Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu mmusua mu nyiyim (Environmental racism)

Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu mmusua mu nyiyim

concept

subclass of	racism, institutional racism
named by	Benjamin Chavis
has cause	poverty
has contributing factor	suburbanization, gentrification

Nkurɔfo a wɔrekasa atia nsu ho haw a ɛwɔ Flint, Michigan water crisis in Flint, Michigan), a ɛka nnipa a wɔn kɔla gu ahorow ne mpɔtam a wonnya sika pii wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnsɛ so no

Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu nyiyim, abɔde a nkwa wom mu nyiyim anaa abɔde a nkwa wom mu nyiyim yɛ ahyehyɛde mu mmusua mu nyiyim (institutional racism) a ɛde mmeae a wɔtow nneɛma gu, mmeae a wɔhyew nneɛma, ne nwura a asiane wom gu mmeae a wɔn kɔla (communities of color) gu ahorow mu wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnsɛ so. Wɔ amanaman ntam no, ɛne extractivism, a ɛde nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho adesoa a ɛne sɛ wotu fagude, ngo a wotu, ne mfiridwuma mu kuayɛ no to aborɔfo ne aman a wodi hia a nnipa a wɔn kɔla gu ahorow na wɔte mu kɛse no so nso wɔ abusuabɔ.

Mmuae a wɔyɛ wɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim ho no aboa ma wɔayɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho atɛntrenee (environmental justice) kuw a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ United States ne amannɔne wɔ 1970 ne 1980 mfe no nyinaa mu. Ebia mmusua mu nyiyim a ɛfa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho ahaw akuw nketewa (minority groups) anaa nnipa dodow no ara a wɔdɔɔso, te sɛ nea ɛkɔɔ so wɔ South Africa baabi a nnipa mu nyiyim (apartheid) nyaa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia so nkɛntɛnso a ɛyɛ mmerɛw wɔ Abibifo so no. Wɔ amanaman ntam no, wiase nyinaa nwura ho aguadi (trade in global waste) ma wiase nnipa dodow no ara yɛ ɔhaw wɔ aman a wodi hia a nnipa a wɔn kɔla gu ahorow na wɔte mu kɛse no mu. Ɛfa sɛnea ɛhɔfo akuw yɛ mmerɛw (vulnerability) titiriw wɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a wɔsɛe no ho nso ho.  

Abakɔsɛm

Benjamin F. Chavis, Jr. na ɔyɛɛ kasasin "nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu nyiyim".

"Atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu mmusua mu nyiyim" yɛ asɛmfua a Benjamin Chavis, a na anka ɔyɛ United Church of Christ (UCC) Commission for Racial Justice no kwankyerɛfo panyin no de bae wɔ 1982 mu. Wɔ ɔkasa bi a ɔsɔre tiaa polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) nwura a asiane wom a wɔde bɛto Warren Mantam, North Carolina nwura (Warren County, North Carolina landfill,) a wɔtow gu mu mu no, Chavis kyerɛɛ asɛmfua no ase sɛ:

mmusuakuw mu nyiyim wɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho nhyehyɛe a wɔyɛ mu, mmara ne mmara a wɔde di dwuma, mpɔtam a wɔn kɔla gu ahorow a wɔhyɛ da de wɔn ani si mmeae a wɔde nwura a awuduru wom gu so, aban mpanyimfo a wɔpene so sɛ awuduru ne efĩ a ɛwɔ yɛn mpɔtam hɔ a ɛde nkwa to asiane mu, ne abakɔsɛm a ɛfa nnipa a wɔayi wɔn afi mu no ho kɔla a efi abɔde a nkwa wom ho akuw no akannifo hɔ.

Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim a wogye toom no kanyan nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho atɛntrenee (environmental justice) kuw a efii ase wɔ 1970 ne 1980 mfe no mu a na ɛwɔ nkɛntɛnso a efi ɔmanfo hokwan ahorow kuw (civil rights movement) a edii kan bae no mu bae . Ahyehyɛde ahorow a ɛwɔ fam ne ɔsatu ahorow de adwene sii nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim so wɔ nhyehyɛe a wɔyɛ mu na wosii hia a ɛho hia sɛ nnipa kakraa bi de wɔn ho hyɛ mu no so dua. Bere a abakɔsɛm mu no, wɔde nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim abata nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho atɛntrenee kuw no ho no, wɔ mfe no nyinaa mu no, wɔatetew asɛmfua no mu kɛse. Nsɛm a esisii wɔ Warren Mantam mu akyi no, UCC ne U.S. Akontaabu Dwumadibea (US General Accounting Office) Kɛse no de amanneɛbɔ ahorow a ɛkyerɛ sɛ mmeae a wɔtow nwura a asiane wom gu wɔ mmeae a ɛnsɛ wɔ mpɔtam a nnipa kakraa bi na wodi hia no mae. Chavis ne Oduruyɛfo Robert D. Bullard (Dr. Robert D. Bullard) kyerɛɛ mmusua mu nyiyim a wɔde ahyɛ ahyehyɛde ahorow mu a efi aban ne nnwumakuw nhyehyɛe ahorow a ɛde mmusua mu nyiyim a ɛfa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho bae no so. Nea ɛka mmusua mu nyiyim nneyɛe yi ho ne redlining, zoning, ne colorblind adaptation planning. Nnipa a wɔte hɔ no nyaa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim esiane wɔn asetra ne sikasɛm tebea a ɛba fam, ne amammui mu ananmusifo ne akwantu a wonni nti. Bere a ɔretrɛw nkyerɛase no mu wɔ "Amerika Nnipa mu nyiyim ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu mmusua mu nyiyim agyapade" mu no, Oduruyɛfo (Dr.) Bullard kae sɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim:

kyerɛ nhyehyɛe (policy), adeyɛ (practice), anaa akwankyerɛ (directive) biara a ɛsono sɛnea ɛka anaasɛ ɛde ɔhaw ba (sɛ ɛyɛ nea wɔahyɛ da ayɛ anaasɛ wɔanhyɛ da - whether intended or unintended) ankorankoro (individuals), akuw (groups), anaa mpɔtam (communities ) a egyina abusuakuw anaa kɔla so.

Wiase nyinaa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim (Global environmental racism)

Ɛwom sɛ wɔde asɛmfua no bae wɔ U.S. de, nanso nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim nso ba wɔ amanaman ntam. Nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ esiane sɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmara abɛyɛ nea ɛda nsow wɔ aman a wɔanya nkɔso mu nti, nnwumakuw de wɔn nwura akɔ Wiase Nyinaa Kesee Fam (Global South). Aman a wonnyaa nkɔso pii no taa nni nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmara kakraa bi na wɔbɛyɛ mmeae a efi ba (pollution havens).

Mpɔtam a wɔato wɔn hintidua a wonni asetra ne sikasɛm ne amammui mu akwan a wɔbɛfa so asɔre atia nnwumakuw akɛse no yɛ nea ɛyɛ mmerɛw sɛ wɔbɛyɛ nneyɛe a ɛkyerɛ mmusua mu nyiyim a ɛfa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho a ɛsɛe wɔn akwahosan.

Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho atɛntrenee ko tia akwanside ahorow a ɛmma wontumi nyɛ adwuma pɛpɛɛpɛ , ahomegye, nhomasua, nyamesom, ne mpɔtam a ahobammɔ wɔ. Wɔ "Ahiafo a Wɔhwɛ Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia Ho (Environmentalism of the Poor)" mu no, kyerɛw sɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho atɛntrenee "kyerɛ sɛ sikasɛm mu nkɔso-awerɛhosɛm ne sɛ ɛkyerɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia no nkɛntɛnso a ɛkɔ soro, na esi asasesin mu a wotu fibea ne nsu ase so dua.

Nea ɛde ba (Causes)

Nneɛma anan (4) na ɛde mmusua mu nyiyim ba nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho: asase a ne bo nyɛ den a wonnya, amammui mu tumi a wonni, wontumi nkɔ baabiara, ne ohia. Nnwumakuw ne aban ahyehyɛde ahorow hwehwɛ asase a ne bo nyɛ den. Nea afi mu aba ne sɛ, mpɔtam a wontumi nnyina saa nnwumakuw ne aban ahyehyɛde ahorow yi ano yiye na wontumi nnya amammui tumi no ntumi nsusuw ɛka a wɔbɔ no ara kwa ho. Mpɔtam a asetra ne sikasɛm mu nkɔso kakraa bi na ɛwɔ hɔ no ntumi ntu nkɔ baabi foforo. Sika a wonnya nso ma mpɔtam hɔfo no tumi a wɔde yɛ ade wɔ honam fam ne amammui mu nyinaa so tew. Chavis kyerɛkyerɛɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu mmusua mu nyiyim mu wɔ akuw anum mu: mmusuakuw mu nyiyim wɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho nhyehyɛe ahorow a wɔkyerɛkyerɛ mu mu, nyiyim a wɔde hyɛ mmara ne mmara ahorow mu, wɔhyɛ da de wɔn ani si mpɔtam kakraa bi so sɛ mmeae a wɔtow nwura a asiane wom, aban mpanyimfo a wɔma efi a ɛyɛ hu ho kwan wɔ mpɔtam kakraa bi mu, ne nnipa a wɔn kɔla gu ahorow a wɔayi wɔn afi mu nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho akannifo dibea ahorow.

Mpɛn pii no, nnipa kakraa bi nni sikasɛm, ahonyade, ne amammui mu ananmusifo a wɔde bɛsɔre atia mmeae a wɔtow nwura a ɛyɛ hu gu. Wɔfrɛ no asase a wɔmpɛ a wɔde di dwuma wɔ mpɔtam hɔ (locally unwanted land uses - LULUs), saa nneɛma yi a ɛboa mpɔtam hɔfo nyinaa no taa brɛ mpɔtam kakraa bi asetra ase. Saa mpɔtam yi nso betumi agyina sikasɛm mu hokwan ahorow a beae no de ba so na wɔmpɛ sɛ wɔbɛsɔre atia beae a ɛwɔ no de wɔn akwahosan to asiane mu. Bio nso, nnwuma a akyinnyegye (controversial projects) wɔ ho no ntaa mfa nsi mmeae a ɛnyɛ nnipa kakraa bi a wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ wɔbɛyɛ adwuma a wɔbom yɛ na wɔadi nkonim wɔ sɔre a wɔsɔre tia nnwuma no a wɔde besisi wɔn mpɔtam hɔ no mu.

Wɔ nkurow a ɛwɔ Wiase Nyinaa Atifi fam mu no, nkurow nketewa a wɔde wɔn yɛ ne gentrification de nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim ho nhwɛso ahorow ba. Sɛ nhwɛso no, aborɔfo a woguan fi mmeae a wɔyɛ mfiridwuma kɔ mmeae a ahobammɔ wom, ɛho tew, na ɛwɔ nkurow no akyi no ma nnipa kakraa bi tra nkurow a ɛwɔ mu no mu na ɛbɛn mmeae a wɔyɛ mfiridwuma a efi wom no. Wɔ saa mmeae yi no, adwuma a wonnya nyɛ dɔɔso na nnwumakuw ntaa mfa wɔn sika nhyɛ mpɔtam hɔ nkɔso mu, na ɛde sikasɛm tebea a enye ba ma wɔn a wɔte hɔ no so na ɛhyɛ asetra mu nhyehyɛe a ɛsan de mmusuakuw mu pɛyɛ a enni hɔ ba no mu den. Bio nso, wɔn a wɔreyɛ mmeae a wɔtow nwura a asiane wom no betumi asusuw agyapade wuranom ne wɔn a wɔte kurow bi mu no ohia ho, efisɛ mmeae a adan ne afie bo akɔ fam no bɛma wɔakora wɔn a wɔresi no sika so.

Asetra ne sikasɛm mu afa horow (Socioeconomic aspects)

Ɛka–mfaso nhwehwɛmu (Cost–benefit analysis - CBA) yɛ adeyɛ a ɛde sika boɔ to ɛka ne mfasoɔ so de hwehwɛ nsɛm mu. Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho CBA botae ne sɛ ɛbɛma nhyehyɛe ano aduru ama nneɛma a wontumi mfa wɔn nsa nka te sɛ mframa a ɛho tew ne nsu denam ɔpɛ a adetɔfo bi wɔ sɛ obetua saa nneɛma yi ho ka a wɔbɛsusuw so. CBA boa ma nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim ba denam nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a wɔkyerɛ sɛ ɛsom bo a egyina mfaso a ɛwɔ so ma ɔmanfo so. Sɛ obi wɔ ɔpɛ na otumi tua nsu pa anaa mframa pa ho ka kɛse a, sika a wotua no so ba ɔmanfo mfaso kɛse wɔ sika fam sen bere a nkurɔfo ntumi ntua saa nneɛma yi ho ka no. Eyi de adesoa ba mpɔtam a wodi hia so. Nwura a awuduru wom a wɔde bɛkɔ baabi foforo no fata efisɛ mpɔtam a wodi hia ntumi ntua sika kɛse te sɛ beae a wodi yiye wɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a ɛho tew ho. Nwura a awuduru wom a wɔde gu baabi a ɛbɛn ahiafo no ma asase a ne bo yɛ mmerɛw dedaw no agyapade bo so tew. Esiane sɛ agyapade bo a ɛso tew no sua sen beae a ɛhɔ tew na wodi yiye nti, sikasɛm mu mfaso a ɛwɔ so ma ɔmanfo no yɛ kɛse denam nwura a awuduru wom a wɔtow gu beae a "ɛho bo nyɛ den" no so.

Nkɛntɛnso a enya wɔ akwahosan so (Impacts on health)

Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu nyiyim (Environmental racism) nya mpɔtam a nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a enye aka wɔn no akwahosan. Nneɛma ahorow a ebetumi de akwahosan ho haw aba no bi ne nnuru a ɛyɛ hu a ɛde awuduru a ɛwɔ mmeae a wɔtow nneɛma gu (hazardous chemical toxins in landfills) ne nsubɔnten mu (rivers). Sɛ obi nya awuduru (toxins) yi a, ebetumi ama amemene no nyin (brain development) nso ayɛ mmerɛw anaasɛ ama ayɛ brɛoo. Saa asiane ahorow (hazards) yi nso ka ankorankoro a wɔte saa mpɔtam yi akwahosan, na ɛkyerɛ sɛnea nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia akwahosan (environmental health) pa a wɔbɛkɔ so akura mu no ho hia na ama wɔahwɛ ahu sɛ nnipa a wonni ahobammɔ betumi atra ase yiye wɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a wɔde wɔn ho to so no afa horow ho.

Ahyehyɛde a ɛbɔ mmoa ho ban a wɔfrɛ no Wɔ Mmoa Ho Banbɔ mu (In Defense of Animals) ka sɛ mmoa kuayɛ a emu yɛ den ka mpɔtam a ɛbɛn hɔ no akwahosan wɔ ɔkwan a enye so. Wogye di sɛ atare a wɔde nwura gu mu a ɛbata ho no ma mframa a awuduru wom a enni kɔla a ɛyɛ nkesua a aporɔw hua, a acid ahorow a ɛyɛ adwuma wɔ sulfides so na ɛyɛ (hydrogen sulfide) na ɛde efi ba nsu a ɛwɔ mpɔtam hɔ no mu, na ɛma nyinsɛn gu, awo mu dɛmdi, ne nyarewa a ɛpae gui kɛse. Wɔde saa mfuw yi asisi mmeae a wonnya sika pii ne mpɔtam a wɔn kɔla gu ahorow. Asiane afoforo ne nnuru a wɔde kum mmoawa a wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ mu, nnuru a ɛsen ne nneɛma nketenkete a ɛwɔ mframa mu. Ahotew a enye wɔ mmeae ne nnuru a wɔde di dwuma nso betumi aka kuayɛ adwumayɛfo a wɔtaa yɛ nnipa a wɔn kɔla gu ahorow no.

Ɛsɛ sɛ wim tebea ho nyansahufo kuw no yɛ adwuma wɔ nsɛm a ɛwɔ hɔ, nsɛm a wɔboaboa ano, ne adwuma a wɔbɛyɛ de ayi abakɔsɛm mu pɛyɛ a enni nneɛma mu no afi hɔ. Sɛ nhwɛso no, nsɛm a ɛfa ɔhyew a ɛresɛe wɔ Afrika ho nni hɔ kɛse, nanso ɔhyew asorɔkye no ka nnipa pii.

Efiyɛ (Pollution)

Drilling mfutuma efĩ a ɛboa ma dodow a awuduru mframa a wɔhome.

United States kesee fam apuei fa no anya efĩ kɛse na nnipa kakraa bi na wɔde saa nsunsuanso ahorow no ayɛ kɛse. Nnipa pii wɔ hɔ a wɔawuwu anaasɛ wɔyare a enni sabea esiane fango adwumayɛbea ahorow a ɛwɔ mmeae te sɛ Detroit, Memphis, ne Kansas City nti. Tennessee ne West Virginiafo (West Virginia residents) taa home nso a awuduru wom esiane ɔtopae (blasting) a wɔtow wɔ mmepɔw so de tu fam nti. Ɔpɛ, nsuyiri, asase ne mframa pa a ɛso tew bere nyinaa no na ɛkyerɛ nnipa a wɔte mmeae yi akwahosan ne ahobammɔ. Mpɔtam a wɔn kɔla gu ahorow na wɔn sikasɛm tebea sua no taa te nsɛm yi mu adesoa ankasa nka. Mpɔtam pii wɔ wiase nyinaa a wohyia ɔhaw koro no ara. Sɛ nhwɛso no, Desmond D’Sa adwuma no twee adwene sii mpɔtam a ɛwɔ South Durban a nnwuma a efi kɛse wom nya nnipa a wɔde ahoɔden tu kɔɔ mmeae foforo wɔ Nnipa mu nyiyim (Apartheid) bere mu no so nkɛntɛnso. 

Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim a wɔbɛtew so (Reducing environmental racism)

Wɔn a wɔyɛ adwumaden ahyɛ sɛ wɔmfa "atɛntrenee ho adwene a wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ mu kɛse na egyina ɔmanfo so." Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho atɛntrenee (EJ) kuw ne wim tebea ho atɛntrenee (CJ) kuw no di nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim ho dwuma wɔ nsakrae a wɔde bɛba ne mmara a wɔhyɛ mu sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a nnipa a wɔato wɔn hintidua no rennya wim nsakrae ne efĩ a ɛnyɛ nea ɛfata. Sɛnea Amanaman Nkabom Nhyiam a Ɛhwɛ Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia ne Nkɔso So kyerɛ no (United Nations Conference on Environment and Development), ano aduru biako a ebetumi aba ne ahwɛyiye nnyinasosɛm (precautionary principle), a ɛka sɛ “baabi a ahunahuna wɔ hɔ sɛ wɔbɛsɛe ade kɛse anaasɛ wontumi nsakra no, wɔremfa nyansahu mu ahotoso a enni hɔ nni dwuma sɛ nea enti a wɔbɛtwentwɛn nneɛma ase a ɛho ka sua.” nneɛma a wɔbɛyɛ de asiw nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a wɔsɛe no (environmental degradation) ano." Wɔ nnyinasosɛm yi ase no, wɔde ahyɛ nea ofii dwumadi a ebetumi ayɛ asiane ase no nsa sɛ ɔnkyerɛ sɛnea dwumadi no yɛ nea ahobammɔ wom. Wɔn a wɔyɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho atɛntrenee ho adwuma nso si hia a ehia sɛ wɔtew nwura so wɔ ɔkwan a ɛkɔ akyiri so so dua, na ɛno bɛyɛ adwuma de atew adesoa no nyinaa so, na ɛbɛtew methane a wɔtow gu no so a ɛno nso brɛ wim nsakrae ase (climate change).

Adesua ahorow (Studies)

Wɔ ɔko bere mu no, nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu nyiyim ba wɔ akwan horow so a akyiri yi ɔmanfo nam amanneɛbɔ so sua ho ade. Sɛ nhwɛso no, Friends of the Earth International amanneɛbɔ a ɛfa Environmental Nakba ho no twe adwene si nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim a aba wɔ Gaza Strip wɔ Israel ne Palestina Ntawntawdi (Israeli-Palestinian Conflict) no mu so. Israel nneyɛe bi ne sɛ wobetwa nsu a wɔde ma Palestinefo aguanfo no nnansa na wɔsɛe mfuw.

Sɛ nhwehwɛmu ahorow a ɛkyerɛ nsɛm a ɛfa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim ho da nkyɛn a, nhwehwɛmu ahorow nso de nsɛm a ɛfa sɛnea wɔbɛkɔ so asakra mmara ahorow na wɔasiw nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim ano ho ama. Wɔ nhwehwɛmu bi a Daum, Stoler ne Grant yɛe wɔ e-waste management ho wɔ Accra, Ghana mu no, wɔasi hia a ɛho hia sɛ wɔne mfuw ne ahyehyɛde ahorow te sɛ nnwumakuw a wɔsan de nneɛma di dwuma, mpɔtam hɔfo, ne dade a wɔabubu aguadifo di nkitaho so dua wɔ akwan horow a wɔfa so yɛ nsakrae te sɛ bara a wɔbara sɛ wɔhyew ne nhyehyɛe ahorow a wɔde bɛsan atɔ nneɛma a ennyaa nneyɛe a ɛresakra no so nkɛntɛnso kɛse.

Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho atɛntrenee ho abenfo te sɛ Laura Pulido, Mmusuakuw Ho Adesua Dwumadibea Panyin (Department Head of Ethnic Studies) ne Ɔbenfo wɔ Oregon Sukuupɔn mu (University of Oregon), ne David Pellow, Dehlsen ne Dwumadibea a Ɛhwɛ Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia Ho Adesua So Titenani (Dehlsen and Department Chair of Environmental Studies) ne Wiase Nyinaa Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia Atɛntrenee Dwumadi no sohwɛfo (Director of the Global Environmental Justice Project) wɔ California Sukuupɔn, Santa Barbara (University of California, Santa Barbara), kyerɛ sɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu mmusua mu nyiyim a wobegye atom sɛ ade a efi mmusuakuw mu kapitalism (racial capitalism) agyapade a agye ntini mu no ho hia kɛse ma kuw no, a aborɔfo tumidi (white supremacy) kɔ so hyehyɛ nnipa ne abɔde ne adwumayɛfo abusuabɔ.

Atɛntrenee a ɛfa asɛnnibea ho (Procedural justice)

Mprempren amammui adwene ahorow a ɛfa sɛnea wɔbɛyɛ nsɛm a ɛteɛ a ɛfa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho atɛntrenee ho no redan akɔ adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔde atɛntrenee a wɔde di dwuma wɔ nhyehyɛe mu (procedural justice) bedi dwuma no so. Atɛntrenee a ɛfa nhyehyɛeɛ ho yɛ adwene a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔmfa atɛntrenee nni dwuma wɔ gyinaesie nhyehyɛeɛ mu, titire berɛ a wɔresi gyinaeɛ a wɔaka ho asɛm no wɔ aman ntam nkitahodiɛ tebea te sɛ nneɛma a wɔbɛkyekyɛ anaa adwene a ɛnhyia a wɔbɛsiesie mu. Atɛntrenee a ɛfa asɛnnibea ho no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔyɛ gyinaesi a ɛfata, ɛda adi pefee, a animhwɛ nnim a hokwan a ɛyɛ pɛ ma afa horow no nyinaa ka wɔn gyinabea, wɔn adwene, ne wɔn haw ahorow ho asɛm. Sɛ anka wɔde wɔn adwene besi nea ebefi apam ahorow mu aba ne nkɛntɛnso a saa nsunsuanso no nya wɔ nnipa dodow a ɛka wɔn ne akuw a wɔn ani gye ho so kɛkɛ no, nhyehyɛe mu atɛntrenee hwɛ sɛ ɛbɛma wɔn a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu nyinaa aka ho wɔ nhyehyɛe no nyinaa mu fi nhyehyɛe so kosi ne di so. Wɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu mmusua mu nyiyim a wɔbɛko atia ho no, atɛntrenee a wɔde di dwuma wɔ nhyehyɛe mu no boa ma ɛtew hokwan ahorow a nnipa a wɔwɔ tumi te sɛ aman a wɔtaa di adifudepɛ anaa ankorankoro nnwumakuw nya sɛ wɔbɛkyerɛ gyinaesi nhyehyɛe no nyinaa so na ɛsan de tumi bi hyɛ wɔn a ɛbɛka wɔn tee no nsam gyinaesi ahorow a wɔresisi no.

Nnipa a wɔyɛ adwumaden (Activism)

Activism fa akwan horow pii so. Ɔkwan biako ne ɔyɛkyerɛ anaa ɔsɔretia a wɔbom yɛ, a ebetumi akɔ so wɔ mmeae ahorow pii fi mpɔtam hɔ kosi amanaman ntam. Bio nso, wɔ mmeae a wɔn a wɔyɛ adwumaden te nka te sɛ nea aban ano aduru bɛyɛ adwuma no, ahyehyɛde ahorow ne ankorankoro nyinaa betumi adi amammui mu adeyɛ tee akyi. Mpɛn pii no, adwumayɛfo ne ahyehyɛde ahorow bɛyɛ adwuma abom wɔ ɔmantam ne amanaman ntam nyinaa de anya nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ wɔn botae ahorow akyi.

Mmea a wɔyɛ aborɔfo akuw a ɛwɔ Canada (Indigenous women's movements in Canada)

Wɔasɔre atia akuw pii wɔ Canada a Abibifo mmea na wofii ase tia nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim. Biako a na ɛda nsow na enyaa kuw no so nkɛntɛnso kɛse ne, Canada Mmea Abibifo Fekuw no The Native Women’s Association of Canada’s Anuanom Mmea a Wɔwɔ Honhom mu Dwumadi (The Native Women's Association of Canada's - NWAC Sisters Initiative. Saa nhyehyeɛ yi botaeɛ ne sɛ wɔbɛbɔ amanneɛbɔ a ɛfa Abibifoɔ mmaa a wɔwuwu ne wɔn a wɔyera ho sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛma nkurɔfoɔ ate ase na wɔama aban ne ɔmanfoɔ akuo ayɛ ho biribi. Ɛwom sɛ Canada aban (Canadian federal government ) a ɛwɔ ɔman no mu sii gyinae sɛ wɔbɛgye sika a wɔde ma Sisters in Spirit Initiative no wɔ afe 2010 mu deɛ, nanso NWAC kɔ so boa mmaa, Two-Spirit ne LGBTQ+ Abibifoɔ wɔ wɔn ko a wɔko sɛ wɔbɛtie wɔn no mu. Wɔ Abibifo a wɔsɔre tia akuw afoforo mu no, wosi ayaresa a wobenya afi adwenemhaw mu so dua denam honhom fam nneɛma ne atetesɛm mu nneyɛe a wɔde wɔn adwene besi so sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛko atia agyanom mpanyimfo ne mmusua mu nyiyim tumi ahorow a ɛde nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim aba no. Adwumayɛfoɔ ne Abibifoɔ mpɔtam nso afa ɔman no mmara kwan so aban kwan so de aka wɔn haw te sɛ apam ahodoɔ, mmara a ɛko tia nnipa a wɔtɔn wɔn, mmara a ɛko tia basabasayɛ a wɔyɛ tia mmaa ne UNDRIP. Wɔabu eyinom sɛ ano aduru a ɛnnɔɔso wɔ Abibifo akuw ne mpɔtam hɔfo mu efisɛ nne ahorow bi wɔ hɔ a wɔnte na ɔman no nni obu anaasɛ ennye Abibifo aman tumidi ntom.

Adwinni mu nkyerɛkyerɛmu (Artistic expression)

Mfoniniyɛfo pii nam adebɔ mu nsɛm a wɔka so hwehwɛ abusuabɔ a ɛda nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia, tumi, ne amammerɛ ntam. Wobetumi de adwinni adi dwuma de ama nkurɔfo ate asetra mu nsɛm ase, a nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim ka ho.

Be Dammed a Carolina Caycedo yɛe no de video mu nneɛma, mfonini, ne ntama ne nkrataa a wɔadi afra di dwuma sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɛbɛma abusuabɔ a ɛda nsu ne tumi ntam wɔ Latin Amerika no ahyia. N’afa horow no ka adwene a ɛhɔfo kura wɔ nsu ho a ɛkyerɛ abusuabɔ a ɛda abɔde ne wɔn ho wɔn ho ntam, ne sɛnea nsu a wɔde ma ankorankoro no ka mpɔtam hɔfo ne abɔde a nkwa wom so nkɛntɛnso ho asɛm. Wɔwoo adwuma a ɛtoatoa so no wɔ afe 2014 "Nhyehyɛe Kɛseɛ" a wɔde trɛw nsuo a wɔyi firi asubɔnten Magdelena mu wɔ Colombia no akyi – nhyehyɛeɛ no kyerɛkyerɛɛ nsuo mu anyinam ahoɔden atare 15 a wɔbɛsi no mu kɔɔ akyiri, na ɛmaa amannɔnefoɔ de wɔn ho too Colombia ahodeɛ so kɔɔ soro. Caycedo si sɛnea atubrafo, abɔde, nneɛma a woyi fi mu, ne aborɔfo a wɔyɛ nneɛma a ɛkɔ so wɔ n’adwinni mu no wɔ abusuabɔ so dua.

Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a wɔbɛsiesie (Environmental reparations)

Nyansahufo (scientists) ne sikasɛm ho abenfo (economists ) binom ahwɛ anidaso a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ wɔbɛtua nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho akatua, anaasɛ akwan horow a wɔfa so tua ankorankoro a nnwuma a ɛwɔ hɔ no aka wɔn wɔ ɔkwan bi so no mu. Akuw a ebetumi aka wɔn no bi ne ankorankoro a wɔte bɛn nnwumayɛbea, wɔn a abɔde mu asiane asi wɔn, ne wim tebea ho aguanfo a woguan asetra tebea horow a asiane wom wɔ wɔn ankasa man mu. Akatua betumi afa akwan horow pii so, efi sika a wotua tee ma ankorankoro so, kosi sika a wɔde si hɔ de siesie mmeae a wɔsɛe nwura so, kosi mframa a wɔde hwɛ nneɛma so a wɔbɛtɔ ama mpɔtam a wɔte hɔ a wonnya sika pii, kosi sika a wɔde bɛto ɔmanfo kar mu, a ɛtew mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a wɔtow gu so. Sɛnea Robert Bullard kyerɛw no,

"Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia Ho Nsiesie gyina hɔ ma bridge a ɛkɔ nkɔsoɔ ne pɛyɛ mu." . . Akatua yɛ honhom ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia aduru a wɔde sa yare ne mpata."

Nhyehyɛe ne amanaman ntam apam ahorow (Policies and international agreements)

Nwura a ɛyɛ hu a wɔde kɔ aman (export of hazardous waste) a ɛtɔ so abiɛsa mu no yɛ ade foforo a ɛhaw adwene a ɛrenya nkɔanim. Wɔ afe 1989 ne 1994 ntam hɔ no, wobu akontaa sɛ wɔde nwura a ɛyɛ hu bɛyɛ metric tɔn 2,611 fii Ahyehyɛde a Ɛhwɛ Sikasɛm mu Nkɔso ne Nkɔso So (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development - OECD) aman mu kɔɔ aman a ɛnyɛ OECD no mu. Wɔyɛɛ amanaman ntam apam abien de buaa nwura a ɛyɛ hu a wɔde kɔ wɔn ahye so a ɛrenya nkɔanim no. Na ɛhaw Afrika Biakoyɛ Ahyehyɛde (Organization of African Unity - OAU) sɛ Basel Apam a wogye toom wɔ bosome Ɔbɛnem afe 1989 mu no nka sɛ wɔbɛbara nwura a ɛyɛ hu a wɔbɛfa ahye so no koraa. Wɔ wɔn haw no ho mmuaema mu no, wɔ Ɔpɛpɔn bosome da a ɛtɔ so aduasa (30), afe 1991 mu no, Afrika Pan-African Nhyiam a Ɛhwɛ Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia ne Nkɔso a Ɛkɔ So Daa So no gyee Bamako Apam a ɛbara sɛ wɔmfa nwura a ɛyɛ hu nyinaa mmra Afrika na ɛto wɔn akwantu ano hye wɔ asasepɔn no so no toom. Wɔ bosome Ɛbɔ afe 1995 mu no, G-77 aman no boa ma wɔyɛɛ nsakrae wɔ Basel Apam no mu de baraa nwura a asiane wom nyinaa a efi aman a wɔyɛ mfiridwuma mu (titiriw OECD aman ne mu kɔ aman afoforo so. OAU de ne nsa hyɛɛ gyinaesi bi ase wɔ afe 1988 mu a ɛkae sɛ nwura a awuduru wom (toxic waste) a wɔtow gu no yɛ "nsɛmmɔnedi a wɔde tia Afrika ne Afrikafo". Ɛno akyi bere tiaa bi no, Afrika Atɔe Fam Aman Sikasɛm Kuw (Economic Community of West African States - ECOWAS) sii gyinae bi a ɛma kwan ma wɔde asotwe, te sɛ nkwa nna nyinaa afiasenna, ma wɔn a wɔkyeree wɔn sɛ wɔretow nwura a awuduru wom no.

Wiase nyinaa ayɔnkofa (Globalization) ne aman ntam apam ahorow a ɛrenya nkɔanim no de nneɛma a ebetumi aba wɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim ho nsɛm ba. Sɛ nhwɛso no, afe 1994 Amerika Atifi fam Aguadi a Wɔde Ma Ahofadi Ho Apam (North American Free Trade Agreement - NAFTA) no twee adwumayɛbea ahorow a U.S. na ɛwɔ hɔ no baa Mexico, faako a wogyaee nwura a awuduru wom wɔ Colonia Chilpancingo mpɔtam hɔ na wɔansiesie no kosii sɛ wɔn a wɔyɛ adwumaden no kae sɛ Mexico aban no nsiesie nwura no.

Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho atɛntrenee akuw ahorow (Environmental justice movements) anya nkɔanim abɛyɛ wiase nyinaa nhyiam ahorow no fa titiriw. Saa nsɛmma nhoma yi reboaboa adwene ano na ɛda nnipa, adwumayɛfo, ne ɔmanfo a wɔbom yɛ adwuma ahorow pii adi. Wiase nyinaa ayɔnkofa ho dadwen betumi aka nnipa ahorow pii a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu a adwumayɛfo (workers), nhomanimfo (academics), ne mpɔtam hɔ akannifo (community leaders) a mfiridwuma mu nkɔso a ɛkɔ soro yɛ ade koro ma wɔn no abom".

Wobetumi agyina tebea a nnipa yiyedi wom so akyerɛkyerɛ nhyehyɛe pii mu. Eyi ba efisɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho atɛntrenee botae ne sɛ ɛbɛma mpɔtam hɔfo anya hokwan a ahobammɔ wom, ɛfata, na ɛyɛ pɛ na wɔahwɛ ahu sɛ nneɛma te sɛ redlining rensi. Bere a nneɛma soronko yi nyinaa wɔ wɔn adwenem no, nsunsuanso a anibere wom wɔ hɔ a ɛsɛ sɛ nhyehyɛeyɛfo susuw ho bere a wɔresi gyinae no.

Nhwɛso ahorow a ɛfa ɔmantam biara ho (Examples by region)

Afrika

Nigeria

Fam Ngo a wɔhwie gu (Oil spill)

Efi afe 1956 kosi afe 2006 no, wɔhwiee fɛm ngo bɛyɛ tɔn ɔpepem 1.5 (1.5 million tons of oil) guu Niger Delta, (nea ɛhwie gui wɔ Exxon Valdez asiane no (Exxon Valdez disaster) mu no mmɔho aduonum (50). Abibifo a wɔwɔ ɔmantam no mu ahwere wɔn asetrade esiane nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho nsɛm yi nti (these environmental issues), na wonnyaa mfaso biara wɔ sika kɛse a wonya fi ngo mu a wonya fi wɔn nsase so no ho. Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho ntawntawdi ama ntawntawdi a ɛkɔ so wɔ Niger Delta no (conflict in the Niger Delta) mu ayɛ den.

Nwura a awuduru wom a wɔhyew (Burning of toxic waste) ne mframa a wɔsɛe no wɔ nkurow akɛse mu (urban air pollution) yɛ ɔhaw ahorow wɔ mmeae a wɔanya nkɔso kɛse.

Ogoni people, a wɔyɛ Nigeria Delta mantam a ngo pii wom no mufo akasa atia nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ne sikasɛm a ɛyɛ hu a Shell Fam Ngo (Shell Oil's) tu no de ba no na wɔakasa atia nnipa hokwan ahorow (human rights abuses) a Nigeria aban ne Shell abu so no. Wɔn amanaman ntam adesrɛ no mu yɛɛ den kɛse bere a wokum Ogonifo a wɔyɛ adwumaden baakron (nine Ogoni activists) wɔ afe 1995 mu akyi, a na ɔhyehyɛɛ Kuw a basabasayɛ nnim a Ɛhwehwɛ Ogoni Nnipa Nkwa (Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People - MOSOP) ka ho.

South Africa

Ahyehyɛde ahorow bi a ɛwɔ wiase nyinaa asua abusuabɔ a ɛda nnwuma a wotu fagude ne nkɛntɛnso bɔne a enya wɔ mpɔtam hɔfo ne ankorankoro akwahosan so no ho nhwehwɛmu na wɔakyerɛw ho asɛm yiye. Akwahosan ho nsunsuanso a ɛwɔ baabi a ɛbɛn mmeae a wotu fagude no bi ne nea efi mu ba te sɛ nyinsɛn mu nsɛnnennen, adwenemyare, kokoram ahorow, ne nea ɛkeka ho pii. Wɔ Apartheid bere no mu wɔ South Africa no, adwuma a wotu fagude no nyaa nkɔso ntɛmntɛm koraa esiane nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmara a wɔanhyɛ nti. Mpɛn pii no, mpɔtam a nnwumakuw a wotu fagude yɛ adwuma wom no yɛ nea ohia ne adwuma a wonnya nyɛ kɛse wom. Bio nso, wɔ saa mpɔtam yi mu no, mpɛn pii no, mpaapaemu ba ɔman mma no mu wɔ asɛm a ɛfa sɛ ebia mfaso a ɛwɔ so wɔ sikasɛm mu hokwan ahorow mu no boro nea enye wɔ nnipa a wɔwɔ mpɔtam hɔ akwahosan ho no ho. Nnwumakuw a wotu fagude taa bɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔde saa adwene a enhyia yi bedi dwuma ma ayɛ nea mfaso wɔ so denam ntawntawdi yi a wɔbɛma ayɛ kɛse no so. Bio nso, nnwumakuw a wotu fagude a ɛwɔ South Africa no ne ɔman no aban no wɔ abusuabɔ a emu yɛ den, na wɔdan tumi a ɛkari pɛ no ma ɛboa wɔn bere a bere koro no ara wɔma mpɔtam hɔfo fi gyinaesi nhyehyɛe pii mu no. Saa agyapade a ɛfa nnipa a wɔayi wɔn afi nnipa mu yi anya nkɛntɛnso a ɛtra hɔ daa wɔ South Africafo a wodi hia a wɔsoa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a efi, sɛ nhwɛso no, nnwumakuw a wotu fagude no nneyɛe mu ba no mu adesoa. Ebinom ka sɛ sɛ wobetumi ako atia nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu nyiyim yiye na wɔanya atɛntrenee a ɛte sɛ nea ɛte bi a, ɛsɛ sɛ wobu nneɛma a ɛma nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu mmusua mu nyiyim tebea horow te sɛ tumi ho akwan horow a agye ntini ne nea wɔahyehyɛ, asetra mu abusuabɔ, ne amammerɛ mu nneɛma nso ho akontaa.

Wɔde asɛmfua " ahoɔden ohia " di dwuma de kyerɛ "ahoɔden a wɔde fa nneɛma a ɛfata, wotumi de ho to so, ne bo yɛ den na ɛho tew a wonnya de di ahoɔden som ahiade ho dwuma ma aduannoa ne saa dwumadi ahorow a anyinam ahoɔden ma ɛboa sikasɛm ne nnipa nkɔso Mpɔtam pii a ɛwɔ South Africa hyia ahoɔden ho ohia bi. Mpɛn pii no, South Africa mmea na wɔhwɛ fie ne mpɔtam hɔfo nyinaa so. Ɛnyɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔn a wɔwɔ mmeae a sikasɛm mu hia no fa saa asɛyɛde yi nko, na mmom nsɛnnennen afoforo pii wɔ hɔ a wohyia. Nyiyim a egyina ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna, abusuakuw, ne adesuakuw so nyinaa da so ara wɔ South Africafo amammerɛ mu. Esiane eyi nti, wɔtaa yi mmea a wɔyɛ ɔmanfo nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma titiriw wɔ wɔn adwuma mu wɔ fie ne mpɔtam hɔfo no fi gyinaesi biara a ɛfa ɔman no nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma ne nea wobenya ho no mu. Ahoɔden ho ohia a efi mu ba no hyɛ mmea ma wɔde ahoɔden fibea ahorow a ne bo yɛ den na ebetumi apira wɔn ankasa akwahosan ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia nyinaa di dwuma. Ne saa nti, ahoɔden a wɔyɛ no foforo ho nhyehyɛe ahorow pii aba South Africa a wɔde wɔn ani asi mpɔtam ne mmea yi so titiriw de asiesie tebea yi.

Asia

China

Efi 1990 mfe no mfinimfini kosi bɛyɛ afe 2001 no, wobu akontaa sɛ na wɔde ɛlɛtrɔnik mfiri a wɔboaboa ano sɛ wɔmfa nyɛ adwuma bio wɔ United States atɔe fam fa no mu bɛyɛ ɔha biara mu nkyem 50 kosi 80 rekɔ amannɔne de abubu, na na wɔde kɔ China ne Asia Kesee Fam Apuei titiriw. Saa nneɛma a wɔabubu yi yɛ nea mfaso wɔ so kɛse na wɔpɛ esiane adwumayɛfo pii, adwumayɛfo a wɔn bo nyɛ den, ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmara a ɛnyɛ den nti.

Guiyu, China, yɛ mmeae akɛse a wɔsan de e-waste di dwuma bio no mu biako, baabi a kɔmputa afa horow a wɔatow agu akuwakuw kɔ soro wɔ baabi a ɛbɛn asubɔnten no ano na nneɛma a wɔde afrafra, te sɛ cadmium, kɔbere, kɔbere, PBDEs, gu mpɔtam hɔ nsu a wɔde ma no ho fĩ. Nsu a Basel Adeyɛ Nkitahodibea (Basel Action Network) gyee wɔ afe 2001 mu fii Lianjiang Asubɔnten (Lianjiang River) no mu no, na kɔbere dodow a ɛboro WHO ahobammɔ gyinapɛn ahorow so mpɛn 190. Ɛmfa ho sɛ nsu a wɔnom a efin wom no, ɛhɔfo kɔ so de nsu a efin wom di dwuma sen nsu a wɔnom a ne bo yɛ den a wɔde lɔre de ba no. Amanneɛbɔ ahorow a wɔde ama nnansa yi kyerɛ sɛ mmofra a wɔwɔ Guiyu, China, beae a wɔyɛ e-waste no mu bɛyɛ ɔha biara mu 80 na awuduru a wɔde kɔbere ayɛ wɔn. Ansa na wɔde bedi dwuma sɛ baabi a wɔde ɛlɛtrɔnik nwura kɔ no, na akuafo nkumaa a wɔyɛ kuayɛ adwuma no na wɔyɛ Guiyu fa kɛse no ara. Nanso, wɔagyae kuayɛ adwuma de ayɛ adwuma a mfaso wɔ so kɛse wɔ ɛlɛtrɔnik mfiri a wɔasɛe no mu. "Sɛnea Atɔe Fam nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔfo ne China sukuupɔn ne NGO nhwehwɛmufo nyinaa kyerɛ no, tebea horow a ɛwɔ saa adwumayɛfo yi nkuraase nkuraa ase no nye araa ma ɛlɛtrɔnik nneɛma a wɔsɛe no tete adwuma a ɛwɔ Guiyu mpo ma wonya nkɔso wɔ sika a wonya mu".

Nhwehwɛmufo ahu sɛ bere a mframa a ɛde efĩ a ɛyɛ hu ba no dodow kɔ soro wɔ China no, ɔmanfo aboaboa wɔn ho ano de akwan horow a wɔbɛfa so asiw nkɛntɛnso bɔne ano bedi dwuma. Mmeae a mmusuakuw nketewa te ne ɔman no atɔe fam mmeae taa soa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho adesoa a ɛnsɛ.

India

Bhopal, India

Union Carbide Corporation yɛ Union Carbide India Limited awofoɔ adwumakuo a ɛde ne nnwuma kɔma ɔman a ɛwɔ abɔnten. Union Carbide India Limited a ɛwɔ Bhopal, India, na ɛyɛɛ nnuru a wɔfrɛ no methyl isocyanate a wɔde yɛ nnuru a wɔde kum mmoawa no titiriw. Wɔ Ɔpɛnimma bosome da ɛtɔ so mmiɛnsa (3), afe 1984 mu no, methyl isocyanate mununkum bi puei esiane nnuru a awuduru wom a wɔde fraa nsu mu wɔ adwumayɛbea a ɛwɔ Bhopal no mu nti. Nnipa bɛyɛ 520,000 na wɔde nnuru a awuduru wom no dii dwuma bere a nsu no fii mu no akyi pɛɛ. Wɔ nnafua mmiɛnsa (3) a edi kan wɔ nsu a ɛtɔe no akyi mu no, wobu akontaa sɛ nnipa 8,000 a wɔte afifide no mpɔtam hɔ wuwui esiane methyl isocyanate a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu nti. Nnipa binom nyaa wɔn ti didii mu wɔ nsu a ɛtɔe mfiase a efi adwumayɛbea hɔ no mu, nanso esiane ɔhwɛ a ɛmfata ne yare a wɔanhu a ɛmfata nti, nnipa pii awuwu. Esiane sɛ wɔanhu yare a ɛmfata nti, ebia ayaresa no antumi anyɛ adwuma yiye na eyi maa Union Carbide powee sɛ ɛbɛda nsɛm a ɛfa mframa a ɛretu no ho nyinaa adi na wodii atoro wɔ nsɛm bi a ɛho hia ho no. Aduruyɛ mmoa a wɔde maa wɔn a nnuru no pue no a wɔkyɛe no maa tebea no yɛɛ kɛse maa wɔn a wonyaa wɔn ti didii mu no. Ɛnnɛ nnipa pii da so ara rehu akwahosan ho nkɛntɛnso bɔne a methyl isocyanate a ɛretu no de ba no, te sɛ ahurututu mu ntini a ɛyɛ mmerɛw, aniwa a enhu ade yiye, nsamanwa, ntini mu yare (neurological disorders), ne nipadua mu yaw a emu yɛ den (severe body pains).

Adwumayɛbea a ɛwɔ Bhopal no dwumadi ne ne siesie na ɛmaa nnuru a ɛyɛ hu no puei. Na methyl isocyanate pii a wɔkora so wɔ beae a nnipa dɔɔso, ne adwumakuw no nhyehyɛe ahorow a wɔde di dwuma katee wɔ afifide afoforo mu no bɔ abira. Adwumakuw no buu wɔn ani guu ɔsɔretia a wɔkae sɛ wɔde nnuru a ɛyɛ hu no dɔɔso dodo ma adwumayɛbea biako so na wɔyɛɛ nsukorabea akɛse de kuraa mu wɔ mpɔtam a nnipa ahyɛ hɔ ma. Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde methyl isocyanate sie wɔ ɔhyew a ɛba fam koraa mu, nanso adwumakuw no tew ɛka a wɔbɔ wɔ mframa a wɔde yɛ adwuma no ho ma ɛde tebea a ennu nea eye ma nnuru no bae. Bio nso, Union Carbide India Limited anyɛ atoyerɛnkyɛm ho nhyehyɛe amma mpɔtam a atwa adwumayɛbea no ho ahyia no da sɛ nsu bi a ɛretu anaasɛ ɛhwie gu a. Ná ɔman no mpanyimfo wɔ adwumakuw no kotoku mu ma enti wɔamfa wɔn adwene ansi adwumakuw no nneyɛe anaa mmara no a wɔde bedi dwuma no so. Adwumakuw no nso tew adwumayɛfo a wosiesie nneɛma a wɔde siw yare ano no so sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛkora sika so.

Russia

Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu mmusua mu nyiyim (Environmental racism) yɛ ahyehyɛde ahorow mu mmusua mu nyiyim (institutional racism), a ama wɔatow nwura a ɛyɛ hu agu wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnsɛ so wɔ mpɔtam a wɔn kɔla gu ahorow wɔ Russia.[69][70] Ɛsan nso ma ɛhɔfo soa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho adesoa a ɛne sɛ wotu fagude, ne ngo anaa gas a wotu no wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnsɛ so. Wɔ Russia no, aborɔfo akuw 47 na wogye tom wɔ aban kwan so, a wɔanya hokwan ahorow bi sɛ wobisabisa wɔn nsɛm na wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu wɔ Russia mmara ase fi 1999. Nanso, saa ahotoso ahorow yi asɛe nkakrankakra bere a wɔasan de ɔman no tumidi ahyɛ mmeae ahorow no, na wɔayi nsasesin pii a aborɔfo di wɔn ho no afi hɔ efi 1990 mfe no mu.[71]

Russia a ɛyɛ Amanaman Ntam Adwumayɛ Ahyehyɛde (International Labor Organization) no muni no nnyee ILO 69, apam a ɛkyerɛ pefee sɛ aborɔfo nyinaa wɔ hokwan sɛ wosi wɔn ankasa gyinae. Eyi ma Russia Fekuw no kɔ so pow sɛ Abibifo nni wɔn asase ne wɔn ahonyade so tumi. Russia nso yɛ Amanaman Nkabom a egye aborɔfo a wɔwɔ nsase a wɔde wɔn yɛɛ atubrafo tete no tom, nanso emu nna hɔ kakra wɔ aborɔfo kakraa bi a ɛpo biara ntetew wɔn ho mfi wɔn a wɔyɛɛ wɔn atubrafo no ho no ho. Eyi yɛ akyinnyegye ahorow a Russia de di dwuma de kyerɛ sɛ ɛfata sɛ wɔanni UN apam ahorow so wɔ Siberia aborɔfo asɛm no mu.

Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu nyiyim a ɛwɔ Russia nso ka Romanifo ne adwumayɛfo a wotu kɔtra mmeae foforo.

Europa

Main article: Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim wɔ Europa

Europa Apuei Fam

Wɔn a wɔte Europa Mfinimfini ne Apuei fam titiriw (Central and Eastern Europe), a mpɔtam hɔfo kotoku wɔ Amerika ne Mfinimfini Apuei (Middle East), na wɔde Romani mmusuakuw (Romani people) no ahyɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu. Wɔtaa frɛ Romanifo a wɔwɔ Europa Apuei fam no gypsyfo anaa gypsyfo ahunahuna, na wɔn mu dodow no ara te ohia ase wɔ nkurow a ɛyɛ asese (shanty towns) anaa nkuraase (slums). Bere a Romanifo hyia nsɛm te sɛ awuduru a epira a wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ mu bere tenten a wɔde mmeae a wɔtow nwura gu ne mfiridwuma adwumayɛbea ahorow, ne mmoa a wɔpow a wɔde bɛma wɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho te sɛ nsu pa ne ahotew ho no, wɔahyia mmusua mu nyiyim denam nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia so. Aman pii te sɛ has Romania, Bulgaria ne Hungary abɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔde nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho banbɔ ho nhyehyɛe ahorow bedi dwuma wɔ aman a wobu wɔn no nyinaa mu, nanso dodow ara adi nkogu esiane "wɔadi Romafo mpɔtam tebea horow ho dwuma nti wɔayɛ no framed denam mmusuakuw aniwa so sɛ "Roma nsɛm Nnansa yi ara na nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho atɛntrenee bi a wɔde bɛma Romanifo no ada adi. Esiane sɛ wɔrehwehwɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho atɛntrenee wɔ Europa nti, mprempren Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia Atɛntrenee Dwumadi no ne ahyehyɛde ahorow a ɛhwɛ nnipa hokwan ahorow so reyɛ adwuma de aboa ma wɔako atia nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim.

Ɛho hia sɛ yɛhyɛ no nsow sɛ wɔ "Nyiyim wɔ EU mu wɔ afe 2009 mu" amanneɛbɔ a Europa Bagua no yɛe no mu no, "ɔman mma a wɔwɔ Roma nnamfo no mu 64% gye di sɛ nyiyim abu so, sɛ wɔde toto ɔman mma a wonni Roma nnamfo 61% ho a."

France

Nwura a awuduru wom a wɔde kɔ aman a ɛwɔ Wiase Nyinaa Kesee Fam no yɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim a ɛkɔ so wɔ amanaman ntam no biako. Wɔ asɛm bi a wɔkyerɛ sɛ esii mu no, wɔ bere a Fransefo wimhyɛn a ɛfa wimhyɛn Clemenceau sɛ ɛnnkɔ Alang, Indiafo po so hyɛn gyinabea bi a wobubu po so ahyɛn mu, esiane sɛ na wonni nkrataa a emu da hɔ a ɛfa awuduru a ɛwɔ mu ho nti. Awiei koraa no, France Ɔmampanyin Jacques Chirac hyɛe sɛ wimhyɛn a ɛde nneɛma a nneɛma a ɛyɛ hu tɔn pii a asbestos ne PCB ka ho wom no nsan nkɔ France.

United Kingdom

Wɔ UK no, nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim (anaasɛ wim tebea ho mmusua mu nyiyim nso) no, adeyɛ akuw pii te sɛ Asase so mmɔbɔfo frɛ (Wretched of the Earth call out) wɔ afe 2015 mu ne Black Lives Matter wɔ afe 2016 mu no afrɛ no.

Amerika Atifi fam (North America)

Canada

Africville Asɔredan a wɔasan asi wɔ Nova Scotia no

Wɔ Canada no, wɔrenya nkɔso wɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim ho dwuma (titiriw wɔ Nova Scotia Africville mpɔtam hɔ) denam Mmara 111, Mmara a Wɔde Di Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia Ho Racism ho dwuma wɔ Nova Scotia Mmarahyɛ Bagua no mu no so. Nanso, efin a efi Canada nnuruyɛ adwuma a ɛwɔ Ontario Kesee Fam Apuei mu no kɔ so pira aborɔfo nkurow te sɛ Aamjiwnaang First Nation.

Canada pɛtro adwumayɛbea ɔha biara mu aduanan ayɛ ma wɔ Sarnia, Ontario, a ne kɛse yɛ akwansin 15 ahinanan mu . Wɔ mmeae a wɔyɛ pɛtro no anafo fam pɛɛ no, Aamjiwnaang akorae a Aamjiwnaang Ɔman a Edi Kan no mufo yɛ 850 no wɔ hɔ. Efi afe 2002 no, ankorankoro a wɔyɛ aborɔfo nkabom ahorow ako atia efi a ɛdɔɔso a ɛnsɛ wɔ wɔn mpɔtam hɔ no.

Nkɛntɛnso a enya wɔ Canadafo Abibifo mmea so (Impact on Canadian Indigenous women)

Canadani asetra ho nimdefo Ingrid Waldron rema ɔkasa ahorow a ɛfa Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia Ho Racism ho wɔ Dalhousie Sukuupɔn mu wɔ afe 2018 mu.

Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu nyiyim ka mmea titiriw ne titiriw no Abibifo mmea ne mmea a wɔn kɔla gu ahorow. Saa mpɔtam yi mu pii te nkuraase a abɔde mu nneɛma pii wɔ hɔ a ɛyɛ anigye kɛse ma nnwuma a wotutu fam. Ɛnyɛ sɛ saa nsunsuanso ahorow yi gu nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia no ho fi nko, na mmom ɛka nipadua ne adwene mu akwahosan nyinaa nso. Saa nnwuma a wɔde yi nneɛma te sɛ ngo ne gas ne nea wotu fagude yi mu pii de efi aba nsu fibea, aduan fibea ne nsunsuanso a ɛba mframa pa so. Eyi afi ase aka nnipa nipadua, titiriw mmea de. Nea enti a ɛte saa ne sɛ awuduru ne awuduru a efi mmeae a wotutu fam no ka mmea awo akwaa, ebetumi ama wɔanya kokoram ne wɔn mma akwahosan nso. Dwumadi yi mu ɔhaw ahorow kɔ so wɔ awo ntoatoaso ahorow mu wɔ saa mpɔtam yi, sɛ nhwɛso no wɔ Indigenous mpɔtam a ɛwɔ Grassy Narrows wɔ Northern Ontario, wɔda so ara redi akwahosan ho nsunsuanso a efi mercury dodow a ɛkɔ soro a ɛka nsu a wɔnom ne mpataa wɔ ɔmantam no mu a ɛbaa fi a hwie gui wɔ 1960 mfe no mu.

Ɛnyɛ efi nko na ɛka mmea, na mmom asetra mu nsakrae a nnwuma a wotutu fam de ba nso. Sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔ mpɔtam nketewa a wɔwɔ adwumayɛbea ahorow a wotutu fam no, ofie basabasayɛ dodow no dɔɔso kɛse esiane nokwasɛm a ɛyɛ sɛ mmarima asigyafo a wɔba mpɔtam hɔ no reba nti. Eyi nyinaa betumi ama ofie asetra a awuduru wom aba a ebetumi ama wɔde nnuru a wɔde di dwuma ɔkwammɔne so adi dwuma sɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so gyina ano, na ɛno nso ma nnipa pii wuwu na wɔde di dwuma ɔkwammɔne so. Saa adwumayɛfo nsraban ahorow yi nso aboa ma Abibifo mmea a wɔayera na wɔakunkum wɔn wɔ Amerika Atifi fam nyinaa no dodow a ɛnsɛ. Nea efi nnwuma a wɔtutu fam mu ba nso nya transgender, Two-Spirit ne LGBTQ+ kuw no mufo afoforo so nkɛntɛnso a ɛnsɛ. Nanso, akwahosan ho nsɛm a enye no mu dodow no ara to adwumayɛfo a wɔwɔ nnwuma a wotutu fam no ankasa so, na ɛkanyan ɔmanfo mu kyinhyia ahorow a ɛyɛ hu.

Mexico

Wɔ Obubuo bosome da ɛtɔ so dunkron (19), afe 1984 mu no, San Juanico asiane (San Juanico disaster) no maa mpempem pii wuwui na bɛyɛ ɔpepem biako pirapirae wɔ mpɔtam a ahiafo a atwa ho ahyia no mu. Atoyerɛnkyɛm no sii wɔ PEMEX nsu propane gas adwumayɛbea a ɛwɔ Mexico City beae bi a nnipa dɔɔso. Adan a wosisii wɔ ɔkwan a mmara mma ho kwan a enni mmara so a ɛbɛn hɔ no maa nea efii ɔtopae no mu bae no yɛɛ kɛse.

Cucapá yɛ aborɔfo kuw bi a wɔte bɛn U.S. ne Mexico hye so, titiriw wɔ Mexico nanso ebinom wɔ Arizona nso. Wɔ awo ntoatoaso pii mu no, na mpataayi wɔ Colorado Asubɔnten (Colorado River) no so ne ade titiriw a na Cucapáfo nya wɔn asetrade. Wɔ afe 1944 mu no, United States ne Mexico de wɔn nsa hyɛɛ apam bi ase a ɛde hokwan ahorow maa United States wɔ ɔkwan a etu mpɔn so wɔ nsu a ɛwɔ Colorado Asubɔnten no mu bɛyɛ 90% ho, na ɛmaa Mexico nyaa 10% a aka no. Wɔ mfe du du kakraa a atwam no mu no, Colorado Asubɔnten no fa kɛse no ara ayow wɔ ɔhye no anafo fam, na ɛde nsɛnnennen pii aba nnipa te sɛ Cucapá so. Shaylih Meuhlmann, a ɔkyerɛw mmusuakuw ho nsɛm a wɔato din Where the River Ends: Contested Indigeneity in the Mexican Colorado Delta no de tebea no ho kyerɛwtohɔ a edi kan ma wɔ Meuhlmann adwene mu ne kyerɛwtohɔ pii a efi Cucapáfo ankasa mu nso ma. Wɔ Colorado Asubɔnten no fa a ɛwɔ Mexico no a wogyaw nsu a ɛwɔ hɔ nyinaa no fa ketewaa bi akyi no, wogye hokwan a Cucapáfo wɔ sɛ woyi mpataa wɔ asubɔnten no so no afi wɔn nsam, na Mexico aban no de adeyɛ no ayɛ nea mmara mma ho kwan sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛkora... asubɔnten no mu nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia akwahosan. Enti, Cucapáfo no te ase a wonnya abɔde mu nsu pa a ɛdɔɔso na wonni wɔn asetrade a wɔtaa yɛ no nso. Nea wɔde baa awiei wɔ nsɛm a ɛtete saa pii mu ne sɛ nsu hokwan ahorow a wɔayɛ ho nkitahodi wɔ U.S. ne Mexico apam no ase a ɛde nsonsonoe kɛse a ɛba wɔ nsu a wɔkyekyɛ mu wɔ aman abien no ntam no fi nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim so.

Wohu maquiladora 1,900 wɔ baabi a ɛbɛn U.S. ne Mexico hye so. Maquiladoras yɛ nnwumakuw a mpɛn pii no amannɔne nnwumakuw na wɔwɔ na wɔde nneɛma a wɔde yɛ nneɛma fi amannɔne ba, wotua adwumayɛfo a wɔwɔ Mexico ka ma wɔboaboa ano, na wɔde nneɛma a wɔawie no kɔ amannɔne sɛ wɔntɔn. Bere a Maquiladoras ma wonya nnwuma no, mpɛn pii no wontua sika kakraa bi pɛ. Saa afifide yi nso de efi ba Mexico nkurow a ɛwɔ nkuraase mu, na ɛde akwahosan ho nkɛntɛnso ba mmusua a wodi hia a wɔte bɛn hɔ no so.

Wɔ Mexico no, mfiridwuma mu ngo, a wotu, ne gas a woyi fi hɔ, ne nneɛma a wɔyɛ no foforo nkakrankakra te sɛ nsu mu mmoa, kwae, ne nnɔbae a woyi fi hɔ pii. Wɔ mmara kwan so no, ɔman no wɔ abɔde mu nneɛma, nanso etumi ma nnwuma ho kwan denam tow a wotua so. Wɔ nnansa yi mfe du du mu no, nsakrae bi aba wɔ towtua dɔla a wɔaboaboa ano yi a wɔbɛsan de wɔn adwene asi mpɔtam a akwahosan, asetra, ne sikasɛm mu nkɛntɛnso a ɛwɔ extractivism mu no anya wɔn so nkɛntɛnso kɛse no so. Nanso, ɛhɔfo ne nkuraase mpɔtam hɔ akannifo pii ka sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔpene so sɛ nnwumakuw yi wɔn nneɛma na wɔsɛe no, sen sɛ wobetua wɔn ka wɔ nokwasɛm no akyi. 

United States

Kamala Harris ka nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho atɛntrenee ho asɛm wɔ June 2020 mu.

U.S. Aban Akontaabu Dwumadibea (Government Accountability Office) nhwehwɛmu bi - a wowiee de buaa 1982 ɔsɔretia a wɔde tiaa PCB tow a wɔtow gu wɔ Warren Mantam mu (1982 protests against the PCB landfill in Warren County) no _ ka nhwehwɛmu a edi kan a ɛkyerɛɛ abusuabɔ a ɛda mpɔtam hɔfo mmusuakuw ne sikasɛm tebea ne beae a nwura a asiane wom wɔ ntam no ho. Nanso, na nhwehwɛmu no sua denam nwura a asiane wom a wɔtow gu wɔ United States Kesee Fam Apuei a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri nkutoo so.

2017 Climate March ɔsɔretiafoɔ kura sɛnkyerɛnne a ɛkyerɛ Flint nsuo ho haw no so.

Nnipa a wɔte wɔn afie atifi a wɔrekwati nsuyiri a ɛbae wɔ Ahum Katrina akyi

Carl Zimring ka sɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim taa gye ntini wɔ da biara da adwuma ne asetra mu. Nhwɛso ahorow a wɔafa aka afa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim ho wɔ U.S. no bi ne Dakota Akwantuo a Wɔde Kɔ Nsuo Mu (Dakota Access Pipeline) (baabi a nsu afiri a wɔresusuw ho no fa bi bɛfa baabi a ɛbɛn Ɛboɔ Gyinabea a Indiafo a Wɔakora So (Standing Rock Indian Reservation), Flint nsu ho ahokyere (Flint water crisis a ɛkaa kurow bi a na Amerikafo a wɔyɛ abibifo 55%), kokoram kwan (cancer alley - Louisiana), ne sɛnea aban no yɛɛ n’ade wɔ ahum Katrina (hurricane Katrina) ho (baabi a wɔanhyɛ sɛ wontu mfi hɔ wɔ New Orleans kurow a Abibifo dodow no ara te mu no mu kosii nnɔnhwerew 20 ansa na ahum Katrina reba asase so (Hurricane Katrina made landfall).

Sɛ yɛka ne nyinaa bom a, U.S. ayɛ adwuma de atew nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim so denam nkurow akɛse mu nsakrae so. Saa nhyehyɛe ahorow yi boa ma nsakrae foforo ba. Nkuropɔn ne amansin binom de nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho atɛntrenee ho nhyehyɛe ahorow adi dwuma na wɔde adi dwuma wɔ ɔmanfo akwahosan ho adwumayɛbea ahorow mu.

Amerikafo Ankasa nkurɔfo

Abibifo nhomanimfo aka ho asɛm sɛ ebia ntease wɔ Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia Atɛntrenee ho adwene no mu wɔ Amerikafo Ankasa ne atubrafo atubrafo ho nsɛm mu anaa. Nea enti a ɛte saa ne sɛ ɛsono Amerikafo Ankasa mmara kwan so gyinabea wɔ nnipa afoforo a wɔato wɔn hintidua a wɔwɔ United States no ho. Sɛnea ɛte no, Colville nhomanimfo Dina Gilio-Whitaker kyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ “esiane sɛ ɛsono abusuabɔ a Abibifo ne ɔman (kyerɛ sɛ United States) wɔ wɔ mmusuakuw nketewa de ho nti, ɛsɛ sɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho atɛntrenee boro pɛyɛ so na etumi tra ase ma ɛne mmusuakuw ho adwene hyia.” tumidi, apam hokwan ahorow, ne aban ne aban ntam abusuabɔ."

Gilio-Whitaker san ka sɛ Atɛntrenee a wɔde kyekyɛ nneɛma (Distributive justice) a EJ gyina so no mmoa Abibifoɔ mpɔtam, ɛfiri sɛ "Wɔde Frameworks for EJ wɔ mpɔtam a wɔnyɛ Abibifoɔ a wɔde wɔn ho to distributive justice so no asi kapitalist Amerikafoɔ gyinapɛn a ɛfa asase ho sɛ aguadeɛ — i.e. kokoa mu (private)." agyapade — wɔ nsase a wogye fii Abibifo nsam so." Nea ɛne eyi bɔ abira no, Abibifo wɔ abusuabɔ soronko koraa wɔ asase a ɛboro asase so akwan horow so sɛ aguade ho.

Abibifo ho adesua ho abenfo (Indigenous studies scholars) aka sɛ, Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia Ho Nnipa mu Nnyiyim (Environmental Racism), efii ase wɔ United States bere a atubrafo atubrafo (ettler colonialism) bae no. Potawatomi nyansapɛfo (Potawatomi philosopher) Kyle Powys Whyte ne Lower Brule Sioux abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo Nick Estes kyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ Abibifo atra ase dedaw wɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho adiyisɛm (environmental apocalypse) biako mu: atubrafo a wɔbae. Métis asase ho nimdefo (Métis geographer) Zoe Todd ne nhomanimfo kwaewa (academic Heather) Davis nso aka sɛ atubrafo atubrafo “na ɛde nnɛyi nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho haw ba.” Wɔ saa kwan yi so no, wɔada no adi sɛ wɔde akode ahyɛ wim nsakrae ho akode atia Amerikafo Abibifo, bere a agyanom a wɔhyehyɛɛ no te sɛ Thomas Jefferson ne Benjamin Franklin twitwaa kwae wɔ Amerika na wɔmaa wim tebea a ɛyɛ hyew a wosusuwii sɛ ɛbɛma Abibifo atu afi wɔn afie mu na ama United States anya adefo no toom no. Enti, "United States, fi bere a wɔwoo no no, dii dwuma titiriw wɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu nsakrae a ɛyɛ hu a ɛde bae no mu." Whyte kyerɛkyerɛ mu kɔ so sɛ "Wim nsakrae a nnipa de ba (a nnipa de ba) yɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu nsakrae a atubrafo de ahyɛ Abibifo so no mu den." Anishinaabe nhomanimfo (Anishinaabe scholar) Leanne Betasamosake Simpson nso aka sɛ "Ɛsɛ sɛ yesusuw wim nsakrae ho sɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu asiane ahorow a ɛware kɛse a atubrafo ne ɔmanfo a egyina nneɛma a wɔboaboa ano so de ba no fa."

Wobetumi abu Indiafo Mmara a Wɔayi Afi Hɔ a Wɔyɛe wɔ afe 1830 (Indian Removal Act of 1830) mu ne Nusu Akwantuo (Trail of Tears) nso sɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim ho nhwɛso a edi kan wɔ United States. Esiane kan no nti, ebeduu afe 1850 no, na wɔayi mmusuakuw a ɛwɔ Mississippi apuei fam nyinaa akɔ atɔe fam nsase so, na ne titiriw no, wɔde wɔn ahyɛ “nsase a ɛso yɛ kusuu, akyirikyiri, anaasɛ ɛso yɛ kwa dodo sɛ ɛbɛtwetwe atubrafo ne nnwumakuw adwene” so. Wɔ Wiase Ko II (World War II) mu no, na wɔtaa de asraafo atrae wɔ mmeae a ɛbɛn mmeae a wɔakora so (reservations), na ɛde tebea bi a “asraafo mmeae a asiane wom sen biara no dodow a ɛnsɛ wɔ baabi a ɛbɛn Amerikafo Ankasa nsase” bae.  Nhwehwɛmu bi a wɔyɛe a ɛhwehwɛɛ amansin bɛyɛ 3,100 a ɛwɔ United States asasepɔn no so mu no daa no adi sɛ Amerikafo Ankasa nsase ne mmeae a atuo a wɔanpae a wobu no sɛ ɛyɛ hu kɛse no dodow wɔ abusuabɔ pa. Nhwehwɛmu no nso hui sɛ asiane a wɔde susuw asiane ho mmara (RAC) a wɔde susuw asiane a ɛwɔ mmeae a atuo a wɔanpae no betumi de asiane kɛse asie sɛnea mmeae yi yɛ ma Amerikafo Ankasa no ɛtɔ mmere bi a. Asiane a ebetumi aba, anaasɛ ebetumi aba sɛ asiane bi bɛpira nnipa anaa abɔde a nkwa wom no yɛ nea ɛfa ɔmanfo adan te sɛ sukuu ne ayaresabea ahorow a ɛbɛn ho no ho. Saa nsusuwii ahorow yi bu ani gu mmusuakuw asetra mu nneɛma te sɛ asetrade a wɔde di, afifide ne mmoa a wɔde di dwuma wɔ amanne kwan so, ne nnipa dodow a ɛba fam so. Esiane sɛ wonsusuw nneɛma a ɛyɛ soronko wɔ mmusuakuw ho yi ho nti, Amerikafo Ankasa nsase betumi anya nkontaa a asiane nnim pii, ɛmfa ho sɛ ɛyɛ asiane ma wɔn asetra kwan no. Asiane a ebetumi aba no nsusuw Amerikafo Ankasa ho bere a wosusuw nnipa anaa abɔde a nkwa wom a ebetumi apira ho no. Asraafo mmeae a wɔbɛhwehwɛ mmeae a ɛne mmeae a wɔakora so no hyia no de tebea bi ba a “asraafo mmeae a asiane wom sen biara no dodow a ɛnsɛ wɔ baabi a ɛbɛn Amerikafo Ankasa nsase (a disproportionate number of the most dangerous military facilities are located near Native American lands).”