Kwae ho adwuma wɔ Ghana

Kwae agye bɛyɛ Ghana mmeaeɛ nyinaa nkabɔm nkyekyɛmu mmiɛnsa mu baako, kwae ho adwuma dwadie dodoɔ no ara gyina Ghana anaafoɔ fam.

sawn Timbers being loaded into lighters from Timber Sheds at Takoradi Harbour in Ghana in the 20th century.

Ho nsɛm nyinaa

timber nnua a wɔayɛ ho adwamu awie

ɛwɔ afe apem ahankron ne aduokron(1990) ahyɛase no, na nnua wɔapae ayɛ ho nnwuma nyinaa awie wɔ Ghana yɛ ahanu ne aduonu(220), nanso na beaeɛ hɔ wɔ asiakwan bebree. Nnoɔma ahoe yɛ nnoɔma bi a ne dwa wɔ soro wɔ amanɔne paa ara, nanso Ghanafoɔ a wɔdi ho dwuma no antumi ayɛ saa nnoɔma yi bebree sɛdea na adwa no teɛ no ɛnam sɛ na wɔnni abɛɛfo fonono(Klin) no bi nti. Ɛfiri sɛ nnua a wɔde mframa na aho no nkyɛre na aseɛ, mframa a wɔde ho nnua no a ne boɔ nnyɛ den no anyɛ nea ɛyɛ anisɔ. Nneɛma a ɛbɛhyɛ ahɔhoɔ nkuran ama wɔde wɔn sika abɛhyɛm no nyɛ dea ɛndɛfɛdɛfɛ yie wɔ saa mfiridwuma yi mu te sɛ dea ɛwɔ afoforɔ mu, te sɛ fagude tu adwuma. Bio, sɛ yɛde retoto fagude tuo ne Kookoo ho adwuma mantam mu a, atɔeɛ mantam, a nnua wɔayɛ ho adwuam awie wɔ no, kɔ so ara wɔ adan a wɔayi no akwa. Mpanimfoɔ a wɔakwadari wɔ nimdeɛ mu ne abɛɛfo nnoɔma a wɔnni ka haw afoforɔ no ho. Aniwusɛm ada adi wɔ Ghana kwae ho dwumadie adwumakuo mu firi afe apem ahankron ne aduowɔtwe nsia (1986) mu, na ɛsan so yii ne ti bio wɔ afe apem ahankron ne aduokron mmienu(1992) ahyɛase mu. Nsɛm yi mu dea ɛyii ne ti paa ara yie ne African Timber and plywood, kuo a mmerɛ bi a ɛtwam no na wɔyɛ akuo kɛseɛ wɔ Ghana a wɔde nnua a wɔapae no atenten akɛseɛ firi Ghana kɔ aman afoforɔ so.

Abakɔsɛm

Kwae ho adwuma beaeɛ a ɛwɔ Ghana wɔ afe apem ahankron ne aduokron(1990) mu no kura GDP akontaabuo ɔha nkyɛmu nan ne akyirepɔ mmienu(4.2); na timber yɛ ɔman no dwadie kɛseɛ ɛtɔ so mmiɛnsa wɔ aman foforɔ so a ɛde mfasoɔ ba. Firi afe apem ahankron ne aduowɔtwe mmiɛnsa(1983) mu no kwae ho adwuma anya mfasoɔ bɛyɛ US sika ɔpepem ɔha ne aduonu(US$120million) wɔ sika a afoforɔ de hyɛɛ dwumadie no mu na ɛmaa nsesaeɛ a adi mu baaeɛ, a ɛde mfasoɔ mmɔho baaeɛ wɔ afe apem ahankron ne aduowɔtwe num(1985) ne afe apem ahankron ne aduokron(1990) ntam mu. Wɔ afe apem ahankron ne aduokron mmiɛnsa(1993) mu no timber ne gya ho nnoɔma mfasoɔ nkabɔm yɛɛ US$140 million berɛ na dea wɔn ani si soɔ yɛ US$ 130 million. Wɔ Ɔpɛpɔn ne Obubuo bosome ntam wɔ afe apem ahankron ne aduokron nan(1994) mu no, nnua a wɔde kɔɔ amanɔne yɛɛ 919,000 tons na ɛnyaa mfasoɔ US$212million.

Ɛde besi afe apem ahankron ne aduowɔtwe(1980) mu no, kwae mu nneɛma a wɔyɛ no huu amane esiane Ghana sika a na ne boɔ a ɛsom no wɔ fam nti ne akwantu nhyehyɛe a na asɛe nti. Nnua a wɔyɛ no so teeeɛ ɔha nkyɛmu aduosia-nsia(66 ) wɔ mfeɛ 1970- 81 mu na timber a wotwitwaaeɛ no yɛ ɔha nkyɛmu aduanan-nson (47). Nneɛma a wɔde kɔ amannɔne no so teeeɛ firii U.S. sika ɔpepem ɔha ne aduasa(130) wɔ afe apem ahankron ne aduoson mmiɛnsa (1973) mu maa no kɔɔ U.S. sika ɔpepem dunum(15) wɔ afe apem ahankron ne aduowɔtwe mmiɛnsa(1983) mu, na nnwumakuo anan a wɔde wɔn ahyɛ ɔman no nsa no hwee ase wɔ saa bere no mu. kwae adwuma no nyaa nkɔso kɛse wɔ afe 1986 mu, na wɔde U.S. sika ɔpepem aduonu nan(24) boaa ma wɔde siesiee nnua, na ɛno na ɛmaa wɔde nnwinnade a wɔde twa nnua a wɔde firii amannɔne ba no baaeɛ.

Timber logs and Timber rafting at Takoradi Harbour in Ghana in the 20th century.

Saa beaeɛ yi hyiaa ɔhaw ahodoɔ bebree nanso, nea na ɛho hia yie paa ara ne kwae mu nnua wɔtwitwa na wɔnsan nnua bi. Mfeɛ ɔha a atwam no, na Ghana kwae mu nnua a ɛyɛ den wɔ mmeae a osu tɔ na owia mmɔ kɛse no trɛ firi bɛyɛ ɔman no mfinimfini kɔ anaafoɔ fam kosi po no mu. Bio nso, na bɛyɛ ɔman no fa yɛ kwae nko ara, a na nnua ahodoɔ ahasia aduowɔtwe(680) ne mahoganies ahodoɔ bebree nso ka ho. Wɔatwitwa saa nnua yi mu dodoɔ no ara. Wɔ afe1990 ahyɛase mu no, na ɔman no mu bɛyɛ nkyem mmiɛnsa mu baako pɛ na da so ara yɛ kwae, na ɛnyɛ ne nyinaa na na ɛsombo wɔ adwadie mu. Saa tebea yi ahyɛ aban no ma wapaw nneɛma a emu yɛ den wɔ sika a ɛyɛ den a wohia kɛse ne nea wɔkora so ntam. Wɔhyɛɛ Kwaeɛ mu Nneɛma Ho Dwumadie a ɛyɛ sikasɛm mu ahosiesie nhyehyɛeɛ (ERP) firii ase wɔ afe 1988 mu, na wɔ afe 1989 mu no, aban no braa nnua ahodoɔ dunwɔtwe(18) a wɔde kɔ amannɔne akyirekyire. Akyiri yi aban no trɛɛ nea wɔahyehyɛ no mu na ɛbɔɔ tow akɛse firii mmoa ahodoɔ afoforo so, na wɔyɛɛ nhyehyɛe sɛ ebeduru afe 1994 no, wobegyae nnua ne nnua a wɔde mframa aho a wɔde kɔ amannɔne no koraa.

Bereɛ a abrofo redi ɔman ne so no.

Yɛreka Ghana kwae ho nsɛm a atwam bi, berɛ abrɔfo redi Ghana so no mmerɛ a adi kan no (1847-1926) yɛ berɛ a wɔsɔre tiaa atubrafo wuranom a wodii Ghana kwae mu nnoɔma so nkonim yiye, na ɛmaa mmɔdemmɔ a ɛfa abɔdeɛ mu nyansapɛ wɔ kwae ho nyinaa guuiɛ. Na ɛyɛ adwene a na Britaniafo atubrafo wuranom saa bere no wɔ sɛ wobegye kwae mu nneɛma nyinaa ne asase a “wɔsɛe no” na wɔde ahyɛ Ahemman no nsa a wɔn botae ne sɛ wɔbɛma Europafo a wɔde wɔn sika hyɛ mmeae a wɔyɛ mfuw, dea wotu fam agudie ne kwae mu adwuma denam Ahemman no nsase so no mmoa mmara a wɔde ɔsɔretia a emu yɛ den a ɛfiri Gold Coast a na ɛwɔ hɔ saa berɛ no mu no gui (Wardell, 2006) Wɔhyehyɛɛ kwaeɛ dwumadibea wɔ afe apem ahankron ne nkron (1909) mu a na wɔn botaeɛ titire ne sɛ wɔbɛkɔ akɔhwɛ kwaeɛ mu, ama afifideɛ ho nimdeɛ atu mpɔn na wɔasiesie mmeaeɛ a wɔbɛkora so wɔ saa berɛ no Gold Coast a adwumayɛfo baanu ka Kwae 1911 wɔ mmara bi a mmarahyɛ bagua no penee so wɔ (Thompson, 1910). Enti, nnua a wɔtwa wɔ mmrɔfo no yɛ deɛ na ɛho dwoɔ a ebuo nso wɔ mu sɛ yɛde retoto deɛ Munro ne ne mfɛfoɔ (2001) de sii wɔn ani so noa, wɔde nnua twa bebree wɔ Sierra Leone sii wɔn ani so, wɔ Khaya senegalis nnua na wɔapae yɛɛ ho adwuma maa ne tenten ne ne kɛseɛ nyinaa yɛɛ pɛ a wɔde kɔɔ U.K wɔ afe 1833 mu (Parren ne ne mfɛfoɔ al.1995) na wɔtwerɛɛeɛ. Sɛ yɛkɔ yɛn anim ntɛmntɛm wɔ kwae a wɔkora so bere (1927-1945) no mu a, mpanyimfo sɔre tiaa sɛ wɔmfa mmara nsi kwae a wɔde sie so ɛmfa ho mpo sɛ saa bere no aban no de ahyɛde a etwa to mmae wɔ Ɔbenem bosome wɔ afe 1924 mu a sɛ ɛkɔ ba sɛ wodi nkuguo a, wɔbɛhyehyɛ kwae ho mmara foforɔ (Logan,1947). Mmerɛ mu no, wɔhyɛhyɛɛ mmara foforɔ wɔ afe 1926 mu na wɔgye tomm wɔ afe 1927 mu (The Forest Ordinance cap,127) a ɛmaa atubrafo aban no tumi sɛ wɔmfa kwae ahodoɔ nsie wɔ Gold Coast esiane ɔpanyin no a ɔsɔre tia sɛ obefi ne pɛ mu de mmara nketewa asi hɔ nti.