West Africa
Afrika Atɔe fam anaa Afrika Atɔe fam yɛ Afrika mantam a ɛwɔ atɔe fam pa ara no. Amanaman Nkabom no kyerɛ Afrika Atɔe fam sɛ aman dunsia(16) a ɛne Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, ne Togo, ne Saint Helena, Ascension ne Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom Overseas Territory).[1][2] West Afrika nnipa dodoɔ yɛ 419 million[3][4] de besi afe 2021 mu, ne 381,981,000 de besi afe 2017 mu, a emu 189,672,000 yɛ mmaa na 192,309,000 yɛ mmarima.[5] Asase no mu nnipa dodoɔ [6] ne sikasɛm [7] no mu baako na ɛrenya nkɔsoɔ wɔ Afrika asasepɔn no so.
Abakɔsɛm a edi kan wɔ Afrika Atɔe fam no kaa amantam tumidie ahodoɔ bi a na wɔhyɛ mmeaeɛ ahodoɔ a ɛwɔ mpoano ne amantam mu a na wɔdi dwa no ho, te sɛ Mali ne Gao Ahemman no ho. Na Afrika Atɔe fam no wɔ baabi a adwadifoɔ a wɔfiri Afrika Atifi fam a na Arabfoɔ di wɔn so no ne wɔn a wɔfiri anafoɔ fam a na wɔwɔ Afrika mantam no mu no fa kɔ baabi a na wɔnya nneɛma a ɛho hia te sɛ sika kɔkɔɔ, dadeɛ a wɔde yɛ nneɛma a ɛyɛ den, ne asonse no.Berɛ a Europafoɔ kɔhwehwɛɛ mmeaeɛ bi a na sika wɔm na wonyaa ahennie ahodoɔ no, na Atlantic nkoasom adwuma no gyina nkoasom nhyehyɛeɛ a na ɛwɔ hɔ dada no so na ama wɔatumi ayɛ adwuma wɔ Amerika aman no mu. Berɛ a wogyaee nkoasom a na wɔde di dwa wɔ afeha a ɛto so dunkron(19) no mfeɛ ase no, Europa aman, titire France ne Britain, kɔɔ so de nnapɔnkɔ dii aman no so.Sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, wɔkɔɔ so tɔn nneɛma pii a wɔde yɛ adwuma, a nnɔbaeɛ a egye adwumaden te sɛ kookoo ne kɔfe, kwaeɛ mu nnɔbaeɛ te sɛ sare so nnua, ne ngo te sɛ sika kɔkɔɔ ka ho. Ɛfiri berɛ a wɔnyaa ahofadie no, Afrika Atɔe fam aman pii te sɛ Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria ne Senegal adi dwuma titire wɔ amantam ne wiase nyinaa sikasɛm mu.
Afrika Atɔeɛ fam no wɔ abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom a ɛmu nneɛma gu ahodoɔ ne mmeaeɛ ahodoɔ pii. Asase no mu ahosɛpɛ ne abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom ho nsɛm no gyina Sahara asase keseɛ a ɛwɔ atifi fam ne apueiɛ fam, a mframa a ano yɛ den bɔ wɔ Ɔpɛ berɛ mu, ne Atlantic Po a ɛwɔ anaafoɔ fam ne atɔeɛ fam, a ɛtɔ bere bi wɔ afe no mu no so. Ɛhɔ a wiem tebea no yɛ soronko yi ma Afrika Atɔeɛ fam no wɔ abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom pii, ɛfiri sare so kwaeɛ a abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom gu so kɔ asase keseɛ a mmoa a wɔntaa ntena so ne wɔn a wɔrewu te sɛ pangolin, abɛnkoro, ne asono wɔ so.Esiane nhyɛsoɔ a wɔde ba sikasɛm mu nkɔsoɔ so nti, nneɛma a ɛresɛe kwaeɛ, abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom mu nneɛma a asɛe, mpataayi a ano yɛ den, nneɛma a ɛfiri aboyi mu, plastik ne nnwumakuo foforo mu ba, ne nsakraeɛ a ano yɛ den a ɛba firi wiem tebea mu nsakraeɛ mu wɔ Afrika Atɔeɛ fam no de asiane ba abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom yi pii so.
Abakɔsɛm
[sesa]Yɛbɛtumi akyekyɛ Afrika Atɔeɛ fam abakɔsɛm mu ayɛ no afa atitiriw anum: nea edi kan no, ne kan abakɔsɛm, berɛ a nnipa a wodii kan bɛtenaa hɔ no baa hɔ, wɔmaa kuayɛ kɔɔ so, na wɔne nnipa a wɔwɔ atifi fam no dii nkitaho; nea ɛto so mmienu no, dade berɛ mu ahempɔn a ɛkaa Afrika ne aman foforo ntam adwadie ho, na wɔmaa aman a ɛwɔ Afrika no nyinaa yɛɛ baako; nea ɛto so mmiɛnsa no, amanyɔkuo akɛseɛ no nyaa nkɔsoɔ, na wɔne nnipa a wɔnyɛ Afrikafoɔ dii nkitaho wɔ abakɔsɛm mu; nea ɛto so nnan no, amammerɛ berɛ a na Britain ne France di asase no nyinaa so tumi; ne nea ɛto so num no, berɛ a wɔtee wɔn ho firii Britain ho no, berɛ a na aman a ɛwɔ hɔ nnɛ no abɛyɛ kɛseɛ.
Deɛ Ɛde Abakɔsɛm No Baeɛ
[sesa]Afrika Atɔeɛ fam nkorɔfoɔ no nyaa ahoɔhare na wɔkaa wɔn ho wɔ Afrika Atɔeɛ fam nkorɔfoɔ abakɔsɛm mu.[8] Ɛbetumi aba sɛ Acheuleanfoɔ a na wɔde nnwinnadeɛ di dwuma tete no traa Afrika Atɔeɛ fam nyinaa firi berɛ a anyɛ yie koraa no wɔ mfe 780,000 ansa na wɔrebɛwo no kɔsi 126,000 ansa na wɔrebɛwo no (Middle Pleistocene).[9] Wɔ Pleistocene no mu no, Middle Stone Age nnipa (te sɛ, Iwo Eleru nnipa,[10]] ebia Aterians), a na wɔte Afrika Atɔe nyinaa wɔ MIS 4 ne MIS 2 ntam,[11] nkakrankakra wɔde Late Stone Age nnipa a wɔbaa hɔ no sesaa wɔn, na wɔtu kɔɔ Afrika Atɔeɛ fam[12] esiane sɛ na nsuwansuwa a ɛwɔ Afrika Atɔeɛ fam no reyɛ kɛse nti.[13] Afrika Atɔeɛ fam adɔfoɔ a wɔboaboa wɔn ano no tenaa Afrika Atɔeɛ fam Mfinimfini fam (te sɛ, Shum Laka) ansa na wɔrekɔduru afe 32,000 BP, na wɔtraa Afrika Atɔeɛ fam mpoano nyinaa wɔ afe 12,000 BP,[14] na wɔtu kɔɔ atifi fam wɔ afe 12,000 BP ne afe 8000 BP ntam kɔɔ Mali, Burkina Faso,[15] ne Mauritania.[16] Wɔ Holocene no mu no, Niger-Congofoɔ a wɔkasaeɛ wɔ wɔn ho no yɛɛ adwinni wɔ Ounjougou, Mali – adwinni a edi kan wɔ Afrika – anyɛ yie koraa no wɔ afe 9400 A.Y.B. mu, na wɔne wɔn adwinni no, ne agyan ne agyan a na wɔde di dwuma, tu kɔɔ Central Sahara, a ɛbɛyɛɛ wɔn tenabea titire wɔ afe 10,000 A.Y.B. mu.Sɛ wohwɛ sɛnea ahoni a wɔyɛ wɔ Sahara no puee ne sɛnea ɛtrɛw no a, ebetumi ama woahu sɛ Round Head ne Kel Essuf abo ho mfonini a wɔyɛ wɔ abotan mu no fi hɔ. 24] Nkyerefo a wɔwɔ Central Sahara no, na wɔhwɛ nnua ahorow a enni Sahara Sahara no mu, na wɔhwɛ wɔn, na na wɔnoa nnua ahorow a enni Sahara no mu, [1] na wɔhwɛ anantwi a wɔwɔ hɔ, [2] na wɔhwɛ nnwan a wɔwɔ hɔ. 25] Bere a Kel Essuf ne Round Head bere no baa awiei wɔ Central Sahara no, na Pastoral bere no reba. 27]Ebetumi aba sɛ wɔn a wɔhwehwɛɛ mmoa wɔ abotan so a wɔyɛɛ Round Head no bi gyee nguanhwɛfo amammerɛ toom, na ebinom nso annye anni. 28] Esiane sɛ Sahara Asase no reyɛ nwini nti, ɛbɛyɛ sɛ Saharafo a wɔhwehwɛɛ mmoa ne wɔn a na wɔhwɛ mmoa no faa nsu kwan so kɔtenaa Niger Asubɔnten ne Chad Asubɔnten mu wɔ Afrika Atɔe fam. 29] Saharan nnipa a wɔtuu wɔn kɔɔ Sahel mantam no anafo fam no, na wɔtaa ne Afrika Atɔe fam adidifo a na wɔtraa Afrika Atɔe fam no bɔ. 18]Bere a wɔtenaa ase bɛyɛ afe 1000 ansa na wɔrebɛwo Kristo, [1] anaa bere bi wɔ afe 1500 akyi no, [2] Afrika Atɔe fam awudifo a na wɔn mu pii tete kwae mu no, awiei koraa no, wɔde wɔn ho bɔɔ Afrika Atɔe fam akuafo akuw akɛse no mu, a na ɛte sɛ Bantufo a na wotu bata no. 18]
Ahemman
[sesa]Asase no mu sikasɛm a ɛkɔɔ so no maa aman ne amammerɛ pii a na ɛwɔ hɔ no tumi bae, a wɔfii ase wɔ Dhar Tichitt a ɛfii ase wɔ afe 1600 A.Y.B. mu akyi no, wɔdii akyi wɔ Djenn a ɛfii ase wɔ afe 300 A.Y.B. mu. Ɛno akyi no, Ghana Ahemman a edii kan nyaa nkɔso wɔ afeha a ɛto so 9 ne 12 no ntam, na ɛno akyi no, Mali Ahemman no na edii n'ade. Wɔ ɛnnɛ Mauritania no, nneɛma a wɔatutu fam ahu wɔ Tichit ne Oualata nkurow mu a wodii kan sii no bɛyɛ afe 2000 A.Y.B. mu, na wohui sɛ efi Mand nkurɔfo a wɔfrɛ wɔn Soninke.Afei nso, wɔ Kumbi Saleh kurow a ɛwɔ Mauritania nnɛ no mu a wɔtutu fam hwehwɛ tetefo nneɛma mu no, wɔhuu sɛ Mali ahemman no dii asase no so tumi kosii sɛ Almoravidfo a wɔtow hyɛɛ hɔ so no dii wɔn so nkonim wɔ afe 1052 mu. Wɔ afeha a ɛto so akron no mu no, wohuu ahennie akɛse mmiɛnsa wɔ Bilad al-Sudan. Na Ghana, Gao ne Kanem ka ho. 31]Sosso Ahemman no bɔɔ mmɔden sɛ ɛbɛhyɛ baabi a na ayɛ atenten no ma, nanso Sundiata Keita a ɔno na ɔhyehyɛɛ Mali Ahemman foforo no, Mandinka asraafo no dii no so nkonim (bɛyɛ afe 1240). Mali Ahemman no kɔɔ so dii yiye mfehaha pii, titiriw wɔ Sundiata nanabarima Musa I ase, ansa na sodifo a wɔn ho yɛ mmerɛw pii a wɔdi wɔn akyi no ama wɔahwe ase wɔ Mossi, Tuareg ne Songhai atubrafo ase. Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 15 no mu no, Songhaifo no yɛɛ ɔman foforo a edi mu a na egyina Gao so wɔ Songhai Ahemman no mu, a na Sonni Ali ne Askia Mohammed di wɔn anim.
Saa bere no, wɔ Sudan anafo fam no, nkurow akɛse a ɛwɔ Igboland no sɔree, te sɛ afeha a ɛto so 10 Nri Ahemman a ɛboaa ma wɔwoo Igbofo amammerɛ ne amammerɛ, Bono Ahemman wɔ afeha a ɛto so 11 mu, a ɛmaa Akan Ahemman pii sɔree, bere a Ife no bɛyɛɛ kɛse wɔ afeha a ɛto so 12 mu. Sɛ yɛhwɛ apuei fam a, Oyo bɛyɛɛ Yorubafo man a edi mu, na Aro Confederacy bɛyɛɛ Igbofo man a edi mu wɔ Nigeria nnɛ.
Nri ahemman no yɛ Afrika Atɔe fam aman a ɛwɔ ɛnnɛ Nigeria anafo fam apuei fam. Na Nri Ahenni no yɛ soronko wɔ wiase aban abakɔsɛm mu efisɛ na n'akannifo no nni asraafo tumi wɔ ne manfo so. Na ahenni no wɔ hɔ sɛ nyamesom ne amanyɔsɛm mu nkɛntɛnso bi wɔ Igboland asase no fa a ɛto so abiɛsa so, na na ɔsɔfo-ɔhene a wɔfrɛ no Eze Nri na odi so. Eze Nri no na na ɔhwɛ Nrifo no aguadi ne amanne ahorow so, na na ɔwɔ Onyankopɔn tumi wɔ nyamesom ho nsɛm mu.
Oyo Ahemman no yɛ Yoruba ahemman a ɛnnɛ wɔfrɛ no Western, North central Nigeria ne Republic of Benin anafo fam. Wɔde Oyo Ahemman no sii hɔ wɔ afeha a ɛto so 14 no mu, na enyin bɛyɛɛ Afrika Atɔe fam aman a ɛsen biara no biako. Ɛnam Yorubafo nhyehyɛe mu nimdeɛ a edi mũ, ahonyade a wonyae wɔ aguadi mu, ne wɔn apɔnkɔsotefo a na wɔwɔ tumi no so na wonyaa nkɔso. Oyo Ahemman no ne ɔman a na ɛho hia paa wɔ amanyɔsɛm mu wɔ saa mpɔtam hɔ fi afeha a ɛto so 17 no mfinimfini kosii afeha a ɛto so 18 no awiei, na ɛnyɛ ahemman a aka a ɛwɔ Yorubaland no nko na na edi wɔn so, na mmom na edi Afrika aman a ɛbɛn hɔ nso so, titiriw Fon Ahemman a ɛwɔ Dahomey a ɛwɔ Benin man no mu wɔ atɔe fam.
Benin Ahemman no yɛ ahemman a na ɛwɔ Nigeria anafo fam nnɛ. Na n'ahenkurow yɛ Edo, a seesei wɔfrɛ no Benin City, Edo. Ɛnsɛ sɛ wɔde toto nnɛyi ɔman a wɔfrɛ no Benin, a kan no na wɔfrɛ no Dahomey no ho. Na Benin Ahemman no yɛ "aman a akyɛ paa na wɔanya nkɔso paa no mu biako wɔ Afrika Atɔe fam mpoano, na ɛbɛyɛ sɛ efi afeha a ɛto so 11 Y.B. mu". Na Benin Ahemman no yɛ ɔhempɔn a ɔwɔ tumi a ɔwɔ asraafo mpempem pii ne baguam mpanyimfo a wɔwɔ ahonyade, ahonyade, tete nyansahu ne mfiri pii a na wɔwɔ nkurow a ɛyɛ fɛ na emu yɛ duru te sɛ Haarlem. Na ne nsaano adwuma no yɛ dwetɛ a wɔdɔ na wɔsom no sen biara wɔ Afrika abakɔsɛm mu. Britain Ahemman no kyekyeree no wɔ afe 1897 mu bere a na wɔrehyɛ Afrika so no.
- ↑ "Population", Monthly Bulletin of Statistics, October 2014, UN, pp. 1–17, 2014-11-20, ISBN 978-92-1-056464-9, retrieved 2023-06-19
- ↑ Paul R. Masson, Catherine Pattillo (2001), Monetary union in West Africa (ECOWAS): is it desirable and how could it be achieved?, Occasional paper, Washington (D.C.): International monetary fund, ISBN 978-1-58906-014-2
{{citation}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ↑ UN population prospects 2002 - Estimates of mid-year population: 1992 - 2001, 2006-10-06, retrieved 2023-06-19
- ↑ "Classification of Countries by region, income group and subregion of the world", Statistical Papers - United Nations (Ser. A), Population and Vital Statistics Report, United Nations, pp. ix–xvii, 2021-08-27, ISBN 978-92-1-000101-4, retrieved 2023-06-19
- ↑ World Population Prospects, 2016-04-14, doi:10.18356/a3bacd57-en, retrieved 2023-06-19
- ↑ "Population et peuplement", Cahiers de l'Afrique de l'Ouest, OECD, pp. 29–87, 2009-02-06, ISBN 978-92-64-05595-7, retrieved 2023-06-19
- ↑ "Fragilités", Cahiers de l'Afrique de l'Ouest, OECD, pp. 249–291, 2009-02-06, ISBN 978-92-64-05595-7, retrieved 2023-06-19
- ↑ [Haour, Anne (25 July 2013). "Wealth-in-people". Outsiders and Strangers: An Archaeology of Liminality in West Africa. Oxford University Press. p. 38. doi:10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199697748.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-969774-8. OCLC 855890703. S2CID 127485241. Haour, Anne (25 July 2013). "Wealth-in-people". Outsiders and Strangers: An Archaeology of Liminality in West Africa. Oxford University Press. p. 38. doi:10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199697748.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-969774-8. OCLC 855890703. S2CID 127485241.]
{{citation}}: Check|url=value (help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ↑ [Scerri, Eleanor (26 October 2017). "The Stone Age Archaeology of West Africa". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History. Oxford University Press. p. 1. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.137. ISBN 9780190277734. OCLC 1013546425. S2CID 133758803. Scerri, Eleanor (26 October 2017). "The Stone Age Archaeology of West Africa". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History. Oxford University Press. p. 1. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.137. ISBN 9780190277734. OCLC 1013546425. S2CID 133758803.]
{{citation}}: Check|url=value (help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ↑ [MacDonald, Kevin (1997). "Korounkorokalé revisited: The Pays Mande and the West African microlithic technocomplex". African Archaeological Review. 14 (3): 192–196. doi:10.1007/BF02968406. ISSN 0263-0338. JSTOR 25130625. OCLC 5547019636. S2CID 161691927. MacDonald, Kevin (1997). "Korounkorokalé revisited: The Pays Mande and the West African microlithic technocomplex". African Archaeological Review. 14 (3): 192–196. doi:10.1007/BF02968406. ISSN 0263-0338. JSTOR 25130625. OCLC 5547019636. S2CID 161691927.]
{{citation}}: Check|url=value (help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ↑ [Niang, Khady; et al. (2020). "The Middle Stone Age occupations of Tiémassas, coastal West Africa, between 62 and 25 thousand years ago". Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 34: 102658. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102658. ISSN 2352-409X. OCLC 8709222767. S2CID 228826414. Niang, Khady; et al. (2020). "The Middle Stone Age occupations of Tiémassas, coastal West Africa, between 62 and 25 thousand years ago". Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 34: 102658. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102658. ISSN 2352-409X. OCLC 8709222767. S2CID 228826414.]
{{citation}}: Check|url=value (help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ↑ [Schlebusch, Carina M.; Jakobsson, Mattias (4 May 2018). "Tales of Human Migration, Admixture, and Selection in Africa" (PDF). Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics. 19: 405–428. doi:10.1146/annurev-genom-083117-021759. ISSN 1527-8204. OCLC 7824108813. PMID 29727585. S2CID 19155657 Schlebusch, Carina M.; Jakobsson, Mattias (4 May 2018). "Tales of Human Migration, Admixture, and Selection in Africa" (PDF). Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics. 19: 405–428. doi:10.1146/annurev-genom-083117-021759. ISSN 1527-8204. OCLC 7824108813. PMID 29727585. S2CID 19155657]
{{citation}}: Check|url=value (help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ↑ [Scerri, Eleanor M. L. (2021). "Continuity of the Middle Stone Age into the Holocene". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 70. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-79418-4. OCLC 8878081728. PMC 7801626. PMID 33431997. S2CID 231583475. Scerri, Eleanor M. L. (2021). "Continuity of the Middle Stone Age into the Holocene". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 70. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-79418-4. OCLC 8878081728. PMC 7801626. PMID 33431997. S2CID 231583475.]
{{citation}}: Check|url=value (help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ↑ [MacDonald, Kevin C. (2 September 2003). "Archaeology, language and the peopling of West Africa: a consideration of the evidence". Archaeology and Language II: Archaeological Data and Linguistic Hypotheses. Routledge. pp. 39–40, 43–44. MacDonald, Kevin C. (2 September 2003). "Archaeology, language and the peopling of West Africa: a consideration of the evidence". Archaeology and Language II: Archaeological Data and Linguistic Hypotheses. Routledge. pp. 39–40, 43–44.]
{{citation}}: Check|url=value (help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ↑ [MacDonald, Kevin C. (2 September 2003). "Archaeology, language and the peopling of West Africa: a consideration of the evidence". Archaeology and Language II: Archaeological Data and Linguistic Hypotheses. Routledge. pp. 39–40, 43–44. doi:10.4324/9780203202913-11. ISBN 9780203202913. OCLC 815644445. S2CID 163304839. MacDonald, Kevin C. (2 September 2003). "Archaeology, language and the peopling of West Africa: a consideration of the evidence". Archaeology and Language II: Archaeological Data and Linguistic Hypotheses. Routledge. pp. 39–40, 43–44. doi:10.4324/9780203202913-11. ISBN 9780203202913. OCLC 815644445. S2CID 163304839.]
{{citation}}: Check|url=value (help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ↑ [Abd-El-Moniem, Hamdi Abbas Ahmed (May 2005). A New Recording Of Mauritanian Rock Art (PDF). University of London. p. 221. OCLC 500051500. S2CID 130112115. Abd-El-Moniem, Hamdi Abbas Ahmed (May 2005). A New Recording Of Mauritanian Rock Art (PDF). University of London. p. 221. OCLC 500051500. S2CID 130112115.]
{{citation}}: Check|url=value (help); Missing or empty|title=(help)