ho dwuma. Sɛ nhwɛso no, nnipa binom pɛ mpoano akwamma a ɛnyɛ den, bere a afoforo pɛ akwamma titiriw pii, ahomegyebea ahorow a ɛhɔ yɛ komm, akwamma a ɛfa abusua ho, anaa ahɔhodan ahorow a wɔde wɔn ani si gua so a wɔde wɔn ani asi so .

Nkɔso a aba wɔ wimhyɛn akwantu nhyehyɛe mu, te sɛ jumbo jets, wimhyɛn a ne bo nyɛ den, ne wimhyɛn gyinabea ahorow a wotumi kɔ hɔ kɛse no ama nsrahwɛ ahorow pii ayɛ nea ɛho ka yɛ den. Ade titiriw a ɛma wimhyɛn akwantu ho ka sua koraa ne tow a wɔayi afi wimhyɛn mu pɛtro ho . WHO buu akontaa wɔ afe 2009 mu sɛ nnipa bɛyɛ ɔpepem fa na wɔte wimhyɛn mu bere biara.[17] Nsakrae aba asetra mu nso, sɛ nhwɛso no, nnipa binom a wɔadi mfe a wɔakɔ pɛnhyen no kɔ so yɛ nsrahwɛ afe mũ no nyinaa. Eyi nam intanɛt so tɔn a wɔtɔn nsrahwɛfo adwumayɛbea ahorow so na ɛma ɛyɛ mmerɛw. Mprempren mmeae bi afi ase de nneɛma a wɔde kyekyere nneɛma a ɛyɛ nnam rema, a wɔka bo a ɛka ho ma nneɛma a wɔayɛ no sɛnea wɔpɛ a adetɔfo no bisa bere a wɔpɛ sɛ wɔyɛ nneɛma no.

Beaeɛ A Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ

[sesa]
  1. ↑ Nhwɛsoɔ:OED
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 {{cite web}}: Empty citation (help)
  3. ↑ "International tourism challenged by deteriorating global economy" (PDF). UNWTO World Tourism Barometer. 7 (1). January 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2011.
  4. ↑ "UNWTO World Tourism Barometer Interim Update" (PDF). UNWTO World Tourism Barometer. August 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2011.
  5. ↑ UNWTO Tourism Highlights: 2017 Edition (in English). World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). 1 July 2017. doi:10.18111/9789284419029. ISBN 978-92-844-1902-9.
  6. ↑ "UNWTO World Tourism Barometer" (PDF). UNWTO World Tourism Barometer. 11 (1). January 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2013. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
  7. ↑ Lenzen, Manfred; Sun, Ya-Yen; Faturay, Futu; Ting, Yuan-Peng; Geschke, Arne; Malik, Arunima (7 May 2018). "The carbon footprint of global tourism". Nature Climate Change. Springer Nature Limited. 8 (6): 522–528. Bibcode:2018NatCC...8..522L. doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0141-x. ISSN 1758-6798. S2CID 90810502. [...] between 2009 and 2013, tourism's global carbon footprint has increased from 3.9 to 4.5 GtCO2e, four times more than previously estimated, accounting for about 8% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Transport, shopping and food are significant contributors. The majority of this footprint is exerted by and in high-income countries.
  8. ↑ Tourism and the Sustainable Development Goals – Journey to 2030, Highlights (in English). World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). 2017-12-18. doi:10.18111/9789284419340. ISBN 978-92-844-1934-0.
  9. ↑ Griffiths, Ralph; Griffiths, G.E. (1772). "Pennant's Tour in Scotland in 1769". The Monthly Review, Or, Literary Journal. 46: 150. Retrieved 23 December 2011.
  10. ↑ Nhwɛsoɔ:Oed
  11. ↑ Theobald, William F. (1998). Global Tourism (2nd ed.). Oxford [England]: Butterworth–Heinemann. pp. 6–7. ISBN 978-0-7506-4022-0. OCLC 40330075.
  12. ↑ Hunziker, W; Krapf, K (1942). Grundriß Der Allgemeinen Fremdenverkehrslehre (in German). Zurich: Polygr. Verl. OCLC 180109383.
  13. ↑ Spode, Hasso (1998). "Geschichte der Tourismuswissenschaft". In Haedrich, Günther (ed.). Tourismus-management: Tourismus-marketing Und Fremdenverkehrsplanung (in German). Berlin: [u.a.] de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-015185-5. OCLC 243881885.
  14. ↑ Beaver, Allan (2002). A Dictionary of Travel and Tourism Terminology. Wallingford: CAB International. p. 313. ISBN 978-0-85199-582-3. OCLC 301675778.
  15. ↑ "Recommendations on Tourism Statistics" (PDF). Statistical Papers. M (83): 5. 1994. Retrieved 12 July 2010.
  16. ↑ Edensor, Tim (1998). Tourists at the Taj: Performance and Meaning at a Symbolic Site (in English). Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-16712-3.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Swine flu prompts EU warning on travel to US. The Guardian. 28 April 2009.
  18. ↑ "UNWTO World Tourism Barometer June 2009" (PDF). UNWTO World Tourism Barometer. World Tourism Organization. 7 (2). June 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 November 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2009.
  19. ↑ "2011 Highlights" (PDF). UNWTO World Tourism Highlights. UNWTO. June 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
  20. ↑ World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) (2017-07-01). UNWTO Tourism Highlights: 2017 Edition. World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). doi:10.18111/9789284419029. ISBN 978-92-844-1902-9.
  21. ↑ Laurajane Smith "Uses of Heritage" (2006); Regina Bendix, Vladimir Hafstein "Culture and Property. An Introduction" (2009) In: Ethnologia Europaea 39/2
  22. ↑ Gerhard Bitzan, Christine Imlinger "Die Millionen-Marke Habsburg" (German) In: Die Presse, 15 July 2011.
  23. ↑ Maccannell, Dean (1999). The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class (in English) (2nd ed.). University of California Press. p. 12. ISBN 9780520218925.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Nolt, Steven (2016). The Amish and the Media | Johns Hopkins University Press Books. jhupbooks.press.jhu.edu. doi:10.1353/book.44948. ISBN 9781421419572. Retrieved 2021-11-30.
  25. ↑ Jayapalan, N. (2001). Introduction To Tourism (in English). Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 978-81-7156-977-9.
  26. ↑ Casson, Lionel (1994). Travel in the Ancient World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 32.
  27. ↑ Cassirer, Ernst (January 1943). "Some Remarks on the Question of the Originality of the Renaissance". Journal of the History of Ideas. University of Pennsylvania Press. 4 (1): 49–74. doi:10.2307/2707236. JSTOR 2707236.
  28. ↑ Deschaux, Robert; Taillevent, Michault (1975). Un poète bourguignon du XVe siècle, Michault Taillevent: édition et étude. Librairie Droz. pp. 31–32. ISBN 978-2-600-02831-8.
  29. ↑ Hargett 1985, p. 67.
  30. ↑ Hargett, James M. (1985). "Some Preliminary Remarks on the Travel Records of the Song Dynasty (960-1279)". Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews. 7 (1/2): 67–93. doi:10.2307/495194. JSTOR 495194.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Tomasz Bohun, Podróże po Europie, Władysław IV Wasa, Władcy Polski, p. 12
  32. ↑ The Oxford Illustrated History of Opera, ed. Roger Parker (1994): a chapter on Central and Eastern European opera by John Warrack, p. 240; The Viking Opera Guide, ed. Amanda Holden (1993): articles on Polish composers, p. 174
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Singh, L.K. (2008). "Issues in Tourism Industry". Fundamental of Tourism and Travel. Delhi: Isha Books. p. 189. ISBN 978-81-8205-478-3.
  34. ↑ Ingle, R., 1991 Thomas Cook of Leicester, Bangor, Headstart History
  35. ↑ Tassiopoulos, Dimitri (2008). Tassiopoulos, Dimitri (ed.). Cape Town: Juta and Company Ltd. p. 10. ISBN 9780702177262. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  36. ↑ Nhwɛsoɔ:Cite conference
  37. ↑ UNWTO Tourism Highlights: 2017 Edition (in English). World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). 1 July 2017. doi:10.18111/9789284419029. ISBN 978-92-844-1902-9.
  38. ↑ Laurajane Smith "Uses of Heritage" (2006); Regina Bendix, Vladimir Hafstein "Culture and Property. An Introduction" (2009) in Ethnologia Europaea 39/2
  39. ↑ Gerhard Bitzan, Christine Imlinger "Die Millionen-Marke Habsburg" (German), in Die Presse, 15 July 2011.
  40. ↑ Rick Szostak: The Causes of Economic Growth: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Springer Science & Business Media, 2009, ISBN 9783540922827; Markus Tauschek "Kulturerbe" (2013), p 166; Laurajane Smith "Uses of Heritage" (2006).
  41. ↑ {{cite web}}: Empty citation (help); Roger O'Keefe, Camille Péron, Tofig Musayev, Gianluca Ferrari "Protection of Cultural Property. Military Manual." UNESCO, 2016, p 73; Action plan to preserve heritage sites during conflict - UNITED NATIONS, 12 Apr 2019
  42. ↑ {{cite web}}: Empty citation (help); Jyot Hosagrahar: Culture: at the heart of SDGs. UNESCO-Kurier, April-Juni 2017.
  43. ↑ {{cite news}}: Empty citation (help)
  44. ↑ Putova, Barbora (2018). "Anthropology of Tourism: Researching Interactions between Hosts and Guests" (PDF). Czech Journal of Tourism. 7 (1): 71–92. doi:10.1515/cjot-2018-0004. S2CID 159280794.
  45. ↑ Lew, Alan A. (2008). "Long Tail Tourism: New geographies for marketing niche tourism products" (PDF). Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing. 25 (3–4): 409–19. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.467.6320. doi:10.1080/10548400802508515. S2CID 16085592. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
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