Mariama Bâ

Mariama Bâ

nnipa

bɔbeasu	female
ɔman a ofiri mu	Senegal
din a wɔde ama no	Mariama
da a wɔwoo no	17 Oforisuo 1929
beae a wɔwoo no	Dakar
da a owui	17 Ɔsanaa 1981
beae a owu wɔ	Dakar
manner of death	natural causes
cause of death	kukuram
agya	Amadou Bâ
spouse	Obèye Diop
languages spoken, written or signed	French
n'adwuma	writer, novelist, women's rights activist
dibea	professor
educated at	École normale de Rufisque
religion or worldview	Nkramosom
notable work	So Long a Letter
abasobɔde a wonyae	Grand prix littéraire en poésie d'Afrique noire, Noma Award for Publishing in Africa
nominated for	Grand prix littéraire en poésie d'Afrique noire
described at URL	https://en.unesco.org/womeninafrica/mariama-ba-0/biography, http://authorscalendar.info/mba.htm, https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2019/05/13/feminize-your-canon-mariama-ba/

Mariama Bâ Oforisuo da ɛtɔso du nson wɔ afe ahakron ne aduonu nkron de kɔsi Ɔsanaa bosome da ɛtɔ yɛ Senegalni ɔkyerɛwfo ne ɔbea ho ɔbenfo, a wɔkyerɛɛ ne Franse kasa mu ayɛsɛm abien no nyinaa ase kɔɔ kasa bɛboro dumien mu. Wɔwoo no wɔ Dakar, na wɔtetee no sɛ Nkramofo.

wɔada n’abasamtu a ɔwɔ wɔ Afrika mmea nkrabea ho no adi wɔ n’ayɛsɛm a edi kan, Une si longue lettre (1979; wɔkyerɛɛ ase kɔɔ Borɔfo kasa mu sɛ So Long a Letter). Wɔ saa nhoma a ɛyɛ n’ankasa asetra fa mu no, Bâ kyerɛ ɔbea bi a ɛsɛ sɛ ɔne ne yere a ɔto so abien a ɔyɛ kumaa no kyɛ ne kunu a wawu no awerɛhow ne ne gyae adwuma. Wɔmaa nhoma tiawa yi Noma Abasobɔde a edi kan a ɛfa nhoma tintim ho wɔ Afrika wɔ 1980 mu.

Asetra ho nsɛm

Wɔwoo Bâ wɔ Dakar, Senegal, wɔ afe 1929 mu, wɔ Senegal abusua bi a wɔasua nhoma na wodi yiye a wofi Lebu abusua mu mu. Na ne papa yɛ ɔman adwumayɛfo a ɔyɛ adwuma a ɔbɛyɛɛ ɔman asomfo a wodii kan no mu biako. Na ɔyɛ Akwahosan Soafo wɔ 1956 mu bere a na ne nana yɛ nsɛm asekyerɛfo wɔ Fransefo nniso a wɔfaa so no mu. Ne maame wu akyi no, ne maame nananom na wɔtetee Bâ kɛse wɔ atetesɛm kwan so. Ɔnyaa ne mfitiaseɛ nwomasua wɔ Franse kasa mu, berɛ korɔ no ara mu no ɔkɔɔ Koran sukuu.

Na Bâ yɛ mmaranimfo a wagye din wɔ sukuu mu. Wɔ atubrafo ɔman anidan bere no mu ne akyiri yi no, mmeawa hyiaa akwanside pii bere a na wɔpɛ sɛ wonya nhomasua a ɛkɔ akyiri no. Bâ nananom anyɛ nhyehyɛe sɛ wɔbɛkyerɛkyerɛ no akɔ akyiri asen mfitiase sukuu. Nanso, ne papa a ɔkae denneennen sɛ ɔbɛma no hokwan ma watoa n’adesua so no maa awiei koraa no wɔdaadaa wɔn.

Bâ waree mprɛnsa na ɔwoo mma baakron; n’aware a ɛto so abiɛsa ne nea ɛware sen biara ne Senegalni Mmarahyɛ Bagua no muni bi, Obèye Diop, nanso wogyaee aware.

Bâ wui wɔ afe 1981 mu wɔ yare a ɛkyɛe akyi, ansa na wɔretintim n’ayɛsɛm a ɛto so abien, Un Chant écarlate (Scarlet Song), a ɛyɛ ɔdɔ ho asɛm a ɛda adɔfo baanu a wɔatwa nsoromma ahyia a wofi abrabɔ pa mu a wɔko tia atetesɛm mu atirimɔdensɛm ntam.

N'adwuma

BÂ kyerɛw nhoma abien: krataa tenten bi (1979) ne Scarlet dwom (1981), de ka "La Fonction Politique des Littératures Africaines écrites" (Amanyɔsɛm mu dwumadi a ɛwɔ Afrika nhoma ahorow mu), asɛm bi a wotintimii wɔ 1981 mu.

So Long a Letter (Krataa)

Wɔ 1980 mu no, wɔmaa Une si longue lettre a wɔkyerɛɛ ase sɛ Krataa Tenten Saa no Noma Abasobɔde a edi kan a wɔde tintim nhoma wɔ Afrika. Wɔ nhoma yi mu no, ɔkyerɛwfo no huu mmoa kɛse a Afrika mmea de ama na wɔda so ara de ma wɔ wɔn aman a wɔkyekye mu no.

Wɔakyerɛw nhoma no wɔ krataa, anaa da biara da nsɛm a ɔkyerɛwee, a efi okunafo bi a wɔfrɛ no Ramatoulaye hɔ kɔmaa ne mmofraberem adamfowa, Aissatou, a ɔte United States. Nafissatou Niang Diallo (1941–1982), a ofii n’adwuma ase wɔ 1970 mfe no mu no yɛ ahwehwɛ ma Mariama Bâ, a ne dwumadi titiriw yɛ obi a n’adwene mu yɛ den. Bio nso, onyaa mmoa, adamfofa ne gyinapɛn ahorow fii mmea ahotoso, biakoyɛ ne biakoyɛ mu. Tumi a wɔde di dwuma wɔ nyiyim mu no hyɛ Ramatoulaye ma odi nea efi mu ba no ho dwuma. Saa nyiyim tumi yi ne nea ɛwɔ ayɛsɛm no mu no, mmarima tumidi bi a efi ɔmanfo a wɔkyekyee agyanom mpanyimfo adwene mu. Esiane sɛ Ramatoulaye yɛ ɔbea nti, onni tumi kɛse biara wɔ n’ankasa nkrabea a ɔbɛkyerɛ mu, nanso Aissatou pow saa adwene yi na ɔpaw n’ankasa asetra a ne kunu Mawdo mpow n’ankasa asetra

Kɔkɔɔ Dwom

Scarlet Song (1981) nso nyaa amanaman ntam adwene. Saa nwoma yi ka hia a ehia ntɛm paa sɛ mmaa bɛbɔ mmeaeɛ a "wɔama wɔn tumi" ama wɔn ho, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ, ɛhia sɛ mmaa bɔ atenaeɛ a wɔmmu wɔn sɛ "ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna a ɛyɛ mmerɛ". Scarlet Song fa aware a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ Europani bea ne Afrikani barima bi ntam ho. Mireille a ne papa yɛ Franse ɔman nanmusifo no ware Ousmane, Senegal Nkramofo abusua bi a wodi hia no ba. Bere a Ousmane san fii Paris kɔɔ Senegal no, ɔsan gye n’amammerɛ ne n’amammerɛ tom bio. Nanso, sɛ́ atɔe famni no, Mireille ntumi nni asetra a ɛte sɛɛ ho dwuma, titiriw bere a Ousmane aware ɔyere a ɔto so abien no. Nanso, Senegal wɔ aman a wɔware mmea pii na wɔ wɔn som mu no ɛyɛ nea wogye tom nanso Mireille annye antom. Ɔno na ohu amane wɔ aware no mu. Nea ɛda nsow sen biara no, nhoma no kasa tia atetesɛm mu atirimɔdensɛm na ɛkyerɛkyerɛ abasamtu a ɛwɔ aware ahorow a ɛfa amammerɛ ahorow mu mu no mu.

Afrika Nwoma a Wɔakyerɛw no Amammui Dwumadi".

Wɔ asɛm yi a efi 1981 mu no, Mariama Bâ ka sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ Afrikani bea biara de n’ahoɔden ne nea watumi ayɛ no hoahoa ne ho. Ɔgye di sɛ ɔbaa biara boa ma Afrika nya nkɔsoɔ na ɔde ne ho hyɛ Afrika nkɔsoɔ mu.

Mmea ho adwene ne amammuisɛm

Bâ annye din "feminist" a wɔ ne fam no, na Atɔe Famfo gyinapɛn ahorow ahyɛ mu ma dodo no antom, na saa ara nso na ɔne Senegal Nkramofo atetesɛm gyinapɛn ahorow a ɛfa mmea ho no annye antom. Sɛnea Rizwana Habib Latha kyerɛ no, Ramatoulaye nipasu a ɛwɔ So Long a Letter mu no da mmea ho adwene bi adi ampa, na Bâ ankasa huu dwuma titiriw bi a Afrika mmea akyerɛwfo di:

Agyapadeɛ

Wotintim Bâ asetena ho asɛm wɔ Dakar wɔ afe 2007 mu: Mariama Bâ ou les allees d'un destin a ne babea, Mame Coumba Ndiaye kyerɛwee no, Jean-Marie Volet kamfoo no sɛ "nhoma a ɛyɛ anigye, ɛdwene nneɛma ho na ɛma nimdeɛ".

mariama Bâ Sukuu a Wɔtra Mu (Maison d'Education Mariama Bâ) .

Mariama Bâ Boarding School yɛ sukuu a ɛwɔ Gorée, supɔw bi a ɛwɔ Senegal so. Leopold Sedar Senghor, Senegal ɔmampanyin a odi kan na ɔde sii hɔ wɔ 1977 mu. Wɔde Mariama Bâ din too sukuu no din esiane nea ogyina hɔ ma, ɔkasa na ɔkyerɛw ho asɛm nti. Ɛgye mmabaa a wonyaa nkontabuo a ɛkorɔn sen biara wɔ ɔman no ntoaso sukuu sɔhwɛ a wɔde kɔ mu no mu. Afe biara, wɔma sukuufo mmea bɛyɛ 25 a wofi Senegal amantam 11 mu, hokwan sɛ wɔnkɔ Mariama Bâ ahɔhodan mu sukuu wɔ wɔn ntoaso sukuu mfe a aka no mu. Adesua nhyehyɛe no te sɛ ntoaso sukuu a ɛwɔ France no efisɛ ɛwɔ gyinabea ahorow ason, na sukuufo no de wɔn baccalaureat wie. Wɔ afe 2009 mu no, Jana Films, Spain adwumakuw bi a wɔyɛ sini, yɛɛ sini bi a ɛfa sukuu no ho, a Ana Rodríguez Rosell na ɔkyerɛɛ kwan.

Nhoma ahorow a wɔahyehyɛ

Krataa tenten a ɛte saa (Dakar: Les Nouvelles Éditions Africaines, 1979). Enti krataa tenten bi, trans. Modupé Bodé-Thomas (Heinemann, 1981; Virago, 1982; Waveland Nsɛmma Nhoma Tintimbea, 2012)

Dwom a ɛyɛ kɔkɔɔ (Dakar: Afrika nkyerɛase foforo, 1981). Nnwom a ɛyɛ kɔkɔɔ, trans. Dorothy S. Blair (Longman, 1985) .

"Amanyɔsɛm mu dwumadi a ɛwɔ Afrika nhoma a wɔakyerɛw mu", wɔ Fransefo nkyerɛwee mu wɔ wiase, 5(3), 1981, pp. 3–7.