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Ɔman nipasu (National Identity)

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Ɔman nipasu yɛ obi nipasu anaa nka ɔte sɛ ɔyɛ ɔman baako anaa deɛ ɛboro saa anaa ɔman baako anaa deɛ ɛboro saa muni.[1][2] Ɛyɛ nteaseɛ a ɛwɔ "ɔman bi mu te sɛ adeɛ a ɛka bom, sɛdeɛ wɔde atetesɛm, amammerɛ, ne kasa soronko a ɛgyina hɔ ma no".[3] Ɔman nipasu bɛtumi akyerɛ adwene a obi ne nnipa kuo bi nya wɔ ɔman bi ho, a mmara kwan so ɔman ba a ɔwɔ mfa ho. Wɔbu ɔman nipasu wɔ adwene nsɛm mu sɛ "nsonsonoeɛ ho nimdeɛ", "‘yɛn' ne 'wɔn' ho atenka ne hu".[4][5] Ɔman nipasu nso ka nnipa dodoɔ ne atubrafo a wɔn wɔ aman ne aman a wɔfiri mmusuakuo ahodoɔ mu a wɔn wɔ adwene a wɔbom yɛ a ɛne ɔman bi de yɛ pɛ berɛ a mmusuakuo ahodoɔ pii a wɔka bom yɛ no ho. Mmusuakuo a wɔde nkyerɛadeɛ ahyɛ mu no yɛ nhwɛsoɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛdeɛ mmusuakuo ne ɔman ahodoɔ pii ka bɔm wɔ onipa baako anaa kuo baako mu.

Sɛ adeyɛ a wɔbom yɛ no, ɔman nipasu bɛtumi asɔre sɛ deɛ efiri nnoɔma a efiri "nsɛntitiri a wɔtaa de di dwuma" mu ba wɔ nnipa da biara da asetena mu: ɔman ahyɛnsodeɛ, kasa, ɔman no abakɔsɛm, ɔman no adwene, ne amammerɛ mu nnoɔma.[6]

Wɔ Amanaman Ntam Mmara ase no, asɛmfua ɔman nipasu, a ɛfa aman ho no, wɔtumi sesa asɛmfua ɔman nipasu anaa ɔman no tumidie nipasu. Ɔman bi nipasu sɛdeɛ wɔkyerɛ ase no fa ɔman no din a wɔde di dwuma sɛ mmara kwan so nkyerɛkyerɛmu wɔ amanaman ntam abusuabɔ mu ne adeɛ titiri a ɛwɔ ɔman no amanaman ntam mmara mu nipasu mu no ho. Ɔman no tumidi ho nipasu nso gyina hɔ ma adeɛ baako a wɔde kyerɛ ɔman no amammerɛ anaa amammerɛ mu nipasu wɔ Amanaman Ntam Mmara ase no, ɛte sɛ deɛ abɔnten so biribiara a wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ amammerɛ mu nipasu anaa amammerɛ mu gyidie ahodoɔ ne atetesɛm mu no yɛ deɛ wontumi nnye ntom.[7] Ɛte sɛ deɛ amammerɛ mu ɔman nipasu a wɔbɛgye afiri obi nsam anaa akyi nsakraeɛ biara no bu nnipa hokwan atitiri a wɔbom yɛ no so.[8]

Ɔman nnipasu a obi da no adi a wɔhunu no wɔ kwan pa so ne ɔman ho dɔ ne ɔman ho ahantan a ɛwɔ hɔ ma ne man ho adwene pa na ɛda adi. Ɔman nipasu a wɔda no adi kɛse ne "chauvinism", a ɛkyerɛ gyidie a emu yɛ den a obi wɔ sɛ ɔman no korɔn na ɔdi ma ne man nokware kɛse.[9]

Kwan a wɔfa so hyehyɛ ɔman nnipasu

[sesa]

Ɔman nipasu nyɛ su a wɔde wo wɔ awoɔ mu na ne titiri no, wɔde asetena mu kyekyere. Obi man nipasu firi nnoɔma a efiri "nsɛntitiri a wɔtaa de di dwuma" mu wɔ nnipa da biara da asetena mu: ɔman agyinaehyɛdeɛ, kasa, kala, ɔman no abakɔsɛm, mogya mu abusuabɔ, amammerɛ, nnwom, aduane yɛ, radio, television, ne deɛ ɛkeka ho.[10] [11]

Under various social influences, people incorporate national identity into their identities by adopting beliefs, values, assumptions, and expectations which align with one's national identity. People with identification of their nation view national beliefs and values as personally meaningful and translate these beliefs and values into daily practices.

Wɔ nnoɔma a yɛnya firi wiase asetena mu no, nkurɔfoɔ de ɔman nipasu ka wɔn nipasu ho ɛnam wɔn gyidie, gyinapɛn, nsusuwii, ne akwanhwɛ a ɛne obi man nipasu hyia a wɔfa so.[11] Nnipa a wɔkyerɛ wɔn man no bu ɔman gyidie ne gyinapɛn ahodoɔ sɛ deɛ nteaseɛ wɔm ankasa na wɔkyerɛ saa gyidie ne gyinapɛn ahodoɔ yi ase kɔ da biara nneyɔeɛ mu.[1]

Nwomanimfoɔ pii kyekyɛɛ ɔmampɛ mu sɛ ɔmanfo ne mmusuakuo mu ɔmampɛ. Mmusuakuo mu ɔmampɛ twe adwene si anansesɛm ahodoɔ a ɛfa nananom ho, abɔdeɛ mu agyapadeɛ, mogya mu abusuabɔ, kasa a ɛsesɛ ne nyamesom mu ho gyidie so. Deɛ ɛne wei bɔ abira no ne, ɔmanfoɔ ɔmampɛ a ɛtwe adwene si asasesini a wɔbom yɛ ne man a wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ mu so. Ɛma wonya amammerɛ soronko a wɔkyɛ a ɔman mma nyinaa gye tom sɛ ɔmanfoɔ. Ɛyɛ mmusuakuo mu ɔmampɛ na ɛmaa Soviet Union guiɛ, faako a ɔhaw pii sɔree berɛ a mmusuakuo mmienu anaa deɛ ɛboro saa kyɛ asasesini baako no. Na asɛmmisa a ɛne sɛ mmusuakuo bɛn na ɛyɛ deɛ ɛwɔ tumi kɛseɛ no yɛ ɔhaw titiri.Enti, wɔ nwoma ahodoɔ mu no, ɔmanfoɔ pɛ yɛ aman a wɔanya nkɔsoɔ wɔ amammerɛ mu a wɔbɛtumi afiri gyinabea a wɔwɔ ahotɔsoɔ wɔ mu akɔ wɔn ho wɔn ho nkyɛn pɛpɛɛpɛ, ahwehwɛ baakoyɛ a ɛgyina obu a wɔde ma wɔn ho wɔn ho so no su. Deɛ ɛne wei bɔ abira no, mmusuakuo mu pɛ kyerɛ aman a wonnyaa nkɔsoɔ pii, a efiri sɛdeɛ wɔte nka ne sɛdeɛ wɔmfata ne ɔko ho nhyehyɛeɛ ahodoɔ a ɛkanyan adwene na ɛde ba. Gellner[12] (1983, pp.99–100) hyɛ ɔman–amammerɛ mu nsonsonoeɛ no mu den ɛnam ka a ɔka sɛ Atɔeɛ fam ɔmanfoɔ aman gyina amammerɛ a ɛkorɔn so na ɛboaboa ano. Deɛ ɛne wei bɔ abira no, wɔgyina mpɔtam hɔ, beaɛ a agye din, ne atetesɛm amammerɛ so na ɛka Apuei Fam ɔmanfoɔ fekuo ahodoɔ bom. Ignatieff[13] (1993, nkratafa 7-8). gyinaa ɔkwan korɔ no ara so ɛnam akyinnyegye a ogyee sɛ mmusuakuo mu ɔmampɛ yɛ nnipadɔm a wonsuaa nwoma no ɔmampɛ a ɔmanfoɔ no kyerɛkyerɛ ankorankorɛ mu na ɛnyɛ deɛ ɛne no bɔ abira no so.

Sukuu atitiri mmiɛsa a ɛkyerɛkyerɛ ɔman nipasu mu wɔ hɔ. "Essentialists" bu ɔman nipasu sɛ ɛyɛ deɛ ɛyɛ pintinn/yɛayɛ dada, a ɛgyina nananom, kasa abakɔsɛm, mmusuakuo, ne wiase adwene a wɔtaa de di dwuma so (Connor 1994;[14] Huntington 1996[15]). Constructivistfoɔ gye dii sɛ amammui nsɛm ho hia ne tumi a akuo a wɔdi tumi di dwuma de nya na wɔkura diberɛ a ɛyɛ hokwan wɔ ɔmanfoɔ mu (Brubaker, 2009;[16] Spillman, 1997;[17] Wagner-Pacifici & Schwartz, 1991[18]). Awieiɛ koraa no, ɔmanfoɔ nipasu sukuu no twe adwene si gyinapɛn ahodoɔ a wɔkyɛ a ɛfa nnipa pɛ ahodoɔ ne Ɔman ahyehyɛdeɛ ahodoɔ a ɛfata sɛ wɔde di tumi so.

Nwomanimfoɔ kakraa bi hwehwɛɛ sɛdeɛ amammerɛ a agye din ne ɔkwan a wɔfa so kyekyere nnipa nipasu no wɔ abusuabɔ mu. Ebinom hunu sɛ nnɛyi nnwom ahodoɔ bɛtumi ahyɛ mmusuakuo mu nipasu mu den ɛnam mmusuakuo ho ahantan a wɔbɛma ayɛ kɛse so.[19]

Kwan a yɛfa so de adwenepɔ bi to dwa

[sesa]

Amanyɔsɛm benfo Rupert Emerson kyerɛɛ ɔman nipasu ase sɛ "nnipa kuo a wɔte nka sɛ wɔyɛ ɔman".[20] Saa ɔman nipasu ho nkyerɛaseɛ yi, asetena mu adwene ho ɔbenfo, Henri Tajfel, a ɔne John Turner boom hyehyɛɛ asetena mu nipasu ho nsusuiiɛ no foaa so.[21] Asetena mu nipasu gye ɔman nipasu nkyerɛaseɛ yi tom na ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɔman nipasu ho adwenepɔ a wɔde hyɛ mu no ka wɔn ho a wɔkyekyɛ de ne nyinaa to dwa. Adwene mu pɔ a wɔde to dwa kyerɛ sɛ obi ne ɔman bi bɛda ne ho adi na wabu ne ho sɛ ɔman bi muni. Ɔfa a ɛkyerɛ ɛfa bi no kyerɛ atenka a obi nya wɔ saa nkyerɛkyerɛmu yi ho, te sɛ obi a ɔte nka sɛ ɔyɛ emuni, anaasɛ atenka a ɔde bata ne man ho.[2] Kuo pɔtee bi mufoɔ a wonim no ka no atenka pa a ɛfa kuo no ho na ɛma wonya su sɛ wogyina saa kuo no ananmu yɛ ade, berɛ wonnim kuo no mufoɔ afoforɔ no ankasa.[2]

Ɔman nipasu hwehwɛ sɛ wɔyɛ nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔde kyekyɛ wɔn ho mu, na ɛfa kuo mu (a ɛregyina hɔ ama obi wɔ ne man mu) nsonsonoe a ɛda ɛnni kuo no (aman afoforo) mu nyinaa ho. Sɛ worehunu nnoɔma a ɛyɛ pɛ te sɛ abusua a wofiri mu ne nkrabea korɔ, nkurɔfoɔ a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ ɔman bi mu na wɔyɛ kuo bi a ɛwɔ kuo bi mu, na berɛ korɔ no ara mu no wobu nnipa a wɔne ɔman soronko bi yɛ wɔn ho sɛ kuo a wɔfiri akyiri. Asetena mu nipasu ho nsusuiiɛ kyerɛ abusuabɔ pa a ɛda ɔman bi a wɔbɛkyerɛ ne aman afoforo a wɔbrɛ wɔn ho ase ntam. Ne sɛ wobɛhunu ɛman a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu ne nkurɔfoɔ wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ akuo ntam ntotoho mu na wɔtaa bu akuo a wɔnni akyiri no animtia.[2] Nanso, nhwehwɛmu pii ayɛ saa abusuabɔ yi a ɛda ɔman nipasu ne wɔn aman a wɔbrɛ wɔn ho ase na wɔhunu sɛ wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ ɔman nipasu mu a, ɛnyɛ deɛ ɛbɛma wɔabu wɔn animtia wɔ kuo no akyi.

Ɔman nipasu, te sɛ asetena mu nipasu afoforo no, ma obi nya atenka pa te sɛ ahantan ne ɔdɔ ma ne man, ne asɛdeɛ ho atenka a ɔwɔ ma ɔman mma afoforɔ.[22] Ɔman nipasu a wɔde ba nkitahodie mu, te sɛ ɔman ahantan a wɔde bɛbɔ fekuo ne ɔman no mu soronkoyɛ ho adwene boa ma baakoyɛ ba mmusuakuo ntam. Sɛ nhwɛso, wɔ U.S. nu no ɛnam mmusuakuo ahodoɔ a wɔbom yɛ Amerikafoɔ nti, nnipa tae ka bɔm nya atinka soroko bi wɔ ɔman ahomasoɔ ho ne sɛ wɔn wɔ U.S. na wɔn ayɛ wɔn adwene sɛ wɔbɛtu kwan akɔ nkuro foforɔ so ɛnam ntɔkwa bi nti.[23]


Nnoɔma a ɛho hia kɛseɛ

Ɔman nipasu bɛtumi ada adi kɛseɛ berɛ a ɔman ahyia atamfoɔ a wɔfiri akyiri anaa wɔ wɔn mu ne abɔdeɛ mu[4] esiane ahodoɔ.[24] Saa nnoɔma yi ho nhwɛsoɔ ne ɔman ho dɔ ne ɔman ho dɔ a ɛkɔɔ soro wɔ U.S. wɔ tua a ɛbaa ɛbɔ 11, 2001 akyi.[25][26] Nnipa a wɔyɛ Amerikani no da nson wɔ tua no akyi na wɔkanyan Amerikafo ɔman nipasu.[1] Sɛ obi wɔ ahunahuna baako anaa botaeɛ baako a, ɛka nnipa bom wɔ ɔman bi mu na ɛma ɔman nipasu nya nkɔsoɔ.[27]

Asetena mu ɔbenfo Anthony Smith kyerɛ sɛ ɔman nipasu wɔ su a ɛkɔ na yɛtumi de ma wɔ awoɔ ntoatoaso ahodoɔ mu. Sɛ yɛredan anansesɛm ahodoɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔwɔ abusua baako ne nkrabea korɔ a wɔda no adi, nkurɔfoɔ adwene a wɔwɔ sɛ ɔman bi mufoɔ no tumi yɛ kɛseɛ. Nanso, ɔman mu nipasu bɛtumi ayera berɛ a nnipa pii atena amannɔne aman mu berɛ tenten, na wɔ tumi de nnipa a ɛboro aman so akasa atia, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔbɛdan wɔn ho adi wɔ kuo kɛseɛ a ɛka nnipa nyinaa ho kɛseɛ a nnipa a wofiri aman pii mu ka ho.[28]

Nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɔeɛ wɔ amannɔne adesua suahu a ɛtwe adwene sii nkɛntɛnso a Amerikafoɔ nsusuiiɛ hunu nyae so no dan no adi sɛ Amerikafoɔ sukuufoɔ hyiaa nsɛnnennen wɔ nkitahodie a wɔne ɔman a wɔagye wɔn no bɛbɔ mu wɔ wɔn amannɔne adesua suahu mu esiane Amerikafoɔ nipasu ho adwene a ɛnteɛ nti. Na adwene a ɛnteɛ a ɛkaa wɔn suahunu no wɔ abusuabɔ ne amammuisɛm wɔ Trump a wɔpaw no no mu, nhwehwɛmu no hunuu sɛ asuafoɔ no bɛtwe wɔn ho, wɔbɛtwe wɔn ho, wɔbɛsi nnoɔma bi kwan, wɔbɛfa wɔn ho, anaa wɔbɛkasa atia wɔn nipasu anaa ahɔhoɔ amammerɛ wɔ nkitahodie a wɔhyiaeɛ no ho mmuaeɛ (Goldstein, 97). Saa nsusuiiɛ ahodoɔ a wɔadi kan anya a amammerɛ a agyefo no ne Amerikafo mpo de susu ho yi ka tumi a nnipa a wofiri mmeaeɛ ahodoɔ te ase na wɔgye wɔn ho wɔn ho tom sɛ ankorankoro mmom sen sɛ wobɛgye amammerɛ kuo bi ho adwene a ɛyɛ katee no[29] .

Nnipa

Nnipa no ne adwene titiri a ɛma wonya ɔman nipasu. Nanso wɔbetumi afa ɔmampɛ mu nteaseɛ ahodoɔ so ahunu nnipa na wɔakyekyere. Nhwɛsoɔ ahodoɔ no firi Völkisch kuo no so kɔsi nnipa aman akuo so.

Ɔman adwene

[sesa]

Ɔman adwene yɛ ɔman nipasu ho adwene a wɔkyɛ[30] ne nteaseɛ a wɔkyɛ sɛ nnipa kuo bi wɔ mmusuakuo/kasa/amammerɛ a wɔbom yɛ. Wɔ abakɔsɛm mu no, ɔman ho adwene a ɛkɔ soro no ne anammɔn a edi kan a wɔatu de ayɛ ɔman. Wohwɛ a, ɔman adwene, ɛyɛ obi nhunumu gyinabea, wɔ nnipa dodoɔ no ara ho ne nteaseɛ a ɔwɔ sɛ "wɔn" nni hɔ a "yɛn" nni hɔ. Ɛyɛ adwene ne gyidi pii a wɔkyɛ wɔ nnoɔma te sɛ abusua, amanneɛ, ɔmanfoɔ ne ɔbarima anaa ɔbaa dwumadie ahodoɔ, ne deɛ ɛkeka ho ho nimdeɛ.Nhumu no ma obi nya "nnipa a wɔbom yɛ" a ɛma wonya nimdeɛ a ɛnyɛ baabi a wɔwɔ nko ara na mmom sɛdeɛ saa mmeaeɛ ne nnipa a wɔatwa wɔn ho ahyia no ho hia ara ma awieɛ koraa no wɔma nnipakuo no yɛ ɔman. Ne tiawa mu no, wɔbɛtumi akyerɛkyerɛ ɔman adwene mu sɛ suban titiri pɔtee bi a ɛma akwan a ɛyɛ su a wɔfa so susu asetena mu nnoɔma ho.[31]

Ɔman ho nipasu ahodoɔ a ɛwɔ Europe ne Amerika no nyaa nkɔso nkaa amammuo mu tumidie a wɔde ahyɛ ɔman no adwene no ho. Wɔ Europa Apuei fam no, na wɔtaa de bata mmusuakuo ne amammerɛ nso ho.[30] Ɔmampɛ hwehwɛ sɛ wɔdi kan nya ɔman adwene, ɔman mu nnipa kuo bi, anaa ɔman.[32] Wɔtaa ka sɛ ɔman adwene a wɔkanyan no firi ɔman mu abran na wɔde bata ɔman agyinahyɛde ahodoɔ ho.

Adwene a wɔde di dwuma

[sesa]

Benedict Anderson

[sesa]

Wɔyɛ aman, wɔ Benedict Anderson fam no, ɛho mfonin wɔ wɔn adwene mu. Adwenepɔ a ɛwɔ "mpɔtam a wɔayɛ ho mfonin" ho ne sɛ wɔakyekyere ɔman bi wɔ asetena mu, na ɔman no yɛ ankorankorɛ a wɔ hunu wɔn ho sɛ kuo fa pɔtee bi. Anderson kaa aman ho asɛm sɛ "mpɔtam a wɔayɛ ho mfonin". Na ɔsusuu sɛ aman, anaa mpɔtam a wɔyɛ ho mfonin wɔ wɔn adwene mu, ahye esiane wɔn ahyeɛ a ɛfa deɛ ɔwɔ mu ne deɛ ɔfiri adi ho nti. Na Anderson gyedi sɛ ɔman no nam nnipa a wɔayi wɔn afiri mu so na ɛyɛ adwuma. Nanso, aman yi ne wɔn a wɔwɔ akyiri nanso wɔn asɔremma a wonsusu wɔn ho ntɛm ara wɔ adwene a wɔaboaboa ano a ɛfa wɔn ɔman nipasu ho no nso firi mu.[33] Anderson susuu sɛ wɔahyɛ aman hye na ɛsan nso yɛ:

Wɔn dwumadie: Esiane adwene mu ahyeɛ anaa adwene nti, yɛde si afoforo amammerɛ ho, mmusuakuo, ne deɛ ɛkeka ho. Yɛnnyɛ obiara a ɔwɔ ɔman baako mu anaa sɛ ɔmampɛ baako ase wɔ yɛn adwene mu, nanso yɛtete yɛn ho wɔ adwene mu.

[34]

Tumidie: Na amanaman di tumi efiri sɛ tumidie yɛ ahofadie a wonya firi atetesɛm mu nyamesom nneyɔeɛ ho sɛnkyerɛnne. Tumidie ma ahyehyɛde a ehia ma ɔman bi berɛ a wɔma ɛyɛ deɛ ɛho nni atetesɛm nyamesom nhyɛsoɔ.[34]

Ernest Gellner

[sesa]

Te sɛ Benedict Anderson no, Gellner susuiɛ sɛ aman nyɛ "mpɔtam a wɔayɛ ho mfonin". Ernest Gellner kyerɛkyerɛɛ sɛdeɛ osusuiɛ sɛ aman na efiri ase no mu wɔ ne nwoma no mu. Wɔ n’ani so no, aman yɛ nnɛyi nnoɔma a wɔasisi ne deɛ ɛfiri ɔmampɛ mu ba koraa. Gellner gyedii sɛ aman firi Mfididwuma mu.[38] Esiane sɛ nnipa pii a wofiri mmusua ahodoɔ mu hyia wɔ nkuro akɛse mu nti, na ɛwɔ sɛ wɔyɛ nnipa korɔ wɔ wɔn mu. Kapitalism a ɛde baeɛ no tɔɔ ahwehwɛdeɛ a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛsane atete wɔn berɛ nyinaa na Gellner susuu sɛ deɛ efirii mu bae ne sɛ, wɔdii ahwehwɛdeɛ no ho dwuma ɛnam berɛ a atwam a wɔbom yɛ, amammerɛ ne kasa baako a wɔyɔeɛ, a ɛde aman awoɔ bae no so.

Gellner susuwii sɛ aman yɛ nnoɔma a esisi na ɛnyɛ amansan nyinaa ahiadeɛ. Ɔkae sɛ yɛn adwene wɔ ɔman no ho no te saa.

Sɛ mmarima mmienu firi amammerɛ korɔ mu nkutoo a, na mmarima mmienu yɛ pɛ. Wɔ saa tebea yi mu no, amammerɛ yɛ "nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛfa adwene, nsɛnkyerɛnne, fekubɔ, ne akwan a wɔfa so di nkitaho.[39]

Sɛ mmarima baanu gye wɔn ho wɔn ho tom sɛ wɔyɛ ɔman baako fa nkutoo a, wɔfiri ɔman korɔ mu.

Ɛyɛ mmarima a wogye wɔn ho wɔn ho tom sɛ nnipa a wɔyɛ pɛ na ɛmaa wɔbɛyɛɛ ɔman na ɛnyɛ wɔn su hodoɔ a wɔbom yɛ.

Paul Gilbert

[sesa]

Wɔ "The Philosophy of Nationalism" mu no, Paul Gilbert bubu deɛ osusuu fa ɔman ho mu na n'adwene ne Anderson ne Gellner nyinaa bɔ abira. Wɔ nwoma no mu no, Gilbert gye tom sɛ aman yɛ nnoɔma pii. Gilbert nso se aman ne:

Nominalist: Biribiara a nnipa kuo bi a wɔbu wɔn ho sɛ ɔman ka sɛ ɔman yɛ [35]

Otuhuakyɛ: "Nnipa kuo a ɔman a wɔtaa pɛ akyekyere wɔn" [36]

Asasesini: Nnipa kuo a wɔte bɛn, anaa wɔn wɔ asasesini koro [36]

Kasa ho nimdeɛ: Nnipa a wɔka kasa korɔ.[36]

Axiological: Nnipa kuo a wɔwɔ ade soronko korɔ. [36]

Beaɛ a Wɔrekorɔ: Nnipa kuo a wɔwɔ abakɔsɛm korɔ, ne asɛmpatrɛ adwuma korɔ.[36]

Nnoɔma wɔfa mu

[sesa]

Mmusuakuo a obi firi mu

[sesa]

Wɔ aman a mmusuakuo ahodoɔ pii wɔ mu no, mmusuakuo, ne ɔman nipasu bɛtumi ayɛ ntawantawadie.[37] Wɔtaa frɛ saa ntawantawadie ahodoɔ yi sɛ mmusuakuo ntam ntawantawadie. Mmusuakuo ntam ntawantawadie a agye din no mu baako ne apereperedie a ɛda Australia aban ne aborɔfo a wɔwɔ Australia ntam.[38] Australia aban ne dodoɔ no ara amammerɛ de nhyehyɛeɛ ne adwuma a ɛboaa dodoɔ no ara, amammerɛ mu nhyehyɛeɛ ahodoɔ a ɛgyina Europa so, ne ɔman kasa bi sɛ Borɔfo kasa sii hɔ. Ɔman no annye Aboriginefo amammerɛ ne kasa hodoɔ no akyi na ɛkaa kakraa bi na nka ɔman no sɛeɛ ase wɔ afe ɔha a ɛtɔ so aduonu(20) no mu. Esiane saa ntawantawadi ahodoɔ yi nti, Aboriginefo no nkyerɛ wɔn ho kɛseɛ anaasɛ wɔmfa wɔn ho nhyɛ ɔman a ɛne sɛ wɔyɛ Australiani no mu, nanso wɔn mmusuakuo mu nipasu da nson.[39]

Atubrafoɔ ho nsɛm

[sesa]

Berɛ a atubrafoɔ kɔ soro no, aman pii hyia nsɛnnennen a ɛfa ɔman nipasu a wɔbɛfa mu ne atubrafoɔ a wɔbɛma wɔagye wɔn atom ho.[40] Aman binom ka ho kɛseɛ sɛ ɛba atubrafoɔ a wɔbɛhyɛ wɔn nkuran ma wɔanya atenka sɛ wɔyɛ ɔman a wɔagye wɔn no muni. Nhwɛso ne, Canada na atubrafoɔ a wɔba daa no dɔɔso sene obiara wɔ wiase. Canada aban hyɛ atubrafoɔ nkuran sɛ wɔnnya atenka sɛ wɔyɛ Canadafoɔ na wɔama adwene a ɛfa ɔman ho a ɛka nnipa nyinaa ho a ɛka nnipa a wɔwoo wɔn wɔ Canada ne atubrafoɔ nyinaa ho nkuran.[41] Aman bi mfa nnipa pii nka ho. Nhwɛso ne, Russia anya asorɔkye akɛseɛ mmienu a atubrafoɔ aba, baako wɔ 1990 mfeɛ no mu, ɛnna baako nso wɔ 1998 akyi. Na Russiafoɔ buu atubrafoɔ wɔ ɔkwan a enye so na wɔbuu wɔn sɛ "ahɔhoɔ a wɔmma wɔn akwaaba na wɔyɛ wɔn ayayaadeɛ". Wɔbuu atubrafoɔ sɛ wɔyɛ abɔntenfoɔ na wɔayi wɔn afiri ɔman a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔyɛ Russiafoɔ no mu.[42]

Wiase nyinaa a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu

[sesa]

Berɛ a wiase no reyɛ wiase nyinaa de no na, amanaman ntam nsrahwɛ, nkitahodie, ne adwumayɛ mu baakoyɛ akɔ soro.[43] Nnipa a wɔwɔ wiase nyinaa twa aman ahyeɛ mpɛn pii kɔhwehwɛ amammerɛ mu nsakraeɛ, nwomasua, adwadie, ne asetena kwan ahodoɔ. Wiase nyinaa ayɔnkofa wɔ nhyehyɛeɛ ne osuahunu ahodoɔ a wɔbom nya ho nkuran, na ɛsane nso hyɛ nkuran sɛ wɔne wiase nyinaa nnipa bɛka wɔn ho.[44] Ebiara nkurɔfoɔ bɛsakra amansan aman nyinaa mu nnipa na wɔabu wɔn ho sɛ wiase nyinaa abɔdeɛ, anaa wiase ɔman mma.[45] Saa su yi bɛtumi de ɔman nipasu ato asiane mu efirisɛ wiase nyinaa ayɔnkofa no sɛe hia a ɛho hia sɛ obi yɛ ɔman pɔtee bi muni.[46]

Nhwehwɛmufoɔ pii hwehwɛɛ wiase nyinaa ayɔnkofa ne nsonsuansoɔ a enya wɔ ɔman nipasu so na wohunu sɛ berɛ a ɔman bi reyɛ wiase nyinaa de no, ɔman ho dɔ so te, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wiase nyinaa ayɔnkofa a ɛrenya nkɔanim no ne nokwaredie a enni hɔ ne ɔpɛ a obi nni sɛ ɔbɛko ama n’ankasa man no wɔ abusuabɔ[42][47][48]. Nanso, ɔman te sɛ Turkey a ɛwɔ asasesini mu adwadie kwan a ɛho hia ne amanaman ntam dwa a ɛwɔ atetesɛm a ɛfa ahofadie sikasɛm dwumadie a ɛwɔ nnwuma ne amannɔne adwadie a agye ntini mpo wɔ mmusuakuo mu nyiyi mu dodo bi ɛfrisɛ ebia Turkeyfoɔ adetɔfoɔ bɛyɛ adetɔnfo a nteaseɛ wɔ mu titiri ɛnam nyiyi mu a wɔnyɛ wɔ nnoɔma a wɔde firi amannɔne ba ho no so, nanso wɔda ɔpɛ a wɔwɔ wɔ mpɔtam hɔ nnoɔma a ɛyɛ pɛ ne deɛ wɔde firi amannɔne ba no adi ɛfiri sɛ sɛ wɔtɔ a, ɛboa ɔman no sikasɛm ne ɔman no mu adwumayɛ.[49]

Nsɛm

[sesa]

Wɔ tebea hodoɔ bi mu no, ɔman nipasu ne obi manfoɔ nipasu bɔ. Nhwɛso ne, Israel Arabfoɔ pii de wɔn ho bata Arab anaa Palestina man ho, wɔ berɛ koro no ara mu no wɔyɛ Israel man a ɛne Palestina man bɔ abira no mufoɔ.[50] Taiwanfo nso hyia ɔman nipasu ne ɔmanfo nipasu ho ntawantawadie ɛfiri sɛ akuo bi aba a wɔkamfo "Taiwan Ahofadie" a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ na wɔasesa din "Republic of China" ayɛ no "Republic of Taiwan.[51]" Wɔma nnipa a wɔte Taiwan ɔman adansedie nkrataa ne akwantuo tumi krataa ɛhyɛ ɔman no din ase "Republic of China", na wɔn fa bi nkyerɛ sɛ wɔyɛ "Republic of China", na mmom wɔde "Republic of Taiwan".[52]

Agyinahyɛdeɛ ahodoɔ

[sesa]

Ɔman agyinahyɛdeɛ ne saa su ahodoɔ a wɔde kyerɛ sɛ obi wɔ ɔman pɔtee bi mu.[53] Saa agyinahyɛdeɛ ahodoɔ yi nyɛ deɛ ɛyɛ pintinn na mmom ɛyɛ nsu, ɛsono amammerɛ biara mu na ɛsono amammerɛ berɛ bi mu. Agyinahyɛdeɛ a ɛte saa no bɛtumi ayɛ kasa anaa kasa a wɔtaa ka, ɔman ntadehyɛ, baabi a wɔwoo wɔn, abusua a wɔde wɔn too mu, ne deɛ ɛkeka ho.[54][55]

Beaɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ

[sesa]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Richard D. Ashmore, Lee Jussim, David Wilder, ed. (2001), Social identity, intergroup conflict and conflict reduction, Rutgers series on self and social identity, Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, ISBN 978-0-19-513743-9 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Henri Tajfel, John C. Turner (2004-01-09), "The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior", Political Psychology, Psychology Press, pp. 276–293, ISBN 978-0-203-50598-4, retrieved 2023-07-26
  3. ↑ Stefan Dollinger (2015-11-26), "National Dictionaries and Cultural Identity", Oxford Handbooks Online, doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199691630.013.42, retrieved 2023-07-26
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Montserrat Guibernau (2004-01), "Anthony D. Smith on nations and national identity: a critical assessment", Nations and Nationalism (in English), vol. 10, no. 1–2, pp. 125–141, doi:10.1111/j.1354-5078.2004.00159.x, ISSN 1354-5078, retrieved 2023-07-26 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  5. ↑ "Conclusion", Modern Education, Textbooks, and the Image of the Nation, Routledge, pp. 137–148, 2012-08-21, retrieved 2023-07-26
  6. ↑ Herbert C Kelman (2011), "Nationalism and National Identity: A Social-Psychological Analysis", Zwischen Konfrontation und Dialog, Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, pp. 23–50, ISBN 978-3-531-17279-8, retrieved 2023-07-26
  7. ↑ Patty Gerstenblith (2017-07-31), "Implementation of the 1970 UNESCO Convention by the United States and other market nations", The Routledge Companion to Cultural Property, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business, 2017.: Routledge, pp. 70–88, ISBN 978-1-315-64103-4, retrieved 2023-07-26{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  8. ↑ "III.P.2 Declaration on the Principles of International Cultural Co-operation (1988)", International Law & World Order, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, pp. 1–3, retrieved 2023-07-26
  9. ↑ Richard D. Ashmore, Lee Jussim, David Wilder, ed. (2001), Social identity, intergroup conflict and conflict reduction, Rutgers series on self and social identity, Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, ISBN 978-0-19-513743-9 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  10. ↑ János László (2014), Historical tales and national identity: an introduction to narrative social psychology (1. publ ed.), London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-70470-0 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Daniel Bar-Tal, ed. (1997), Patriotism in the lives of individuals and nations, Nelson-Hall series in psychology, Chicago: Nelson-Hall, ISBN 978-0-8304-1410-9 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  12. ↑ Anthony D. Smith (1983-09), "Book Review: Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1983, 150pp., £12.50 hardback, £4.95 paperback)", Millennium: Journal of International Studies (in English), vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 280–282, doi:10.1177/03058298830120030804, ISSN 0305-8298, retrieved 2023-07-26 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  13. ↑ Stanley Hoffmann, Michael Ignatieff (1994), "Blood and Belonging: Journeys into the New Nationalism", Foreign Affairs (in English), vol. 73, no. 3, p. 148, doi:10.2307/20046666, retrieved 2023-07-26
  14. ↑ Walker Connor (1994-12-31), Ethnonationalism: The Quest for Understanding, Princeton University Press, doi:10.1515/9780691186962., ISBN 978-0-691-18696-2, retrieved 2023-07-26 {{citation}}: Check |doi= value (help)
  15. ↑ Sascha Kneip, "Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, New York 1996", Schlüsselwerke der Politikwissenschaft, Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, pp. 183–186, ISBN 978-3-531-14005-6, retrieved 2023-07-26
  16. ↑ Rogers Brubaker (1992-12-31), Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-02894-4, retrieved 2023-07-26
  17. ↑ Lyn Spillman (1997), Nation and commemoration: creating national identities in the United States and Australia, Cambridge cultural social studies, Cambridge: Univ. Press, ISBN 978-0-521-57404-4 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  18. ↑ Robin Wagner-Pacifici, Barry Schwartz (1991-09), "The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: Commemorating a Difficult Past", American Journal of Sociology, vol. 97, no. 2, pp. 376–420, doi:10.1086/229783, ISSN 0002-9602, retrieved 2023-07-26 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  19. ↑ Danabayev Kakim, Park Jowon (2020-02-29), "Q-pop as a Phenomenon to Enhance New Nationalism in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan", Asia Review, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 85–129, doi:10.24987/snuacar.2020.02.9.2.85, ISSN 2234-0386, retrieved 2023-07-26
  20. ↑ Amry Vandenbosch (1960-09), "From Empire to Nation - From Empire to Nation. By Rupert Emerson. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 1960. Pp. x, 466. $7.75.)", American Political Science Review, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 799–800, doi:10.1017/s000305540012307x, ISSN 0003-0554, retrieved 2023-07-26 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); line feed character in |title= at position 25 (help)
  21. ↑ Margaret Wetherell, Chandra Talpade Mohanty (2010), The Sage handbook of identities, The Sage handbook of, Los Angeles: Sage, ISBN 978-1-4129-3411-4 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  22. ↑ Henri Tajfel (1984-05-24), "Intergroup relations, social myths and social justice in social psychology", The Social Dimension, Cambridge University Press, pp. 695–716, retrieved 2023-07-26
  23. ↑ Donald L. Horowitz (1985), Ethnic groups in conflict, Berkeley, Calif.: Univ. of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-05385-4 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  24. ↑ Brad West, Philip Smith (1997-08), "Natural disasters and national identity: time, space and mythology", The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 205–215, doi:10.1177/144078339703300205, ISSN 0004-8690, retrieved 2023-07-27 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  25. ↑ CBS Monthly News Poll, July 2004, 2005-04-01, retrieved 2023-07-27
  26. ↑ "11. Nationalism versus Transculturalism: The Road from Patriotism to Transcendentalism in Post-colonial New England", Transatlantic Crossings and Transformations, Peter Lang, retrieved 2023-07-27
  27. ↑ David Chuter (2017-08-16), "African solutions to Western problems", African Peace Militaries, Routledge, pp. 103–120, retrieved 2023-07-27
  28. ↑ John G. Adair, ed. (1998), Advances in psychological science. 1: Social, personal, and cultural aspects = Aspects sociaux, personnels et culturels / ed. by John G. Adair, Hove: Psychology Press, ISBN 978-0-86377-470-6 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  29. ↑ Susan B. Goldstein (2017-11-16), "Stereotype Threat in U.S. Students Abroad: Negotiating American Identity in the Age of Trump", Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 94–108, doi:10.36366/frontiers.v29i2.395, ISSN 2380-8144, retrieved 2023-07-27
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Silvina Alonso (2013), "Testing-Itx Tc7 Verify the Link Purchase Bound Hard Copy When Pdf File is Acceptable But Do Not Pass All Filters (from Simple Submission)-. He Pdf File Should Have the Field File_Status=H: Pdf Not Available for Phbc Link.", SSRN Electronic Journal, doi:10.2139/ssrn.2318444, ISSN 1556-5068, retrieved 2023-07-27
  31. ↑ Leonard A. Stone (1998-06), "Nationalist consciousness", Peace Review, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 203–207, doi:10.1080/10402659808426144, ISSN 1040-2659, retrieved 2023-07-27 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  32. ↑ Ivo Banač (1993), The national question in Yugoslavia: origins, history, politics (3. print ed.), Ithaca [u.a]: Cornell Univ. Press, ISBN 978-0-8014-9493-2 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  33. ↑ "<sc>benedict anderson</sc>. <italic>Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism</italic>. London: Verso; distributed by Schocken, New York. 1983. Pp. 160. Cloth $19.50, paper $6.50", The American Historical Review, 1985-10, doi:10.1086/ahr/90.4.903, ISSN 1937-5239, retrieved 2023-07-28 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Haris Theodorelis-Rigas (2013-04), "From 'Imagined' to 'Virtual Communities': Greek-Turkish Encounters in Cyberspace", Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 2–19, doi:10.1111/sena.12017, ISSN 1473-8481, retrieved 2023-07-28 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  35. ↑ David Conway (2001-10), "The Philosophy of Nationalism By Paul Gilbert, Boulder, Colorado, and London: Westview Press, 1998, pp. 205, £41.50 hardback; £13.50 paperback.", Philosophy, vol. 76, no. 4, pp. 625–637, doi:10.1017/s0031819101430610, ISSN 0031-8191, retrieved 2023-07-28 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 36.4 David Conway (2001-10), "The Philosophy of Nationalism By Paul Gilbert, Boulder, Colorado, and London: Westview Press, 1998, pp. 205, £41.50 hardback; £13.50 paperback.", Philosophy, vol. 76, no. 4, pp. 625–637, doi:10.1017/s0031819101430610, ISSN 0031-8191, retrieved 2023-07-28 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  37. ↑ Eric Taylor Woods, Robert Schertzer, Eric Kaufmann (2011-04), "Ethno-national conflict and its management", Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 153–161, doi:10.1080/14662043.2011.564469, ISSN 1466-2043, retrieved 2023-07-28 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  38. ↑ Philip Batty (2020-07-24), "An Aboriginal television culture: Issues, strategies, politics", Australian Television Culture, Routledge, pp. 169–192, ISBN 978-1-003-11495-6, retrieved 2023-07-28
  39. ↑ Judith A. Howard (2000-08), "Social Psychology of Identities", Annual Review of Sociology, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 367–393, doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.367, ISSN 0360-0572, retrieved 2023-07-28 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  40. ↑ Sheila L. Croucher (2004), Globalization and belonging: the politics of identity in a changing world, New millennium books in international studies, Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 978-0-7425-1679-3 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  41. ↑ Martin Shaw (1994), "Global Society and International Relations: Sociological Theory and Political Perspectives", SSRN Electronic Journal, doi:10.2139/ssrn.2719012, ISSN 1556-5068, retrieved 2023-07-28
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 P. G. Astashkina (2020-08-26), National Identity In Russia And Germany Through The Prism Of Pedagogy, European Publisher, doi:10.15405/epsbs.2020.08.02.15, retrieved 2023-07-28
  43. ↑ Sheila L. Croucher (2004), Globalization and belonging: the politics of identity in a changing world, New millennium books in international studies, Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 978-0-7425-1679-3 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  44. ↑ Martin Shaw (1994), "Global Society and International Relations: Sociological Theory and Political Perspectives", SSRN Electronic Journal, doi:10.2139/ssrn.2719012, ISSN 1556-5068, retrieved 2023-07-28
  45. ↑ Elizabeth C. Matto (2017-09-30), "What does it mean to be an "engaged citizen"?", Citizen Now, Manchester University Press, retrieved 2023-07-28
  46. ↑ Yoichiro Sato, Asia Pacific Center for Security Studies, ed. (2004), Growth & governance in Asia, Honolulu, Hawaii: Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, ISBN 978-0-9719416-4-9 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  47. ↑ Gal Ariely (2012-07), "Globalisation and the decline of national identity? An exploration across sixty-three countries: Globalisation and the decline of national identity", Nations and Nationalism (in English), vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 461–482, doi:10.1111/j.1469-8129.2011.00532.x, retrieved 2023-07-28 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  48. ↑ Wilhelmus Antonius Arts, Loek Halman, ed. (2014), Value contrasts and consensus in present-day Europe: painting Europe's moral landscapes, European values studies, Leiden Boston: Brill, ISBN 978-90-04-26166-2 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  49. ↑ Gaye Acikdilli, Christopher Ziemnowicz, Victor Bahhouth (2018-01), "Consumer Ethnocentrism in Turkey: Ours are Better than Theirs", Journal of International Consumer Marketing (in English), vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 45–57, doi:10.1080/08961530.2017.1361882, ISSN 0896-1530, retrieved 2023-07-28 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  50. ↑ Hakan Ovunc Ongur (2010-12-01), "Towards A Social Identity For Europe? A Social Psychological Approach to European Identity Studies", Review of European Studies, vol. 2, no. 2, doi:10.5539/res.v2n2p133, ISSN 1918-7181, retrieved 2023-07-28
  51. ↑ Syaru, Shirley Lin, National identity, economic interest and Taiwan's cross-strait economic policy 1994-2009, retrieved 2023-07-28
  52. ↑ "The Cuban crisis", Survival, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 2–15, 1963-01, doi:10.1080/00396336308440363, ISSN 0039-6338, retrieved 2023-07-28 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  53. ↑ David McCrone, Frank Bechhofer (2015-03-26), Understanding National Identity, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-107-10038-1, retrieved 2023-07-28
  54. ↑ Richard Kiely, Frank Bechhofer, Robert Stewart, David McCrone (2001-02), "The Markers and Rules of Scottish National Identity", The Sociological Review, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 33–55, doi:10.1111/1467-954x.00243, ISSN 0038-0261, retrieved 2023-07-28 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  55. ↑ Richard Mansbach, Edward Rhodes (2007-05-31), "The National State and Identity Politics: State Institutionalisation and "Markers" of National Identity", Geopolitics, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 426–458, doi:10.1080/14650040701305633, ISSN 1465-0045, retrieved 2023-07-28
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