Dambudzo Marechera
| sex or gender | male  |
|---|---|
| country of citizenship | Zimbabwe |
| date of birth | 4 Ayɛwohomumɔ 1952 |
| place of birth | Rusape |
| date of death | 18 Ɔsanaa 1987 |
| place of death | Harare |
| manner of death | natural causes |
| cause of death | death from AIDS-related complications |
| languages spoken, written or signed | English |
| occupation | poet, writer |
| educated at | New College, University of Zimbabwe |
| award received | Guardian Fiction Prize |
Dambudzo Marechera (4 June 1952 – 18 August 1987) yɛ Zimbabweni ayɛsɛm twerɛfoɔ, abasɛm ntiantiaa twerɛfoɔ, agorɔ twerɛfoɔ ne anwensɛm twerɛfoɔ. N’adwuma tiawa no maa ɔyɛɛ nsɛm nwoma, ayɛsɛm baanu (baako wotintimm wɔ ne wuo akyi), agorɔ, nsɛm a wɔatwerɛɛ, ne anwensɛm nwoma, ne anwensɛm a wɔaboaboa ano (a ɛno nso yɛ owuo akyi). Ne nwoma a ɛdi kan, ayɛsɛm nwoma a wɔato din The House of Hunger (1978) nyaa Guardian Fiction Prize wɔ 1979. Ná wonim Marechera yie sɛ ɔtwerɛ nsɛm a ɛyɛ mmerɛ, ɛkɔ akyire kɛse na onim ne ho, a na wobu no sɛ ɛyɛ ɔhye foforo wɔ Afrika nwoma ahoroɔ mu, . ne ne nneyɛɛ a ɛnyɛ nea wɔtaa yɛ wɔ sukuupɔn ahoroɔ a wɔpam no fii mu ɛmfa ho sɛ na ɔsen biara wɔ n’adesua mu no.
N'abrabɔ ahyɛaseɛ[sesa]
Wɔwoo Marechera wɔ Vengere kuro mu a ɛwɔ Rusape, Southern Rhodesia, na ne maame ne Isaac Marechera, a ɔyɛ amusie sohwɛfoɔ, ne Masvotwa Venenzia Marechera, a ɔyɛ afenaa. Ná ɔyɛ Shona awofoɔ a wofi Rhodesia apuei fam mfinimfini no ba.
Wɔ ne nwoma a ɔtwerɛɛ wɔ 1978 mu, The House of Hunger, ne nsɛm a wobisabisaa no mu no, Marechera da adwene ne ahokokwa a ɛyɛ nwonwa adi wɔ adwinni ne asetena ankasa a wɔde frafra mu, de ne ghetto nteteɛ a wɔahyɛ no den na ɛyɛ awerɛhoɔ no di dwuma de yɛ adeɛ yɛnnfa yɛn ɛni nhu a ɛfa ne papa ho sɛ ebia “obi a ɔto so 20” tuu no -century train" anaasɛ ɔba fie "a sekan abɔ n'akyi" anaasɛ "wɔahu no wɔ ayaresabea amukorabea a atuo ahyɛ ne funu mu".
Berɛ a Germanni nhwehwɛmufoɔ Flora Veit-Wild hwehwɛɛ mfitiase kyerɛtohɔ ahoroɔ a ɛfa Marechera mmofraberem ne ne nteteɛ ho no, ɔmaa kyerɛtohɔ bi a Marechera nuabarima panyin Michael de maa wɔ nea wɔkyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ adeɛ a ɛsɛɛ adeɛ wɔ Marechera kumaa no asetra mu ho no yɛɛ nea emu yɛ duru kɛse. Berɛ a Marechera firii London san baae na wɔyɛɛ no Writer-in-Residency wɔ Zimbabwe Sukuupɔn mu no, wɔbɔɔ amanneɛ sɛ ne maame ne ne nuammaa bɔɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛba abɛhyia no nanso ɔpoo wɔn a ɛnyɛ hwee, na ɔbɔɔ maame no soboɔ sɛ ɔrebɔ mmɔden sɛ obekum no. Nokwarem no, wonim fi anansesɛm mu sɛ Marechera ne n’abusua muni biara annya abusuabɔ a emu yɛ den da berɛ a ɔsan baa Rhodesia/Zimbabwe akyi, kosii berɛ a owui wɔ 1987 mu no.
Onyinii wɔ mmusua mu nyiyimu, ohia, ne basabasayɛ mu. Ɔkɔɔ St. Augustine Asɛmpatrɛw, Penhalonga, faako a ɔne n’akyerɛkyerɛfoɔ dii asi wɔ atubrafoɔ nkyerɛkyerɛ nhyehyɛe no ho, na ɔkɔɔ Rhodesia Sukuupɔn (mprempren Zimbabwe Sukuupɔn), a wɔpam no fii hɔ berɛ a sukuufoɔ basabasayɛ reba no, ne New College , Oxford, faako a ne nneyɛe a ɛnyɛ fekubɔ ne ne nwomasua mu animtiaabuo ma wɔpam no bio no.[1][1]
Nwoma tintim mu nkonimdie ne mfeɛ a edi hɔ[sesa]
Wɔ Oxford Sukuupɔn mu no, Marechera bɔɔ n’akyerɛkyerɛfoɔ no sɛ osuani a onim nyansa yie nanso ɔyɛ obi a ɔyɛ basabasa mmom a na onni anigye titire biara sɛ ɔbɛbata adesua nhyehyɛe ahoroɔ ho, na ɔpaw sɛ ɔbɛkenkan biribiara a n’ani gye ho mmom. Ná wagye din nso sɛ aberanteɛ a ɔpɛ ntɔkwa a ɔntwentwɛn ne nan ase sɛ ɔbɛko atia wɔn a wɔsɔre tia no wɔ honam fam, titiriw wɔ beaɛ a wɔnom nsa ahorow a atwa Oxford ho ahyia no mu. Ofii aseɛ daa suban a ɛnkɔ so daa adi, a ebia na efiri nsanom bebree so anaasɛ amammerɛ mu ahodwiri nanso sukuu adwene ho ɔbenfo no huu sɛ ɛyɛ adwenemhaw. Marechera hunahunaa nnipa bi sɛ obekum wɔn na ɔbɔɔ mmɔden sɛ ɔde ogya bɛto sukuupɔn no mu. Na wagye din nso — anaasɛ na wagye dimmɔne — sɛ onni obuo biara mma tumidi a efiri adwene a ɛfa mmusuakuo anaa kuo a ɛkorɔn ho. Esiane sɛ ɔbɔɔ mmɔden sɛ ɔde ogya bɛto kɔlege no mu nti, wɔmaa Marechera akwan mmienu a obetumi afa so: sɛ ɔde ne ho bɛhyɛ adwenemyareɛ mu nhwehwɛmu mu anaasɛ ɔbɛma no akɔ fam; ɔpaw nea etwa to no, na ɔbɔɔ soboɔ sɛ wɔreto no mmonnaa wɔ adwene mu.
Saa berɛ yi deɛ, Marechera asetena bɛyɛɛ basaa, na ɛde no too Cardiff Afiase wɔ 1977 mu mpo esiane wii a okura nti, ne gyinaesi a ɛfa sɛnea wɔbɛpam no ho. Ɔde ne ho bɔɔ mpɔtam a enni ntini a atwa Oxford ne mmeae afoforo ho ahyia no ho, na ɔdaa nnamfoɔ dan a wɔtena mu na ɔkyerɛ ayɛsɛm ne anwensɛm ahoroɔ ahoroɔ wɔ abɔnten so benkyi so na basabasayɛfoɔ taa kyere no na polisifo bɔɔ no hu sɛ ɔkyinkyin. Wɔ saa berɛ yi mu no, ɔsan nso traa mpɔtam a nnipa a wɔte ase wɔ Tolmers Square wɔ London mfinimfini [2] no mu asram pii, na wogye di sɛ ɛha na owiee ne nwoma a edi kan kyerɛ. Enti ɛyɛ osuahu ahoroɔ a wɔaka abom wɔ Rhodesia Sukuupɔn, Oxford ne akwantuo a wɔkyinkyin wɔ England ne Wales mmɔnten so no mu na Marechera adwuma a wɔagye din sen obiara, House Of Hunger, bae.
Nwoma a Wɔatintim[sesa]
Marechera nwoma a edi kan ne magnum opus, The House of Hunger (1978) – a ɛyɛ novella baako ne satellite nsɛm ntiantiaa nkron a wɔaboaboa ano – bae berɛ a na n’abam abu kɛse wɔ New College, Oxford Sukuupɔn mu no akyi pɛɛ. James Currey [3] na ɔfaa House Of Hunger no wɔ Heinemann na wotintimii wɔ wɔn African Writers Series mu. Nwoma no asɛmti asɛm tenten no ka ɔkyerɛfoɔ no mmofraberem ne ne mmeranteberɛ a na ɔhaw wom wɔ atubrafoɔ Rhodesia ho asɛm wɔ ɔkwan a ɛkanyan nkate mu na ɛyɛ ogyaframa a wɔde ano ka so. Asɛm no yɛ nea nsakrae a ɛba berɛ ne beae mu ne nsusuɛ hunu ne nokwasɛm a ɛyɛ kusuu.
Wobuu The House of Hunger sɛ ɛtwerɛ su foforo bi a ɛfa Afrikafoɔ atwerɛ a ɛyɛ katee na ɛyɛ anisoadehu ho, na wɔmaa The House of Hunger 1979 Guardian Fiction Prize. Marechera ne Afrikani a odi kan ne ɔno nko ara a onyaa abasobɔde no wɔ ne mfeɛ 33 mu (wɔde Guardian Nwoma a Edi Kan Abasobɔde sii ananmu wɔ 1999 mu). Marechera bɛyɛɛ biribi a wagye din ntɛm ara wɔ England nwomatwerɛwfoɔ mu. Nanso, aseɛ a ɔde sɛe ne ho no daa adi sɛ wontumi nsi ano na ɔde abufuo ba berɛ nyinaa. Wɔ buffet anwummere adidi a wɔde maa Guardian Fiction Prize no ase no, wɔ abufuo mu no, Marechera fii aseɛ too mprɛte guu kaneadua [3][3] bi so wɔ ɔkwan a wɔbɛkae so. Ne nyinaa mu no, Leeds Sukuupɔn ne Sheffield Sukuupɔn de dibea ahoroɔ maa no sɛ ɔtwerɛwfoɔ a ɔte hɔ.[3]
Ɛte sɛ nea na Marechera susuwɛ sɛ Britania nwoma tintim adwumayɛbea no retete no afiri ne nsam, enti ɔde ne ho too Heinemann adwumayɛbea ahoroɔ so wɔ mmerɛ a ɛyɛ nwonwa mu kɔsrɛɛ n’ahemfo sika. Nanso, na ɔte ohia a emu yɛ den mu na ne honam fam akwahosan huu amane kɛse esiane sɛ na onnidi pii na ɔnom nsa pii nti. Nnamfoɔ, mfɛfo Zimbabwe sukuufoɔ te sɛ Musaemura Zimunya (anwensɛm twerɛwfo wɔ n’ankasa mu), Rino Zhuwarara, Stanley Nyamfukudza (ɔtwerɛwfoɔ foforoɔ a ɔwɔ adom akyɛdeɛ ne nnamfoɔ a wɔnyɛ hwee ara kwa no nyinaa, Marechera susuɛ sɛ wɔde ne ho ahyɛ ne haw pii mu bereɛ mpo wɔde adwempa na ɛyɛɛ wɔn ade. Awieɛ koraa no ɔne nnipa a wɔba fam na wɔte aseɛ wɔ nwomatwerɛ adwumayɛbea no ano no sɛn, na ɔde ne ho kɔhyɛɛ apontoɔ ahoroɔ ase na mpɛn pii no ɔkɔɔ ɔhaw mu na bɛboro pɛnkoro, na Currey gyee no fii afiase. Nea ɛmaa asɛm no yɛɛ den ne sɛ, Afrikafoɔ pii, a wɔn mfɛfo Zimbabwe sukuufo ka ho, ante nka sɛ Marechera reboa n’asɛm no denam mframa a ɔde bɛhyɛ mu, a ɛka Engiresi kasa a ɛkorɔn ne ntadehyɛ ho adwene a ɛyɛ nwonwa a ɔwɔ no so. Esiane ne suban a ɛha adwene nti, na wɔtaa te no fi Africa Centre, amammerɛ nhyiam-beae a ɛwɔ London Covent Garden ma Afrikafoɔ ne Afrocentric nwomanimfoɔ ne sukuufoɔ no mu. twerɛtohɔ ahoroɔ bi kyerɛ sɛ Marechera waree Britania baa bi nanso wonnim pii fa nkabom no ho.
Wɔde Marechera 1980 nhwehwɛmu ayɛsɛm Black Sunlight atoto James Joyce ne Henry Miller ntwereɛ ho nanso entumi nnya nkonimdie titiriw a ɛwɔ The House of Hunger mu no. Marechera nwoma a ɛto so mmienu no a wɔahyehyɛ no yie na ɛyɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so yɛ ade no mu nsusuɛ hunu, a nwomani ne nyansapɛ mu nsɛntitiriw ahoroɔ a wɔka ho asɛm no twetwe adwene a ɛyɛ nwonwa, hwehwɛ adwene a ɛne sɛ anarchism yɛ adwene mu gyinabea a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ no mu.
Wɔsɔan kɔɔ Zimbabwe ne mfeɛ a ɛtwa toɔ[sesa]
Marechera san kɔɔ Zimbabwe a na ɛde ne ho foforoɔ no mu wɔ afe 1982 [3] mu sɛ ɔrekɔboa ma wɔayi sini a ɛne The House of Hunger. Nanso, ɔne ɔkwankyerɛfoɔ no ntam yɛɛ basaa na ɔtraa Zimbabwe berɛ a adwumayɛfoɔ no kɔe no, na odii anim wɔ asetena a onni fie wɔ Harare ansa na ɔrewu wɔ hɔ mfeɛ num akyi wɔ 1987 mu, esiane ahurututu mu yareɛ bi a AIDS de ba nti, a na wadi mfeɛ aduasa num (35).[3]
Adwene a ɛyɛ hu; anaasɛ, wɔtwerɛɛ The Definitive Buddy (1984) afe a edi ne sanba fie akyi na ɛwɔ agorɔ mmiɛnsa, asɛm a wɔde ayɛ asɛm, anwensɛm a wɔaboaboa ano, ne da biara da nsɛm a wɔatwereɛ wɔ park-bench so. Nhoma no kasa tia honam fam ade dodopɛ, abodwokyɛre a wonni, hokwan ahoroɔ a wɔhwehwɛ, ne adifudepɛ a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ Zimbabwe wɔ ahofadi akyi no, na ɛtrɛɛ amammuo mu akyinnyegye no mu kɔ akyire sen ɔmampɛ ho asɛmmisa no ma egye asetena mu awoɔ foforo ankasa tom. Wɔn ho a wɔhwehwɛ mu denneennen, asetra mu ɔkasatia a ɛyɛ nokware, ne ɔkwan a wɔfa so sɔ nneɛma hwɛ pefee a wɔaka abom no maa Zimbabwefoɔ awoɔ ntoatoaso nkumaa bi, awoɔ ntoatoasoɔ a wɔfrɛ wɔn adwene a ɛyɛ hu, a na wɔrehwehwɛ akwan foforoɔ a wɔbɛfa so ahu wɔn dwumadi ahoroɔ wɔ ɔman a ɛreba no mu no ani gyee ho.
Wɔde The Black Insider a wotintimm wɔ ne wuo akyi wɔ 1990 mu no si adwinni ho adesuabea dan bi a ɛma anyansafoɔ ne mfoniniyɛfo kuo bi dwankɔbea firi ɛko a wɔankyerɛkyerɛ mu a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ abɔnten, a akyire yi ɛkata wɔn nso so no mu. Nkɔmmɔbɔ a nnipa a wɔka ho asɛm no bɔ no twe adwene si Afrikafoɔ nipasu ne adwene su so, na nea ɔyɛ asɛm no mu ɔkannifoɔ no ka sɛ Afrikafoɔ ohoni no yɛ tumidifoɔ foforo a ɔyɛ ɔmanpanyin ara kwa.
Wotintim Marechera anwensɛm no wɔ ne wuo akyi wɔ asɛmti Cemetery of Mind (1992) ase. Te sɛ n’asɛm no, n’anwensɛm ahoroɔ no kyerɛ nkɛntɛnso a nnɛyi atwerɛwfoɔ nyae firi Arthur Rimbaud ne T. S. Eliot so kosi Allen Ginsberg ne Christopher Okigbo so, na ɛsi ne su a ɛne sɛ ɔbɛkasa atia asetena mu nhumu, ne ho a ɔhwehwɛ mu denneennen, ne akokoduru a ɔde ano ka no so dua.
Wɔ nsɛmbisa mu no, Marechera kaa ne ho asɛm sɛ: "Misusuu sɛ me ne doppelganger a, ɛde besi sɛ mepue no, na Afrika nwoma ahoroɔ nnya nhyiaa no. Wei yɛ nhwehwɛmu a ɛdi mu a ɛfa dwuma a Marechera dii wɔ ɔkenkanfoɔ no a ɔmaa ɔkenkanfoɔ no ho dwirii no ma ɔhwɛɛ ne ho foforoɔ wɔ aniwa so no ho." ɔfoforo no.Ne ankorankoroɔ ho adwene, nwoma mu sɔhwɛ, ne ahoni a ɔsɛe no hwɛ hu sɛ n’adwuma no sɔre tia nkyerɛase teateaa, ɛsakra bereɔ nyinaa na ɛtwa ahye.
Abasobɔdeɛ[sesa]
- 1979: Guardian Fiction Prize
Agyapadeɛ[sesa]
Marechera da so ara yɛ Zimbabwe amammerɛ mu ade a ɛho hia sen bibiara wɔ adebɔ atwerɛ afa. Ɛfiri berɛ a owui no, atwerɛfoɔ nkumaa dodoɔ pii ne ne mfɛfo pii atwerɛ twerɛtohɔ ne asetena ho nsɛm pii a ɛkyerɛkyerɛ n’asetena ne n’adwuma a na ɔhaw wom no mu kɔ akyire.[3] Wɔ 1990 mfeɛ no mu no, na ahɔhoɔ a wɔagye din sene bibiara ne ahɔhoɔ, titiriw Germanni nhomanimfoɔ Flora Veit-Wild a watwerɛ Marechera asetena ne n’adwuma ho nsɛm ne nea ɛfiri mu ba nyinaa. Nea Wild hwere no awerɛhow ne nokwasɛm a ɛyɛ sɛ Marechera hyehyɛɛ n’ankasa asetra bere a ɔkɔɔ so no. Ɛte sɛ nea Wild fa nneɛma a onya firii Marechera hɔ no pii sɛ nokwasɛm. Wɔ asɛm bi a ɔtwereɛɛ wɔ Wasafiri nsɛmma nwoma mu wɔ March 2012 mu no, Wild buaa asɛmmisa a ɛfa nea enti a "wantwerɛ Dambudzo Marechera asetena ho asɛm a ɛfata" denam ka a ɔkaa sɛ: "Me mmuae ne sɛ na mempɛ sɛ mɛbubu ne nipasu a ɛwɔ afa horoɔ pii no agu tumi baako mu." asɛm a wɔka na mmom ma nne ahoroɔ no nkasa mma wɔn ho. Nanso wei nyɛ nokware no nyinaa. Mantumi antwerɛ n'asetena ho asɛm ɛfisɛ na m'ankasa m'asetena ne ne de no ayɛ nea ɛyɛ nwonwa yie." Afei ɔkaa n’ankasa de ne ho hyɛɛ mu wɔ asram 18 mu kɔɔ akyiri.[3][3][3]
Ainehi Edoro a ɔwɔ Brittle Paper aka sɛ "ɛnnɛ, Marechera yɛ ahyɛnsode a ɛkyerɛ ayɛsɛm a wɔsɔ hwɛ ne amammerɛ mu atuate wɔ Afrika nwoma ahoroɔ mu.[3]
Nwoma ahoroɔ a wɔahyehyɛ[sesa]
- 1978: The House of Hunger, Heinemann African Writers Series
- 1980: Black Sunlight
- 1984: Mindblast or The Definitive Buddy
- 1992: The Black Insider
- 1992: Cemetery of Mind
- 1994: Scrapiron Blues