Lingeer
Lingeer (a wɔsan nso yɛ: Linger anaa Linguère ) yɛ abodin a wɔde ma ɔhene bi maame anaa ne nuabea [1] wɔ Serer ahenni ahorow a ɛwɔ Sine, Saloum, ne kan no na ɛyɛ Baol Ahemman no mu ; ne Wolof ahemman a ɛwɔ Cayor, Jolof, Baol ne Waalo a ɛwɔ Senegal ansa na wɔredi atubrafo no . Asɛmfua "Lingeer" kyerɛ "ɔhemmaa" anaa " ɔhemmaa " wɔ Serer ne Wolof kasa mu .[2] Na wobu Lingeer no sɛ “ahemfie ahemfie hemmaa kɛse.” Saa ahenni ahorow yi de nhyehyɛe a ɛfa abusua abien ho dii dwuma, efisɛ sɛ obi a ɔpɛ sɛ ɔyɛ ɔhene no rentumi nni ahengua no so sɛ ɔnyɛ ɛna abusua a edi tumi no muni a, na ɛno nti, na Lingeer no ɛna abusua no ho hia kɛse. Nea ɛte saa ara no, obi a ɔpɛ sɛ ɔyɛ ɔhene no rentumi nni ahengua no so sɛ ɔnyɛ agyanom mpanyimfo a wɔyɛ anuonyamfo a wɔredi tumi no muni a. Na ɛno te saa titiriw wɔ Sererfo a wɔkoraa wɔn amammerɛ, amanne ne atetesɛm som dedaw no fa kɛse no ara mu a mmea dii dwuma titiriw sɛ wɔde toto Woloffo a wogyee Islam toom no ho a.[3][4] Wɔahyɛ Lingeer ahorow nsow wɔ mmɔden a wɔbɔ sɛ wɔbɛko atia atubrafo nkonimdi no ho.
Nkyekyɛmu a wɔkyekyɛ mu
[sesa]Ɛwom sɛ na wɔtaa de adehye abodin Lingeer ma ɔhene no maame anaa ne nuabea, na ɛtɔ mmere bi a na ɔhene no yere a odi kan ("Lingeer-Awo") de, nanso na abodin no betumi akyerɛ adehye hemmaa nso. Wɔ eyi mu no, na ɛkyerɛ ɔbea a obetumi ahu adehye abusua afi n’agya ne ne maame abusua mu. Wɔ Wolof ne Serer atetesɛm mu no, ɔbea bi a na obetumi ahu adehye abusua wɔ n’agya ne ne maame abusua nyinaa so no bɛyɛɛ Lingeer ara kwa. Na ɔbarima a ɔne no yɛ pɛ ne Garmi (ɔbarima a otumi hwehwɛ adehye abusua mu wɔ n’agya ne ɛna abusua nyinaa so). Ɛyɛ saa Lingeers (ɔbea a ɔwɔ adehye mogya kronkron) yi mu na ɔhene bi bɛhwehwɛ sɛ ɔbɛware. Na ɔhene no ankasa yɛ Garmi kuw no muni.
Su ne tumi ahorow
[sesa]Abakɔsɛm akyerɛwfo hwɛ yiye sɛ wɔremmu nkɛntɛnso a onyae wɔ bere a na edii atubrafo anim no adewa; wɔka sɛ Lingeer no yɛ ahene ne nea ɛnnyɛ.[5] Wɔ Wolof mantam no mu no, na Lingeerfo amammui mu ntease a ɛwɔ atetesɛm mu no bi ne: ɔhene no asase bi so tumi,[6] a na wɔbɛhwɛ so denam nnommum a wɔde bedi dwuma so; aduan ne nsiesie a wɔde bɛma wɔn a wɔkora wɔn so no; ne nkabom a wɔde bɛka abusuakuw nhyehyɛe no ho. Na ɛsɛ sɛ mpɔtam hɔfo twetwe Lingeer bi na wɔdaadaa no sɛ wɔwɔ anidaso sɛ wobenya amammui adwuma a.[7]
Wɔ Serer Ahemman a ɛwɔ Sine ne Saloum mu no, na Lingeer no kura tumi kɛse na Maad no bɔɔ no abotiri sɛ Lingeer a Sinig ne Maad Saloum (Sine ne Saloum Hene sɛnea ɛte biara) wɔ n’ankasa abotiri guasodeyɛ akyi.[8] Wɔ sikasɛm mu no, te sɛ ne yɔnko Wolof no, Lingeer of Serer aman no dii nkuraa pii so, na na ɔwɔ ahofadi sɛ ɔde ntoboa ahorow no bedi dwuma. Na nkuraa a ɛtete saa sofo bɛyɛ aburow afuw bi de ayɛ wɔn Lingeer.
Mmusua atitiriw pii somaa wɔn mmabea sɛ wɔmmɛyɛ Lingeer akyidifo; nanso, na nnommum taa di saa dwumadi yi nso ho dwuma.
Na ɔbea bi a ɔyɛ géwél, odwontofo anaa nnwontofo a ɔyɛ adwumaden, a wonim no wɔ ɔmantam no mu sɛ griot, ka Lingeer no ho. Géwél no too dwom ma atiefo da anadwo na nyane wɔn anɔpa.[9] Nnwom ahorow a wɔto de hyɛ Lingeer tumidi anuonyam no bi ne: taggate, màdd, woy u lingeer, ne buur. [9]
Tumi gyinabea a Lingeer no dii no yɛ nea ɛwɔ asɛnnibea abien ne ɛtɔ mmere bi a ɛyɛ abiɛsa: na wɔyɛ n’akannifo dwumadi ahorow wɔ ɔfa a ɛkorɔn sen biara, sɛ ɔhene a ɔne no yɛ adwuma.[10] Sɛ ntawntawdi bi ba Lingeer ne ɔhene ntam a, ɛtɔ mmere bi a na Lingeer bi bɛma amammui mu apam foforo aba.
Ɛrekɔ afeha a ɛto so dunwɔtwe no awiei no, wɔde abusuabɔ bi sii Wolof nsase pii so wɔ Lingeers ne Idaw al-Hajj, Sahara atubrafo kuw kɛse bi a wɔde aguadi nhyehyɛe a ɛde Senegambia ne Afrika Atifi fam ne Sahara atɔe fam bom sii hɔ no ntam.[11] Wɔ saa nsɛm yi mu no, na Idaw al-Hajj no yɛɛ ɔhemmaa no nyamesom ho afotufo.
Abakɔsɛm
[sesa]Bere a wonnim Lingeerfo pii bio no, mmea yi binom nyaa wɔn kwan kɔɔ abakɔsɛm mu kyerɛwtohɔ mu wɔ wɔn akanni ne, akyiri yi, wɔsɔre tia atubrafo ntua ho.
Lingeerfo a wodii kan nim wɔn no mu biako ne Lingeer Fatim Beye ( c. 1335), Joos Ɛnanom Ahemman no maame panyin . Na ɔyɛ Serer Ɔhemmaa ne Sine Hemmaa . Bere bi na waware Ɔhene Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali . Ɔyɛ Joofoɔ a wɔkɔɔ so dii Waalo, te sɛ ne banana Lingeer Ndoye Demba (bɛyɛ afe 1367) nyinaa nana a ɔdi kan. Lingeer Ndoye Demba a ɔno nso fi Serer mu no de Joos Ɛnanom Ahemman no sii hɔ wɔ Wolof ahemman a ɛwɔ Waalo mu sɛ ɔmantam no hemmaa ne Sine Hemmaa . Na Lingeer Fatoumata Sall yɛ ɔhene a ebia ɔyɛ anansesɛm mu ɔhene Ndiadiane Ndiaye, a na ɔyɛ Jolof ɔhempɔn wɔ 1360 mfe no mu no maame.[12][13][14]
Ɛtɔ mmere bi a na Lingeer no dwumadi no trɛw kodu sɛ obetu ɔhene a ɔwɔ hɔ mprempren no agu. Wɔ 1673 mu no, wɔmaa Ndyai Sal anaa Sar, marabout a ɛbɛyɛ sɛ ofi Tukuloor abusua mu no aware ne asraafo apam fii Lingeer bi a ɔhene foforo bi atu no nkyɛe no hɔ. Wɔboom dii ɔhene no so nkonim na wokum no. Afei wɔkɔɔ so paw obi foforo a ɔpɛ sɛ ɔyɛ ɔkannifo, a ɔyɛ adehye fi awo mu, nanso obetumi ayɛ nea ɛyɛ mmerɛw kɛse nso wɔ wɔn tumidi mu.[15]
Abakɔsɛm akyerɛwfo aka nsɛm a ɛfa Lingeerfo dwumadi no trɛwee koduu abusuabɔ a ɛda Wolof ne Serer ahenni no ntam no ho nkitahodi mu. Nhwɛso a ɛte saa no biako fa Lingeer Djembet (nsonsonoe pii: Jembet, Njembot Mbodj ) ho. Wɔ afe 1833 mu no, Djembet waree Trarza hene (wɔ Mauritania ), Mohamed El-Habib. Saa amammui aware yi maa awarefo no nyaa Waalo ne Trarzafo so tumi . Ɛnyɛ Moorfo ntrɛwmu ho ahunahuna na ɛkanyan apam no – gyinabea a ɔsɔretia no hyɛɛ ho nkuran – na mmom sɛ wɔbɛkyekyere kuw a ɛko tia atubrafo ntua kɛse. Aware no hyiaa ɔsɔretia a ɛnyɛ nea ɛho nhia wɔ Waalo mu, nanso Djembet na ɔyɛɛ no sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a obegyae Franse amammui mu ntrɛwmu wɔ ɔmantam no mu. Wɔ afe 1841 mu no, ɔpaw ɔhene no sɛ onni Fara Penda Adam Sal ananmu bere a owui no.[7]
Ndaté Yalla Mbodj yɛ Djembet nuabea na ɔdii n’ade wɔ afe 1846 mu. Na n’amammui mu adeyɛ no yɛ nea ɛho hia na akyinnyegye wom saa ara; ɔda nsow wɔ pow a ɔpowee sɛ wɔbɛyɛ Fransefo apam bi no ho. Ɔsiw ne babarima no kwan sɛ ɔrensi akan wɔ Djembet babarima a ɔbɛdi ahengua no so no ho. Nhomanimfo bi ka sɛ saa paw yi fi ɔpɛ a N’Daate Yaala wɔ sɛ “ɔrensɛe ahenni a wɔaka abom no tumi.” [7]
Nhoma ne sini mu mfonini ahorow
[sesa]Wɔaka Lingeer no suban ho asɛm wɔ Senegambia nhoma ahorow mu. Ginette Ba-Curry kyerɛw Lingeer a na ɔwɔ Cheikh Hamidou Kane ayɛsɛm Ambiguous Adventure mu no ho asɛm : “Ahemfo Awuraa a Ɔsen Biara no yɛ ɔbea a ɔyɛ ɔman a na ɔwɔ hɔ ansa na Nkramofo reba no mu, na ɔkae ‘Linguere’ . . . Ɔyɛ abakɔsɛm mu abran a wɔtraa ase wɔ Senegal tete te sɛ Waalo ahengua no ɔdedifo, Lingeer Jombot a na ɔhwɛ Waalo mantam no amammuisɛm so na ne nuabea Nade Yalla, Maroso, Ɔheneba no yere na odii n’ade no ho mfonini a ɛwɔ Kajoor”.
Wɔ Sererfo adwinni mu nsɛm a wɔka mu, titiriw wɔ anwensɛm a wɔde ano ka ne atetesɛm mu griotte amammerɛ mu no, agoruyɛfo kyerɛ Lingeer nipasu no sɛ odi dwuma titiriw wɔ wɔn man no dwumadi mu.[16]
Sini ahorow te sɛ Abderrahmane Sissako ’s Timbuktu (2014) no kyerɛ Lingeer nipa bi.[17] Djibril Diop Mambety Hyènes (1992) no da nipa Linguere Ramatou adi sɛ ne nipa titiriw. Ne din a edi kan yɛ Lingeer nkyerɛwde foforo na nokwarem no wɔaka ne ho asɛm sɛ ɔyɛ adehye bi: sini ho abenfo kyerɛw sɛ ɔyɛ “ɔhemmaa a wɔapow no-cum-ɔhemmaa a ɔtra ase susuw wim tebea ho”.[18]
Amusiei beae
[sesa]Wosie Serer lingeers a wɔde abotiri abɔ Sine nyinaa wɔ Tioupane, Diakhao (wɔ nnɛyi Senegal). Abakɔsɛm akuraa Tioupane no ne baabi a ɔtraafo a wɔhyɛɛ abotiri, a mpɛn pii no Maad a Sinig maame no trae. Wosie Serer ahemfo no wɔ Sine baabi foforo. Wɔn a wɔtra hɔ kyɛ nkutoo na wosie wɔ Tioupane. Wosie lingers a wɔmfa abotiri nhyɛ wɔn so nso wɔ Tioupane, nanso wɔ ɔfa foforo wɔ amusiei no mu, a ɛne lingeers a wɔde abotiri abɔ wɔn no ntam kwan ware. Te sɛ Serer ahemfo no adamoa no, wɔahyɛ wɔn a wɔda hɔ no adamoa nso agyirae na abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo bi wɔ beae hɔ a ɔka wɔn abusua anato ne abakɔsɛm.[19][20][21] Te sɛ Serer abakɔsɛm ne kronkronbea afoforo no, wɔde beae a wosiee Tioupane no aka mmeae a ɛho hia wɔ abakɔsɛm mu no ho denam Senegal Amammerɛ Dwumadibea (2006 ahyɛde) so.[21]
Lingeers a Wɔakyerɛw Wɔn Din
[sesa]- Lingeer Fatim Beye (bɛyɛ afe 1335) .
- Lingeer Ndoye Demba (bɛyɛ afe 1367) (Fatim Beye banana) .
- Lingeer Ngoné Dièye, afeha a ɛto so 17 Ɔhemmaa ne Ɔhemmaa Cayor ne Baol Maame, ne Damel Lat Sukabe Fall maame
- Lingeer Djembet anaa Njembot Mbodj (ɔyɛ adwuma wɔ 1830 mfeɛ no mu; owui wɔ September 1846).[22]
- Lingeer Ndaté Yalla Mbodj, dii ne nuabea ade wɔ afe 1846.[23]
- Lingeer Selbeh Ndoffene Joof (Franse: Selbé Diouf), Sine Hene babea— Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof . Senegambia Nkramofo asraafo kyeree no bere a Mbin o Ngor (anaa Keur Ngor ) tow hyɛɛ no so mpofirim no. Saa ntua a ɛyɛ nwonwa a wɔde baa Sererfo a wɔwɔ Sine so no maa Fandane-Thiouthioune Ko no yɛɛ ntɛmntɛm wɔ 1867 mu baabi a Kumba Ndoffene asraafo dii Nkramofo Maraboutfo so nkonim, na wokum wɔn kannifo Maba Diakhou Ba . Serer Princes no a wɔkyeree wɔn sie akyi no, wɔde ahoɔden waree no kɔɔ Abdoulaye Ouli Bâ —Maba nuanom no mu biako a na n’agya amma kwan. Kumba Ndoffene nkonimdi akyi wɔ Fandane-Thiouthioune no, Ɔhene no de ahyɛde mae sɛ wɔmma Abdoulaye Ouli Bâ ntwitwa esiane akokoduru a ɔde hyɛɛ ne babea a wɔhyɛɛ no mu nti.[24][25]
Hwɛ nso
[sesa]- Maad a Sinig na ɔyɛ
- Maad Saloum na ɔkyerɛwee
- Damel na ɔkyerɛwee
- Teigne (asɛmti) .
- Brak (Afrika ahemfo) .
- Buumi
- Thilas
- Loul na ɔkyerɛwee