Ɔhemmaa ɛna (Afrika)
Ɔhemmaa ɛna (a wɔsan yɛ Ɔhemmaa ɛna ) yɛ asɛmfua a wɔde kyerɛ mmea atetesɛm sodifo binom wɔ Afrikafo amammerɛ mu. Ɛwom sɛ wɔmfa "ɔhemmaa ɛna" ho nkyerɛkyerɛmu biara nni hɔ de, sɛnea wɔn dwumadi ahorow no gu ahorow wɔ ɔmanfo, amammuisɛm, ne amammerɛ mu de, nanso[1] mpɛn pii no wodi dwuma titiriw wɔ mpɔtam hɔ nniso mu na "wɔde asetra mu tumi ne nkɛntɛnso di dwuma."
Enti wɔyɛ asetra, amammuisɛm, ne amammerɛ ahyehyɛde ahorow a ɛwɔ Afrika asasepɔn no so nyinaa fa titiriw: sɛ nhwɛso no, Akanfo, gye tom sɛ wɔyɛ mpɔtam hɔ amammuifo a wɔho hia [2] na wɔtaa fa wɔn so hwehwɛ agyapade wɔ ɔkwan a ɛyɛ matrilineal kwan so; bere a wɔ Uganda no, wobetumi de asɛmfua no akyerɛ mmea a wobuu atɛn koraa. Tumi dodow a ɛnanom a wɔyɛ ɔhemmaa wɔ mprempren no so atew fi bere a edii atubrafo anim,[3] ɛwom sɛ afeha a ɛto so 21 no ahu sɛ wɔn nkɛntɛnso no akɔ soro wɔ tebea horow bi mu de. Pii yɛ African Queens and Women Cultural Leaders Network a ɛyɛ ahyehyɛde bi a wofi wɔn pɛ mu yɛ no mufo .
Abakɔsɛm
[sesa]Bere bi na ahemmaa ɛnanom yɛ amammuifo a wɔho hia a wɔhyɛ sɛ wonni obu ansa na atubrafo bere no reba. Nanso, ɛsono dwumadie a wɔde maa saa akontabuo yi: wɔ nsɛm bi mu no, na wɔbu wɔn sɛ wɔyɛ sodifoɔ a wɔdi wɔn ho,[4] wɔ ebinom mu no, na wɔwɔ tumi pɔtee wɔ "mmea" nsɛm so (anaasɛ nsɛm a ɛfa mmarima ne mmaa nyinaa bom, te sɛ sɛ mmonnaato, awaresɛe ne aware mu ntawntawdi),[1] wɔ afoforo mu no, na wɔyɛ nnipa atitiriw ɛnanom ankasa ara kwa, na wɔmaa dibea a ɛwɔ mu nyinaa.
Atubrafo a wofi Europa, esiane wɔn ankasa ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna ho akɔnnɔ nti, ne mmarima a wɔwɔ abodin nkutoo dii nkitaho wɔ mmeae a wɔyɛ adwuma wɔ hɔ no. Ahemmaa ɛnanom a wɔwɔ Afrika, titiriw no, na wonnye ntom sɛ wɔho hia na wɔtaa ka wɔn ho asɛm wɔ atubrafo/asɛmpatrɛwfo abakɔsɛm nkrataa mu sɛ mmarima a wɔwɔ tumi no "nuabeanom".[3] Gyinabea a wɔpow a saa mmea yi hyiae no maa tumi a wɔhweree wɔ wɔn abodin ahorow no mu no yɛɛ mmerɛw - enti, wɔ atubrafo nniso ase no, Ɔhemmaa ɛnanom, te sɛ mmea afoforo a wɔwɔ asasepɔn no so no, hweree "asetra mu, nyamesom, mmarahyɛ bagua, ne amammui mu hokwan ne hokwan ahorow." [5]
Atubrafoɔ akyi nniso "toaa so yɛɛ nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛbrɛɛ mmaa atetesɛm tumi ase":[3] Wɔ afe 1957 mu, sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, Ghana ahofadie akannifoɔ amfa ɔhemmaa ɛnanom anhyɛ wɔn nsɛm mu, na wɔpaw mmom sɛ wɔne mmarima atitire nko ara na wɔbɛyɛ adwuma. Mmea a wonni amammuisɛm ne titiriw no, atetesɛm ahyehyɛde ahorow mu no ama tumi a wɔkyekyɛ no pɛpɛɛpɛ aba na ama ayɛ kɛse na ama wɔadi mmea "adwennwene ne hokwan ahorow ho dwuma yiye."
Wɔ 1988 mu no, wɔhyehyɛɛ Ashanti Ɔhemmaa Ɛna Fekuw. Mprempren ɛwɔ mmea akannifo bɛyɛ aduanan anan a wofi Ashanti mantam mu sɛ asɔremma. Kuw no di nsɛm a ɛfa mmea ho ho dwuma.[6]
1992 Ghana Amanyɔ Mmara no de Ahyɛde 277 a ɛkyerɛkyerɛ ɔpanyin mu ka ho. Ahyɛdeɛ 277 kyerɛkyerɛ ɔpanin mu sɛ obi a wɔapaw no yie afiri abusua a ɛfata mu na "wɔde ne nsa, ahyɛ ne honam ani anaa wɔde no asi hɔ sɛ Ɔpanin anaa Ɔhemmaa Ɛna sɛdeɛ amanne kwan so mmara ne dwumadie a ɛfa ho no kyerɛ." [7] Wɔ afe 2010 ahohuru bere mu no, Ɔman Aban Asoɛe a ɛwɔ Ghana no de too gua sɛ wɔde ɛnanom mmaa 20 bɛka ho. Wɔpaw ɛnanom ahemmaa ma wɔtra fie hɔ mfe anan.
Wɔ afe 2006 mu no, Amanaman Nkabom Mmofra Foto no fii ase ne ɛnanom ahemmaa yɛɛ adwuma de boaa ma wɔboaa yiyedi mmɔdenbɔ a wɔbɔ ma mmea ne mmofra wɔ Afrika Atɔe Fam mmeae ahorow.[8]
Nnansa yi ara, mmeae te sɛ Upper West Region of Ghana, baabi a wɔmfaa atetesɛm a ɛne sɛ wobenya ɔhemmaa ɛnanom no nni dwuma no, wɔn a wɔkamfo mmea tumidi kyerɛ no ahyɛ nkuran sɛ "wɔnsan mfa ɔhemmaa ɛnanom nsi hɔ bio". Wɔde mmea pii asi hɔ sɛ ɛnanom ahemmaa wɔ Ghana atifi fam, adeyɛ a ama mmea dibea akɔ soro wɔ mpɔtam hɔ.
Wɔ afe 2014 mu no, Ghana Ɔmanpanyin, Henry Seidu Danaa, paee mu kae sɛ ɛnanom ahemmaa a wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ Aban Aban Fie no mu no yɛ mmarahyɛ bagua.
Nkyerɛkyerɛmu ne nnwuma a wɔyɛ
[sesa]Ɔhemmaa ɛna abodin yɛ Engiresi kasa mu asɛmfua a wɔabom a wɔde di dwuma de bom kyerɛkyerɛ mmea a wɔwɔ Afrikafo atetesɛm mu akannifo dwumadi ahorow mu.[1] Akanfoɔ de asɛmfua ohemmaa, a ɛkyerɛ "ɔbea sodifoɔ" di dwuma.[1] Wɔ Ga atetesɛm mu no, wɔfrɛ wɔn manye anaa "mpɔtam hɔ ɛna". Wɔ Pabir atetesɛm mu no, wɔfrɛ wɔn maigira, asɛmfua a ɛkyerɛ "ɔhene ɔbea." [1] Wɔ Benin atetesɛm mu no, wɔfrɛ ɛnanom ahemmaa iyobas . Wɔ Yorubaland atetesɛm mu no, wonim ɔbea a wɔde abodin no hyɛ no mu wɔ amanne kwan so sɛ iya oba anaa "ɔhene maame a wɔato no abodin".
Wɔsan frɛ ɔhemmaa ɛna no adwumayɛbea no "stool".[1] Wɔ Ghana no, wɔpaw ɛnanom mmabea fi adehye abusua a ɛwɔ kurow ne akuraa biara ase. Ɛyɛ adehye abusua no ti ne mpanyimfo na wɔpaw ɔpanyin ne ɔhemmaa ɛna no nyinaa, baanu a ebia wɔne wɔn ho wɔn ho wɔ abusuabɔ Ahemfo mmusua no yɛ wɔn a wodii kan tu kɔtraa beae bi.
Akan atetesɛm
[sesa]Wɔ Akanfo atetesɛm mu no, ɔhemmaa ɛnanom ka ɔpanyin anaa ɔhene ho di tumi wɔ wɔn mpɔtam hɔ. Wobu ɛnanom ahemmaa sɛ wɔn mpɔtam hɔfo honhom fam ti ne wɔn a wɔhwɛ abusua anato ho nimdeɛ so.[2] Wɔwɔ ɔhene anaa ɔpanyin no tumi a wɔde siw ano na wobetumi apaw wɔn ankasa asomfo. Ɔhemmaa ɛnanom nso paw wɔn a wɔpɛ sɛ wɔyɛ ɔpanyin a odi hɔ no sɛ ɔpanyin no "nkongua" da mpan a.[3] Ahemmaa ɛnanom na wodi asennibea ahorow a wodi nsɛm a ɛfa akasakasa a mmea de ba asɛnnibea ho no anim.[2] Wɔ wɔn asennibea ahorow mu no, ɛnanom ahemmaa ne wɔn ahemfie mpanyimfo "di tumi wɔ akasakasafo so." [2] Sɛ ɛho hia a, ɛnanom a wɔyɛ ɔhemmaa betumi "afa tumidi titiriw no so tumi koraa." [1] Wɔ nsɛm bi mu (te sɛ Ɔhemmaa Yaa Asantewa ) ahenni mu no, "wɔayɛ wɔn ade sɛ ɔko akannifo."
Bini atetesɛm
[sesa]Benin Ahemman no annya ɛnanom ahemmaa kosii afeha a ɛto so dunum awiei akyi bere a ahengua no ho ntawntawdi sii no. Wɔ ɔko no mu no, mmea nyaa tumi na wɔn dodow mu nea odi kan, Ɔhemmaa Idia, bɛyɛɛ ɔhemmaa ɛna. Ahemmaa ɛnanom a wɔwɔ Benin atetesɛm mu no, te sɛ wɔn a wɔwɔ Atɔe Fam ahemman ahorow mu no, ahemfo no ɛnanom ankasa. Na Benin ɛnanom a wɔyɛ tete mmere mu ahemmaa a wonim wɔn mu biara sɛ Iyoba, no wɔ tumi kɛse na na wobu wɔn sɛ ahene no ho banbɔfo.
Burundifo atetesɛm
[sesa]Wɔ Burundi Ahemman a na enni hɔ bio no mu no na wonim ɔhemmaa ɛna bi sɛ Mugabekazi . Saa abodin wura yi somm se onipa a ɔwɔ tumi wɔ ne babarima anaa - sɛnea na ɛte wɔ Ɔhemmaa Ririkumutima fam no - ne mpena ba ahenni mu.
Dahomeyfo atetesɛm
[sesa]Wɔ Fonfo a wɔwɔ Dahomey mu no, Kpojitofo som sɛ ɔhemmaa ɛna. Sɛnea wɔtaa yɛ no, na saa abodin wura yi wɔ nyamesom mu asɛm a wɔde kɔdan asɛnnibea, na ɔyɛ ɔhene, anaa Ahosu a ofi Dahomey no mmaranimfo, na na ɔsrɛ n’anim wɔ owu ho nsɛm mu. Obi a wagye din a na okura saa abodin yi ne Ɔhemmaa Hwanjile .
Ɛnnɛ kpojito da so ara kura nkɛntɛnso dibea wɔ ahenni no bagua kɛse no mu, na ɔsan nso hwɛ Dahomey da biara da nniso no fa titiriw ne Dahomey Amazons asraafo kuw a agye din no amanne kwan so nkae no nyinaa so. Ɔne Ɔhemmaa Hangbe, Hangbe adehye abusua no din no panyin kyɛ saa dwumadi a etwa to yi.
Kongofo atetesɛm
[sesa]Wɔ Kongo Ahemman dedaw no mu no na wonim ɔhemmaa ɛna bi sɛ Mwene Nzimba Mpungu . Mpɛn pii no na ɔyɛ ɔhene a ɔredi tumi no agya maame nuabea, na na wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ obedi mmea baanan a na wɔyɛ Ne Mbanda Mbanda, ahenni no abotiri bagua no mufo ex officio no anim.
Krobofo atetesɛm
[sesa]Wɔ Krobofo mu no, "ɔhemmaa ɛna a ɔsen biara" ne ɔhemmaa ɛnanom "ketewa" pii a wodi tumi wɔ n'ase wɔ hɔ.[3] Krobo ɔhemmaa ɛnanom wɔ tumi sua sen ɔhemmaa ɛnanom a wɔwɔ Akanfo atetesɛm mu no.[3] Wɔkyerɛ sɛ ebia wogyee ɔhemmaa ɛna no atetesɛm fii Akanfo hɔ.[9]
Krobofo no nam kokoam abatow a mpanyimfo no paw so paw ɛnanom mmabea.[3] Bere a wɔpaw no akyi no, wɔbɔ no amanneɛ wɔ ne dwumadi foforo no ho denam dɔte fitaa a wɔde petepete ne basa so no so.[3] Wɔyɛ amanne kwan so nhyehyɛe bi a wɔkyerɛkyerɛ no, tu no fo, wɔma no din foforo na afei wɔde kyerɛ ɔpanyin no.[3] Wohu Krobo ɔhemmaa ɛnanom sɛ "ɛnanom" a wɔwɔ wɔn mpɔtam hɔ na bere a wosi mmea nsɛm so dua ma ɔhemmaa ɛna no, ɔboa mmarima ne mmea nyinaa.[9]
Kushitefo atetesɛm
[sesa]Wɔ Kush Ahemman, tete man bi a na ɛwɔ baabi a ɛnnɛ wɔfrɛ hɔ Sudan mu no, na wonim ɔhemmaa ɛna bi sɛ Kandake . Ɔne ne babarima ɔhene anaa Qore a ofi Kush dii ade, na ɔne no yɛɛ asɔfo dwumadi ahorow wɔ n’ahenni mu. Ná wɔn a wokura abodin no agye din araa ma wɔkaa wɔn ho asɛm wɔ Alexander Romance ne Bible Apam Foforo no nyinaa mu.
Malinke atetesɛm
[sesa]Wɔ Mali Ahemman, mfinimfini mmere mu man a agye din a na ɛwɔ Afrika Atɔe fam mu no, na ɔbea a ɔho hia sen biara wɔ ahemman no mu ne Qasa, ɔhempɔn a odi tumi no yere panyin ne ne yɔnko sodifo, anaa Mansa a ofi Mali . Ná wɔn a wokura abodin no mu tumi sen biara no mu biako, Ɔhemmaa Kassi, yɛ obi a ɔpɛ ɔfa bi wɔ pɔw bi a ɔbɔe sɛ obetu ne kunu dedaw Mansa Sulayman agu wɔ wɔn awaregyae akyi no mu.
Pabir atetesɛm
[sesa]Wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ ɛnanom a wɔyɛ Pabir hemmaa bɛyɛ sigyadifo .[1] Pabir hemmaa ɛna no dwumadi yɛ amanne kwan so, na ne "tumi ankasa gyina tumi a otumi kanyan ɔsɔretia tia ɔhene no so." [9]
Serer atetesɛm
[sesa]Wɔ Serer ahenni ahorow a ɛwɔ Senegambia mu no, na wɔfrɛ ɛna ɔhemmaa bi sɛ Lingeer . Na ɔtaa yɛ ɔhene a ɔredi hene, anaa Lamane, maame anaa ne nuabea, na odii n’ankasa asasesin so wɔ n’ahenni mu. Sɛnea na ɛte wɔ Akanfo fam no, na wɔde ahemman mu nnidiso nnidiso ahyɛ n’asefo nsam sen sɛ wɔde bɛhyɛ lamane no nsam.
Swazifo atetesɛm
[sesa]Wɔ Swazifo a wɔwɔ Afrika Kesee Fam mu no, wɔfrɛ ɔhemmaa ɛna no sɛ Ndlovukati . Bere a ɔde ne ho abɔ ne babarima ɔhene, anaa Ingwenyama a ofi Eswatini, ho no, odi Eswatini ahenni no so wɔ nea ne titiriw no ɛyɛ diarchy mu . Ɛwom sɛ ingwenyama na ɔyɛ da biara da dwumadi dodow no ara a ɛfa adwumayɛ ho de, nanso ndlovukati no da nsow wɔ honhom mu esiane sɛ ɔyɛ adwuma wɔ afe afe Reed Dance amanne no mu nti.
Tswanafo atetesɛm
[sesa]Wɔ Tswanafo mu no wɔfrɛ ɔhemmaa ɛna no sɛ Mohumagadi Mma Kgosi . Ɔsom sɛ ne babarima panyin, anaa Kgosi, fotufo, na mpɛn pii no abusuakuw a odi so no mufo bu no kɛse. Obi a wagye din a na okura abodin no ne Ɔhemmaa Ruth, Awuraa Khama .
Yorubafo atetesɛm
[sesa]Wɔde mmea a ɛsono mfe ne wɔn nananom si hɔ sɛ Yorubafo "ahene ɛnanom a wɔato wɔn abodin". Wɔsan nso wɔ dwumadi ahorow ahorow.
Sɛ nhwɛso no, Erelu Kuti a ofi Lagos, no di nea ɛto so abiɛsa wɔ nnidiso nnidiso a edi kan no mu. Ɔsom sɛ regent bere a ɔhene no "stool", anaa Oba of Lagos, da mpan no. Sɛ́ oba foforo abotiri ho guasodeyɛ ahorow no fa no, ohyira nea ɔpɛ sɛ ɔyɛ ɔkannifo no nso wɔ baguam ansa na wɔde no asi hɔ. Esiane saa nneɛma yi nti, wobu no sɛ ɔhemmaa ɛna a ɔwɔ ahemman no mu.
Wɔ mmeae afoforo, wɔ Egbaland, Moshade yɛ nhwɛso foforo. Ɔyɛ ahemfie panyin a ɔwɔ abodin a ɔsom ɔhene, anaa Alake a ofi Egbaland, ɔno ne adwumayɛfo a wɔde asɛyɛde ahyɛ no nsa sɛ ɔmfa abotiri bɛhyɛ no. Eyi akyi no, ɔsan nso yɛ n’ahene a wɔhyɛ n’ase nyinaa a wɔde wɔn besi hɔ no so. Esiane eyi nti, ɔno nso ka sɛ ɔhemmaa ɛna yɛ n’amanne kwan no fa.
Wɔ eyinom ne mmea afoforo a wɔwɔ Yorubaland a wokura abodin "iya oba" akyi no, mmea kuw bi nso wɔ hɔ a wɔfrɛ wɔn oba obirin anaa "mmea hene". Mpɛn pii no, saa nnipa yi kura abodin titiriw Iyalode, na wɔhwɛ mmea nsɛm so wɔ ahenni ahorow no mu na wogyina hɔ ma wɔn bɔbeasu wɔ ahemfo no bagua ahorow a wɔyɛ no kokoam no mu.
Ɛnnɛ
[sesa]Ɛnanom a wɔyɛ ahemmaa nnɛ kɔ so yɛ nsakrae wɔ wiase a ɛresakra no mu na gyinabea no "akɔ so ayɛ nea ɛho hia." [3] Wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ aguadi mu na wogye awogyefo ntoboa tom .
Ahemmaa ɛnanom aboa ma wɔaboa nufu mu kokoram ho nimdeɛ wɔ Ghana. Nea ɛbɛyɛ na wɔate dwuma a wodi wɔ Afrika no ase no, ɛnanom ahemmaa baanan a wofi Ghana kyinkyin United States.
Ɛnanom ahemmaa binom aka sɛ wɔmfa obu mma wɔn tumidi te sɛ mmarima mpanyimfo tumi no.[10] Bere a ɛnanom ahemmaa pii ne mmea afoforo a wɔwɔ atetesɛm dwumadi ahorow mu ahyia akwanside ahorow a ɛbɛma nsakrae a ɛtra hɔ daa aba ama mmea no, wɔkɔ so yɛ nhyehyɛe sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobetumi agyina hɔ ama wɔn "wɔ amammui nhyehyɛe ahorow a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ mu." [11] Wɔdi nkyerɛkyerɛ hokwan ahorow akyi, te sɛ mmara ho nimdeɛ ntetee a wɔde ma wɔ nhomakorabea ahorow wɔ Ghana [12] anaa adwumayɛbea ahorow.
Wɔ Ghana no, ɛnanom ahemmaa afi Manya Krobo Queen Mothers Association (MKQMA) ase sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛboa mmofra a wɔayɛ nyisaa esiane HIV ne AIDS nti .[13] Nana Okleyo na ɔhyɛɛ kuw no ase.[9] Nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛe wɔ fekuw no adwuma ho wɔ Manya Krobo Mantam mu no hui sɛ na ɛyɛ nhwɛso pa a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea wobedi nyisaa ho asɛm a ɛwɔ Afrika Atɔe fam no ho dwuma, ɛwom sɛ na ɛwɔ anohyeto ahorow bi de.[14] Ɛnanom mmaa bɛyɛ 370 na wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ MKQMA mu.[3] Bio nso, MKQMA a ɛwɔ Manye Esther akanni ase no ayɛ nhyehyɛe a wɔde besiw HIV/AIDS ano na wɔaboa aboa nyisaa bɛboro 400.[3]
Hwɛ nso
[sesa]- Hwanjile na ɔkyerɛwee
- Idia na ɔkyerɛwee
- Ririkumutima na ɔkyerɛwee
- Ruth, Awuraa Khama, na ɔkyerɛwee
- Yaa Asantewaa
Nsɛm a wɔde gyinaa so
[sesa]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Farrar, Tarikhu (1997). "The Queenmother, Matriarchy, and the Question of Female Political Authority in Precolonial West African Monarchy". Journal of Black Studies. 27 (5): 579–597. doi:10.1177/002193479702700501. JSTOR 2784870. S2CID 142351141.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Obeng, Samuel; Stoeltje, Beverly J. (2002). "Women's Voices in Akan Juridical Discourse". Africa Today. 49 (1): 21–41. doi:10.1353/at.2002.0008. JSTOR 4187478. S2CID 145539094.
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 Steegstra, Marijke (2009). "Krobo Queen Mothers: Gender, Power, and Contemporary Female Traditional Authority in Ghana". Africa Today. 55 (3): 105–123. doi:10.2979/aft.2009.55.3.104. S2CID 144316421. Retrieved 3 January 2016 – via Project Muse.
- ↑ Ephirim-Donkor, Anthony (2015). The Making of an African King: Patrilineal and Matrilineal Struggle among the Effutu of Ghana. University Press of America, Inc. p. 237. ISBN 9780761865049.
- ↑ Rothenberg, Paula S. (2006). Beyond Borders: Thinking Critically About Global Issues. Worth Publishers. pp. 117–118. ISBN 9780716773894.
- ↑ Muller, Louise (2013). Religion and Chieftaincy in Ghana: An Explanation of the Persistence of a Traditional Political Institution in West Africa. LIT Verlag. p. 228. ISBN 9783643903600.
- ↑ Owusu-Mensah, I; Asante, W.; Osew, W.K. (September 2015). "Queen Mothers: The Unseen Hands in Chieftaincy Conflicts Among the Akan in Ghana: Myth or Reality?". Journal of Pan African Studies. 8 (6): 1–16. Retrieved 3 January 2016 – via EBSCO.
- ↑ UNICEF. (2006). The state of the world's children 2007 : women and children : the double dividend of gender equality. UNICEF. New York, NY, USA: United Nations Children's Fund. ISBN 92-806-3998-6. OCLC 83247492.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Drah, Bright B. (2014-01-01). "Queen mothers, NGOs, and orphans: Transformations in traditional women's political organization in an era of HIV and orphanhood in Manya Klo, Ghana". Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography. 68 (1): 10–21. doi:10.1080/00291951.2013.871331. ISSN 0029-1951. S2CID 128426588.
- ↑
{{cite web}}: Empty citation (help) - ↑ Kaye, Julie (22 June 2009). "Kathleen M. Fallon, Democracy and the Rise of Women's Movements in Sub-Saharan Africa". Canadian Journal of Sociology. 34 (3): 953–955. doi:10.29173/cjs6330.
- ↑ Elliot, Carol (1 July 1998). "A Library Fellow in Equatorial West Africa". Information Outlook. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2016 – via HighBeam Research.
- ↑ Family Health International (2004). Final Report for the Implementing AIDS Prevention and Care (IMPACT) Project in Ghana (PDF) (Report). USAID. p. 29.
- ↑ Lund, Ragnhild; Agyei-Mensah, Samuel (2008-04-18). "Queens as Mothers: the role of the traditional safety net of care and support for HIV/AIDS orphans and vulnerable children in Ghana". GeoJournal (in English). 71 (2–3): 93–106. doi:10.1007/s10708-008-9145-9. ISSN 0343-2521. S2CID 79398208.