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Togo

Ahenkuro Lome
Mpɔtɛm 56,785 km²
Nnipa dodoɔ 8,608,444 ab. (2018)

Togo, wɔ aban kwan so no, ɛyɛ Togo man (Franse kasa mu: République togolaise), yɛ ɔman bi a ɛwɔ Afrika Atɔe fam. Ɛne Ghana hye wɔ atɔe fam, Benin wɔ apuei fam na Burkina Faso wɔ atifi fam.[1] Ɛyɛ aman a wonnyaa nkɔso pii no mu biako na ɛtrɛw kɔ anafo fam kodu Gulf of Guinea, baabi a n’ahenkurow Lomé wɔ no. Ɛyɛ ɔman ketewa bi a ɛhɔ yɛ hyew, a ne kɛse yɛ kilomita ahinanan 56,785 (akwansin ahinanan 22,000) na emu nnipa bɛyɛ ɔpepem 8,[2] na ne tɛtrɛtɛ nnu kilomita 115 (akwansin 71) wɔ Ghana ne n’apuei fam fipamfo Benin ntam.[1][3]

Nnipa akuw ahorow hyehyɛɛ nnɛyi Togo hye wɔ afeha a ɛto so 11 kosi 16 ntam. Wɔ afeha a ɛtɔ so 16 ne 18 ntam no, mpoano mantam no yɛɛ Europa nkoa aguadibea titiriw , na ɛmaa Togo ne ɔmantam a atwa ho ahyia no nyaa din "Nkoa Mpoano". Wɔ 1884 mu no, Germany de ɔmantam bi a ahobammɔ a wɔfrɛ no Togoland ka ho too gua. Wiase Ko I akyi no, wɔde Togo nniso no maa France. Togo nyaa ahofadi fii France nsam wɔ 1960 mu.[4][5] Wɔ 1967 mu no, Gnassingbé Eyadéma dii asraafo atuatew a edii nkonim anim, na ɛno akyi no ɔbɛyɛɛ ɔman bi a ɛsɔre tia komunism, a ɔman biako na ɛwɔ hɔ no titrani. Wɔ afe 1993 mu no, Eyadéma hyiaa abatow a aman pii wom a mfomso ahorow asɛe no, na odii nkonim mprɛnsa.Bere a owui no, na Eyadéma yɛ "ɔkannifo a ɔde bere tenten asom wɔ nnɛyi Afrika abakɔsɛm mu", efisɛ na ɔyɛ ɔmampanyin mfe 38.[2] Wɔ afe 2005 mu no, wɔpaw ne babarima Faure Gnassingbé sɛ ɔmampanyin.

Togo yɛ ɔman a ɛwɔ mmeae a osu tɔ na owia bɔ kɛse, ɛwɔ Sahara anafo fam[1] a ne sikasɛm gyina kuayɛ so kɛse.[5] Ɔman kasa ne Franse, nanso wɔka kasa afoforo, titiriw Gbe abusua no de. Ɔmanfo no mu ɔha biara mu 47.8 di Kristosom akyi, na ɛma ɛyɛ ɔsom a ɛsõ sen biara wɔ ɔman no mu.[4] Togo yɛ Amanaman Nkabom, Afrika Aman Nkabom, Nkramofo Nkɔmmɔbɔ Ahyehyɛde, South Atlantic Asomdwoe ne Nkɔmmɔbɔ Beae, Francophonie, Amanaman Nkabom, ne Afrika Atɔe Fam Aman Sikasɛm Kuw no muni.

Abakɔsɛm

[sesa]

Nneɛma a wotutu fam hwehwɛ tetefo nneɛma mu kyerɛ sɛ mmusuakuw tumi yɛɛ nkuku na wɔyɛɛ dade ho adwuma. Wɔkyerɛ edin Togo ase fi Ewe kasa mu sɛ "asubɔnten no akyi". Wɔ bere a efi afeha a ɛto so 11 kosi afeha a ɛto so 16 mu no, mmusuakuw baa ɔmantam no mu: Ewéfo fi atɔe fam, na Minafo ne Gun fi apuei fam. Wɔn mu dodow no ara kɔtraa mpoano mmeae. Atlantic nkoatɔn hyɛɛ aseɛ wɔ afeha a ɛtɔ so dunsia mu, na mfeɛ ahanu a ɛdi hɔ no na mpoano mantam no yɛ beaeɛ a Europafoɔ a wɔrehwehwɛ nkoa no di gua, na ɛmaa Togo ne ɔmantam a atwa ho ahyia no too din "Nkoa Mpoano".[6]

Togoland (R. Hellgrewe, 1908)

Wɔ 1884 mu no, wɔne Ɔhene Mlapa III de wɔn nsa hyɛɛ krataa bi ase wɔ Togoville, na ɛnam so ma Germany kae sɛ ɔwɔ ahobammɔ wɔ asasesin bi a ɛwɔ mpoano no so na ɛde nkakrankakra trɛw ne tumidi mu kɔɔ asase mu. Wɔkyerɛkyerɛɛ n’ahye mu bere a German asraafo faa asase a ɛwɔ akyi no na wɔne France ne Britain yɛɛ apam ahorow no akyi. Wɔ 1905 mu no, eyi bɛyɛɛ Germany atubraman a ɛwɔ Togoland. Wɔhyɛɛ mpɔtam hɔfo ma wɔyɛɛ adwuma, duaa kotoku, kɔfe, ne koko na wotua tow. Wɔyɛɛ keteke kwan ne Lomé hyɛn gyinabea a wɔde kuayɛ mu nneɛma kɔ amannɔne. Germanfo de akwan horow a wɔfa so dua kokoo, kɔfe ne kotoku bae na wɔyɛɛ nneɛma a wɔde bɛyɛ adwuma no.

Wɔ Wiase Ko I mu no, Britain ne France tow hyɛɛ Togoland so, na wɔbɔɔ Anglo ne Fransefo adan a wɔbom tra mu ho dawuru. Togoland Ɔsatu no fa Franse ne Britania ntua a edii nkonim wɔ Germany atubraman Togoland so wɔ Afrika Atɔe Fam Ɔsatu a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ Wiase Ko I mu no ho. Bere a Apamfo no tow hyɛɛ atubraman no so wɔ August 1914 mu akyi no, wodii German asraafo so nkonim, na ɛhyɛɛ atubraman no ma wɔde wɔn ho mae wɔ Ɔsanaa 26, 1914 mu. Wɔ ɔpɛnimma 7, 1916 mu no, adan a wɔbom tra mu no bubui na akyiri yi wɔkyekyɛɛ Togoland mu yɛɛ no ​​Britania ne Franse mmeae, na ɛde Britania Togoland ne Franse Togoland atubra aman bae. Wɔ July 20, 1922 mu no, Great Britain nyaa Amanaman Apam no ahyɛde sɛ wonni Togo atɔe fam fa na France nni apuei fam fa no so. Wɔ 1945 mu no, ɔman no nyaa hokwan sɛ wɔsoma ananmusifo baasa kɔɔ France mmarahyɛ bagua no mu.

Wiase Ko II akyi no, saa ahyɛde ahorow yi bɛyɛɛ UN Trust Asasesin ahorow. Nnipa a wɔte Britania Togoland too aba sɛ wɔbɛka Gold Coast ho sɛ Ghana man a ɛde ne ho no fa wɔ afe 1957. Franse Togoland bɛyɛɛ ɔman a ɛwɔ ahofadi wɔ Franse Nkabom no mu wɔ afe 1959 mu, bere a France kuraa hokwan sɛ ɛhwɛ ahobammɔ, amannɔne abusuabɔ, ne sikasɛm so.

Wɔbɔɔ Togo Republic ho dawuru wɔ April 27, 1960. Wɔ ɔmampanyin abatow a edi kan wɔ 1961 mu no, Sylvanus Olympio bɛyɛɛ ɔmampanyin a odi kan, a wobenya abatow ɔha biara mu nkyem 100 wɔ abatow a ɔsɔretia no abara no mu. Wɔ April 9, 1961 mu no, wogyee Togo Republic Amanyɔ Mmara no toom, na sɛnea ɛte no, na mmarahyɛ bagua kuw kɛse no ne Togo Ɔman Bagua no.[7] Wɔ Ɔpɛnimma, afe 1961 mu no, wɔkyeree asɔretiafo akuw akannifo efisɛ wɔbɔɔ wɔn sobo sɛ wɔasiesie atirisopam bi a ɛko tia aban. Wɔde ahyɛde bi mae wɔ asɔre a wɔsɔre tia no a wobetu agu no ho. Olympio bɔɔ mmɔden sɛ ɔbɛtew ne ho a ɔde to France so no so denam biakoyɛ a ɔne United States, United Kingdom, ne West Germany yɛe no so. Ɔpoo mmɔden a Franse asraafo a woyii wɔn fii asraafo mu wɔ Algeria Ko no akyi bɔe na ɔbɔɔ mmɔden sɛ obenya dibea wɔ Togo asraafo mu. Awiei koraa no, saa nneɛma yi maa asraafo atuatew bae wɔ January 13, 1963 mu a asraafo kuw bi a wɔhyɛɛ Ɔsahene Gnassingbé Eyadéma akwankyerɛ ase kum no.[8] Wɔde tebea a egye ntɛmpɛ too gua wɔ Togo. Asraafo no de tumi no maa bere tiaa mu nniso bi a Nicolas Grunitzky di wɔn anim. Wɔ May 1963 mu no, wɔpaw Grunitzky sɛ Ɔman no Titenani. Akannifo foforo no dii nhyehyɛe bi a ɛbɛma wɔne France anya abusuabɔ akyi. Na ne botae titiriw ne sɛ ɔbɛbrɛ mpaapaemu a ɛda atifi ne anafo ntam no ase, de amansan mmara foforo ato gua, na ɔde nhyehyɛe a ɛfa aman pii ho aba.

Wɔ January 13, 1967 mu no, Eyadéma Gnassingbé tuu Grunitzky gui wɔ atuatew a mogya nnim mu na odii ɔmampanyin no.[9] Ɔhyehyɛɛ Rally of the Togoese People Party, baraa amammui akuw afoforo dwumadi na ɔde kuw biako nhyehyɛe bae wɔ November 1969. Wɔsan paw no wɔ 1979 ne 1986. Wɔ 1983 mu no, wofii privatisation nhyehyɛe no ase na wɔ 1991 mu no wɔmaa amammui akuw afoforo kwan. Wɔ afe 1993 mu no, EU gyaee fekubɔ no, na wɔkaa Eyadema a wɔsan paw no wɔ 1993, 1998 ne 2003 mu no ho asɛm sɛ ɛyɛ tumi a wɔagye. Wɔ Oforisuo 2004 mu, wɔ Brussels no, wɔbɔɔ nkɔmmɔ wɔ Europa Aman Nkabom ne Togo ntam wɔ biakoyɛ a wɔbɛsan afi ase ho.

Togofoɔ a wɔyɛɛ afe 2017–18 ɔyɛkyerɛ no kasa tiaa Gnassingbé abusua no mfeɛ aduonum nnisoɔ

Eyadéma Gnassingbé wui wɔ 5 Ɔpɛpɔn 2005. Asraafoɔ a wɔde ne babarima, Faure Gnassingbé, sii hɔ sɛ ɔmampanyin no maa amanaman ntam kasa tiaa, gye sɛ ɛfiri France.[9] Afrika akannifo binom a "wɔapaw wɔn wɔ demokrase kwan so" te sɛ Abdoulaye Wade a ofi Senegal ne Olusegun Obasanjo a ofi Nigeria boaa adeyɛ no, na ɛnam so maa mpaapaemu baa Afrika Aman Nkabom no mu.[2] Gnassingbé gyaee tumidi na ɔyɛɛ abatow, na odii nkonim wɔ asram abien akyi. Ɔsɔretia no kae sɛ abatow no mu aba no yɛ nnaadaa. Nsɛm a esisii wɔ afe 2005 mu no maa nsemmisa a ɛfa aban no ahofama a ɔde ama demokrase ho a na wɔayɛ de abɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛma abusuabɔ a ɛda wɔne EU ntam a ɛtwaa mmoa mu wɔ 1993 mu esiane nsemmisa a ɛfa Togo nnipa hokwan tebea ho nti no bae. Sɛnea UN kyerɛ no, wokunkum nnipa bɛyɛ 400 wɔ basabasayɛ a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ ɔmampanyin abatow no mu no mu. Togofo bɛyɛ 40,000 guan kɔɔ aman a ɛbemmɛn hɔ no mu. Wɔsan paw Gnassingbé wɔ afe 2010 ne 2015 mu.

Wɔ afe 2017 mu no, ɔsɔretia a wɔde tia aban no sɔree. UN kasa tiaa nhyɛso a ahobammɔ asraafo de bae no, na na ɛsɛ sɛ Gambia amannɔne nsɛm ho ɔsoafo, Ousainou Darboe, de nteɛso ma bere a ɔkae sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ Gnassingbé gyae adwuma no.[10]

Wɔ Ɔpɛpɔn 2020 ɔmampanyin abatoɔ mu no, Faure Gnassingbé dii nkonim wɔ ne ɔmampanyin afe a ɛtɔ so nnan mu sɛ Togo ɔmampanyin.[11] Sɛnea aban no mu aba kyerɛ no, onyaa abatow no mu kyɛfa bɛyɛ ɔha biara mu nkyem 72 na odii nkonim. Eyi maa otumi dii nea ɔbɛn no paa, kan ɔman soafo panyin Agbeyome Kodjo a na ɔwɔ ɔha biara mu nkyem 18 no so nkonim.[12] Wɔ 4 May 2020 no, wohuu Bitala Madjoulba a ɔyɛ Togo asraafo dɔm bi sahene sɛ wawu wɔ n’adwumayɛbea. Madjoulba wu da no bae bere a Faure Gnassingbé a wɔsan paw no no nyaa ne investiture akyi. Wɔabue nhwehwɛmu wɔ asɛm yi ho na wɔrebisabisa ankorankoro a wɔatwa ne wu no ho asɛm nyinaa nsɛm.[13]

Togo bɛkaa Amanaman Nkabom no ho wɔ June 2022 mu.[14] Ansa na wɔregye no atom wɔ 2022 Amanaman Nkabom Aban Titenani Nhyiam no ase no, Amannɔne Nsɛm Ho Ɔsoafo Robert Dussey kae sɛ ɔhwɛ kwan sɛ Amanaman Nkabom no mufo bɛma gua foforo a wɔde bɛkɔ amannɔne, sika a wɔde bɛyɛ nkɔso adwuma ne hokwan ahorow ama Togo manfo asua Borɔfo kasa na wɔanya nhomasua ne amammerɛ mu nneɛma foforo.[15]

Aban

[sesa]
Main article: Politics of Togo
President since 2005 Faure Gnassingbé
Gnassingbé Eyadéma ruled from 1967 until his death in 2005.

Wɔnam amansan mu anabato nhyehue3 so na ɛpaw ɔmanpanyin no mfe anum, na ɔyɛ asraafo panyin na ɔwɔ hokwan sɛ ɔhyɛ mmara ase na ɔsɛe mmarahyɛ bagua no. Ɔmampanyin ne aban no na wɔde tumi a wɔde di dwuma no di dwuma. Aban panyin ne Ɔmanpanyin (Prime minister) a ɔmampanyin no na ɔpaw no.

Ɔmampanyin Gnassingbé Eyadéma a odii Togo so wɔ ɔman biako nhyehyɛe ase no wui wɔ komayare mu wɔ 5 Ɔpɛpɔn 2005. Wɔ Togo Amanyɔ Mmara ase no, anka ɛsɛ sɛ Mmarahyɛ Bagua no Titenani, Fambaré Ouattara Natchaba, bɛyɛ ɔman no ɔmampanyin, bere a wɔretwɛn sɛ wɔbɛfrɛ ɔmampanyin abatow wɔ nnafua 60 ntam. Na Natchaba nni ɔman no mu, na na ɔde Air France wimhyɛn fi Paris resan aba.[16] Togo asraafo a wɔfrɛ wɔn Forces Armées Togolaises (FAT), anaa Togo Asraafo no too ɔman no ahye mu, na ɛhyɛɛ wimhyɛn no ma esi fam wɔ Benin. Mmarahyɛ Bagua no de tumi a wɔayɛ no foforo anaa wɔahyɛ da ayɛ no foforo tuu mmra a anka ɛbɛhwehwɛ sɛ wɔyɛ abatow wɔ nnafua 60 ntam no afi hɔ na wɔkae sɛ Eyadema babarima, Faure Gnassingbé, benya ɔmampanyin dibea no na wadi tumi wɔ n’agya bere a aka no mu.[16] Wɔmaa Faure kaa ntam wɔ 7 Ɔpɛpɔn 2005, na amanaman ahorow kasa tiaa adedi no.[17] Afrika Aman Nkabom no kaa tumi a wogyee no ho asɛm sɛ ɛyɛ asraafo atuatew.[18] Amanaman ntam nhyɛso nso fi Amanaman Nkabom no hɔ bae. Wɔ Togo mu no, ɔsɔretia a wɔde baa tumi a wogyee no so no kowiee basabasayɛ a emu bɛyɛ ɔha wuwui mu. Na atuatew wɔ nkurow akɛse ne nkurow akɛse mu titiriw wɔ ɔman no kesee fam. Wɔ Aného kurow mu no, wɔbɔ amanneɛ sɛ ɔmanfo a wɔnyɛ asraafo sɔree kɛse a aban asraafo kunkum wɔn akyi. Wɔ mmuaema mu no, Faure Gnassingbé penee so sɛ wɔbɛyɛ abatow na wɔ ɔgyefoɔ 25 no, Gnassingbé gyaee adwuma sɛ ɔmampanyin, na ɛno akyi no, ogyee din a wɔde too gua sɛ ɔmmɛsi akan wɔ dibea no mu wɔ oforisuo mu no toom.[19]

Beaɛ a menyaa mmoa fii

[sesa]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Republic of Togo (in English), 1998-11-18, retrieved 2023-06-24
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Togo country profile", BBC News (in British English), 2011-07-11, retrieved 2023-06-24
  3. ↑ https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Togo", The World Factbook (in English), Central Intelligence Agency, 2023-06-20, retrieved 2023-06-24
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Togo (Partner) (in American English), retrieved 2023-06-24
  6. ↑ Oxfam's Cool Planet - On the Line - Virtual journey through Togo, history, 2012-02-06, archived from the original on 2012-02-06, retrieved 2023-06-24{{citation}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  7. ↑ Togo - Ujamaa Live, 2019-05-02, archived from the original on 2019-05-02, retrieved 2023-06-24{{citation}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  8. ↑ Stephen Ellis (1993-10), "Rumour and power in Togo", Africa (in English), vol. 63, no. 4, pp. 462–476, doi:10.2307/1161002, ISSN 1750-0184, retrieved 2023-06-24 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Togo Economy: Population, GDP, Inflation, Business, Trade, FDI, Corruption (in English), archived from the original on 2023-05-10, retrieved 2023-06-24
  10. ↑ "Gambian ministry says up to Togo to resolve crisis", Reuters (in English), 2017-10-23, retrieved 2023-06-24
  11. ↑ https://www.facebook.com/FRANCE24.English (2020-02-24), Togo's President Faure Gnassingbé wins fourth term (in English), retrieved 2023-06-24 {{citation}}: |last= has generic name (help); External link in |last= (help)
  12. ↑ Togo President Faure Gnassingbe wins fourth term (in English), retrieved 2023-06-24
  13. ↑ https://www.facebook.com/RFI (2020-05-05), Togo: une enquête ouverte après la mort du colonel Bitala Madjoulba (in French), retrieved 2023-06-24 {{citation}}: |last= has generic name (help); External link in |last= (help)
  14. ↑ Camilla Turner (2022-06-22), "Togo and Gabon to become newest members of Commonwealth this week", The Telegraph (in British English), ISSN 0307-1235, retrieved 2023-06-24
  15. ↑ Alice Lawson (2022-06-24), "Togo sees Commonwealth entry as pivot to English-speaking world", Reuters (in English), retrieved 2023-06-24
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Togo: Africa's democratic test case (in British English), 2005-02-11, retrieved 2023-09-15
  17. ↑ Togo leader sworn in amid protest (in British English), 2005-02-07, retrieved 2023-09-15
  18. ↑ Togo succession 'coup' denounced (in British English), 2005-02-06, retrieved 2023-09-15
  19. ↑ Togo Leader to Step Down, Seek Presidency, 2006-01-06, archived from the original on 2006-01-06, retrieved 2023-09-15


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