Nnipa dodoɔ
Nnipa dodoɔ ne asɛmfua a wɔtaa de kyerɛ nnipa dodoɔ a wɔwɔ beaeɛ baako. Aban ahodoɔ yɛ nnipakan de kyerɛ nnipa dodoɔ a wɔte beaeɛ bi mu. Wɔde asɛmfua no di dwuma nso ma mmoa, mmoawa nketenkete, ne nndua, na wɔde di dwuma pɔtee wɔ nnwuma te sɛ abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom ne awosuo mu .
Etymology ho adesua
[sesa]Wɔnyaa asɛmfua population no firii Late Latin asɛmfua populationem (nnipa, nnipadɔm) mu, a ɛno ankasa nya firii Latin asɛmfua populus (nnipa bi) mu.[1]
Asɛmfua no a wɔde di dwuma
[sesa]Asetena mu nsɛm ho nyansahunu
[sesa]
Wɔ asetena ho adesua ne nnipa dodoɔ ho adesua mu no, nnipa dodoɔ kyerɛ nnipa kuo bi a wɔwɔ gyinapɛn bi a wɔadi kan akyerɛkyerɛ mu a ɛyɛ pɛ, te sɛ beaeɛ, abusuakuo, mmusuakuo, ɔman a wɔfiri mu, anaa nyamesom .
Abɔdeɛ a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia Ho Adesua
Wɔ abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom ho adesua mu no, nnipa dodoɔ yɛ abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom kuo bi a wɔte asasesini pɔtee koro mu na wotumi wo wɔn nsɛsoɔ . Beaeɛ a abɔdeɛ tumi fa nna mu nkitahodie so wo yɛ beaeɛ a abɔdeɛ korɔ no ara bi wɔ a ɛnte sɛ ɔkwan a abɔdeɛ afoforɔ a wɔmfa nni mu nkitahodie so nwo no .
Wɔ abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom ho adesua mu no, wobɛtumi de Lincoln index no akyerɛ sɛnea mmoa ahoroɔ bi dodoɔ teɛ wɔ beaeɛ pɔtee bi de abu nnipa dodoɔ a wɔwɔ beaeɛ bi nyinaa ho akontaa a ɛgyina ankorɛnkorɛ dodoɔ a wɔahunu so.
Nneɛma a ɛtumi danedane ne ho
[sesa]
Awosuo mu nneɛma
[sesa]Wɔ awosuo mu no, wɔtaa kyerɛkyerɛ nnipa dodoɔ mu sɛ abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom a wɔn mu mmienu biara bɛtumi abom awo. Enti wotumi sesa gamete daa sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobɛnya mma a wɔn ho yɛ den awo, wei nti wɔsan frɛ kuo a ɛte saa a wɔwo no gamodeme. Eyi nso kyerɛ sɛ ɛmufoɔ no nyinaa firi mmoa koro mu. Sɛ gamodeme no sõ yie (wɔ nsusuwii mu no, ɛrebɛn baabi a ɛnni ano), na awosu mu nkwaadɔm alleles nyinaa kyekyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ denam gamete ahoroɔ a ɛwɔ mu no so a, wɔka sɛ gamodeme no yɛ panmictic. Wɔ saa tebea yi ase no, wobɛtumi adane allele ( gamete ) mpɛn dodoɔ ayɛ no genotype ( zygote ) mpɛn dodoɔ denam quadratic equation a ɛfata a wɔbɛtrɛ mu so, sɛnea Owura Ronald Fisher twerɛeɛ wɔ ne quantitative genetics a ɔde sii hɔ no mu no.
Eyi ntaa nsi wɔ abɔdeɛ mu: gamete a wɔsesa no mpɔtam hɔ – denam anohyeto ahoroɔ a ɛtumi pete, awareɛ a wɔpɛ, ɔsɛeɛ, anaa ade foforɔ a ɛde ba so – bɛtumi ama gamodeme nketewa ankasa a wɔsesa gamete wɔ ɔkwan a nteaseɛ wom so wɔ wɔn ankasa mu nanso ɛkame ayɛ sɛ wɔate wɔn ho afiri wɔn gamodeme a ɛbɛn wɔn no ho aba. Nanso, ebia mpɛn dodoɔ a wɔne afipamfo yi sesa nneɛma no sua. Wobetumi abu wei sɛ nna mu nnipa dodoɔ bi a wɔpaapae mu (panmictic) ma wɔyɛ nna mu nnipa nketewa a wɔka bom. Saa panmixia huammɔdie yi de nsakraeɛ atitiriw mmienu ba nnipa dodoɔ nhyehyɛeɛ nyinaa mu: (1) component gamodemes no gu ahoroɔ (ɛnam gamete sampling so) wɔwɔ allele mpɛn dodoɔ mu berɛ a wɔde toto wɔn ho wɔn ho ne nsusuwii mu panmictic original (wofrɛ wei sɛ dispersion, ne ne ho nsɛm pii a wobetumi de ntrɛwmu a ɛfa binomial equation a ɛfata ho asusuw ho ); ne (2) homozygosity dodoɔ kɔ soro wɔ gamodemes a wɔaboaboa ano no nyinaa mu. Wɔde inbreeding coefficient (f anaa φ) na ɛkyerɛ sɛnea homozygosity kɔ soro nyinaa mu. Hyɛ no nsow sɛ homozygous nyinaa kɔ soro mpɛn pii – nea ɛsɛe adeɛ ne nea wɔpɛ nyinaa. Phenotype a ɛwɔ gamodemes a wɔaboaboa ano no mu no sua sene nea ɛwɔ panmictic original no mu – a wɔnim no sɛ inbreeding depression[1]. Nanso, ɛho hia kɛse sɛ yɛhyɛ no nsow sɛ nhoma a wɔde petepete no bi bɛyɛ nea ɛkorɔn sene panmictic mfitiaseɛ deɛ no, bere a ebi bɛyɛ sɛ nea ɛte saa ara, na ebi nso bɛyɛ nea ɛba fam. Wobɛtumi afi saa binomial equations no mu asusuw nea ɛbɛtumi aba wɔ ɛmu biara ho. Wɔ sɛdeɛ nnua ne mmoa wo mma mu no, wɔayɛ akwan horoɔ a wɔhyɛ da de nea ɛfiri pete a wɔpete mu ba (te sɛ line breeding, pure-line breeding, backcrossing) di dwuma. Wobɛtumi akyerɛ sɛ nneɛma a wɔboa ma wɔpete no de awosuo mu nkɔsoɔ kɛseɛ ba (ΔG=nsakraeɛ wɔ phenotypic mean mu), na ɛwɔ tumi kɛseɛ sene nneɛma a ɛyɛ adwuma a ɛnyɛ deɛ ɛtumi pete no ho. Wei te saa wɔ allogamous (random fertilization) ne autogamous (self-fertilization) gamodemes nyinaa ho.[2]
Wiase nnipa dodoɔ
[sesa]Sɛnea UN kyerɛ no wiase nnipa dodoɔ boro ɔpepepem 8 wɔ Obubuo 15, 2022, [2] mfasoɔ ɔpepepem 1 fi Ɔbɛnem 12, 2012. Sɛnea Amanaman Nkabom no akontabuo soronko bi kyerɛ no, nnipa dodoɔ a wɔwɔ Asase so boro ɔpepepem nson wɔ Ahinime 2011 mu. Sɛnea UNFPA kyerɛ no, nkɔsoɔ a ɛkɔ akyiri saa no ma adasamma nyinaa nya nsɛnnennen ne Akwan ahoroɔ a ebi mmaa da.[3]
Sɛnea nkrataa a United States Census Bureau tintimii kyerɛ no, wiase nnipa dodoɔ duruu ɔpepepem 6.5 wɔ Ɔgyefuo 24, 2006. Amanaman Nkabom no Nnipa Dodoɔ Fotuo no paw Ahinime 12, 1999 sɛ da a ɛbɛyɛ sɛ wiase nnipa dodoɔ duruu ɔpepepem 6. Eyi yɛ bɛyɛ mfeɛ 12 ɛbere a wiase nnipa dodoɔ duruu ɔpepepem 5 wɔ 1987 mu, ne mfeɛ nsia akyi ɛbere a wiase nnipa dodoɔ duruu ɔpepepem 5.5 wɔ 1993 mu no. Nnipa dodoɔ a wɔwɔ aman te sɛ Nigeria mu no, nnipa ɔpepem a wɔbɛn no mpo nnim [4], enti mfomsoɔ kɛseɛ wɔ akontabuo a ɛte saa mu.[5]
Nhwehwɛmufoɔ Carl Haub buu akontaa sɛ ebia nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 100 na wɔawo wɔn wɔ mfeɛ 2000 a atwam no mu.[6]
Nsɛm a wɔka faa sɛdeɛ nnipa dodoɔ bɛkɔ soro anaasɛ ɛso bɛte ho.
[sesa]
Nnipa dodow kɔɔ soro kɛse bere a Mfiridwuma mu Ɔsesɛw no boaboaa ano fi 1700 rekɔ no.[7] Mfeɛ aduonum a atwam no, nnipa dodoɔ a ɛkɔ soro ntɛmntɛm [8] ɛnam aduruyɛ mu nkɔsoɔ ne kuayɛ mu nnɔbaeɛ a ɛkɔ soro kɛseɛ, titire ɛfiri 1960 mfeɛ no mu, [9] a Green Revolution .[10] Wɔ afe 2017 mu no , Amanaman Nkabom Nnipa dodow Dwumadibea no hyɛɛ nkɔm sɛ wiase nnipa dodow bɛyɛ ɔpepepem 9.8 wɔ afe 2050 mu ne ɔpepepem 11.2 wɔ afe 2100 mu.
Daakye, wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ wiase nnipa dodow bɛkɔ soro, [3] ɛno akyi no, ɛbɛkɔ fam esiane sikasɛm, akwahosan ho haw, asase a ɛbrɛ ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho asiane nti. Amanneɛbɔ bi kyerɛ no, ɛda adi yiye sɛ nnipa dodow a wɔwɔ wiase no begyae nkɔanim ansa na afeha a ɛto so 21 no aba awiei. Bio nso, ɛbɛyɛ sɛ nnipa dodow so bɛtew ankasa ansa na afe 2100. [11] Nnipa dodow so atew dedaw wɔ mfe du anaa abien a atwam no mu wɔ Europa Apuei Fam, Baltik aman ne Aman a Wɔde Wɔn Ho no Amanaman Nkabom no mu.
Nnipa dodow a wɔdɔɔso wɔ wiase mmeae a ennyaa nkɔso pii wɔ nnansa yi mfe mu no ayɛ nea awo dodow a ɛrekɔ fam nkakrankakra no agyirae. Eyinom dii nnipa dodow a wowuwu a ɛso tew kɛse kan no akyi. [12] Wɔtaa frɛ nsakrae yi a efi awo ne owu dodow a ɛkɔ soro so kɔ awo ne owu dodow a ɛba fam so yi sɛ nnipa dodow mu nsakrae .[13]
Nnipa dodoɔ ho nhyehyɛe
[sesa]Nnipa dodow ho nhyehyɛe yɛ adeyɛ a wɔde sesa sɛnea nnipa dodow bi nyin ntɛmntɛm. Abakɔsɛm mu no, wɔde nnipa dodow a wɔhwɛ so adi dwuma a botae no ne sɛ wɔbɛma nnipa dodow a ɛkɔ soro no ano abrɛ ase. Wɔ bere a efi 1950 mfe no mu kosi 1980 mfe no mu no, wiase nyinaa nnipa dodow a ɛrekɔ soro ne nkɛntɛnso a enya wɔ ohia, nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a wɔsɛe no, ne amammui mu ahotɔ so ho dadwen ma wɔbɔɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛtew nnipa dodow a ɛkɔ soro no so. Bere a nnipa dodow a wɔbɛhwɛ so no betumi ayɛ nneɛma a ɛbɛma nkurɔfo asetra atu mpɔn denam wɔn awo so tumi kɛse so no, nhyehyɛe kakraa bi, a nea ɛda nsow kɛse ne China aban no nhyehyɛe a ɛfa abofra biako ho wɔ abusua biara mu no, de wɔn ho ahyɛ nneɛma a wɔhyɛ wɔn so mu.
BEBIA MMOA EFIRI
[sesa]- ↑ "Inbreeding depression", Wikipedia (in English), 2023-06-06, retrieved 2023-07-24
- ↑ https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1601-5223.2001.00255.x
- ↑ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population#cite_note-18