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Wim nsakrae wɔ Madagascar

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Wim nsakrae yɛ asiane kɛse ma Madagascar nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ne nnipa. Wim nsakrae ama wim tebea akɔ soro, ama ɔpɛ bere no akyɛ na ama ahum a ano yɛ den kɛse aba wɔ mmeae a osu tɔ na owia bɔ kɛse. Ɔman no mu abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛyɛ soronko, mmoa ne afifide asetra renya nkɛntɛnso.

Satellite image of Madagascar with a large cyclone to the right of it in the ocean.
Satellite mfonini a ɛkyerɛ Ahum Batsirai a ɛrebɛn Madagascar. Wɔayɛ nhyehyɛe sɛ ahum a ɛtu wɔ mmeae a osu tɔ na owia bɔ kɛse wɔ ɔman no mu esiane wim nsakrae nti.

Wɔkyerɛ sɛ wim nsakrae bɛma akorade a ɛwɔ abon ne kwae mu atrae so atew, na ɛde ɛhɔnom mmoa te sɛ lemurs ato asiane mu. Nnipa dodow yɛ mmerɛw kɛse esiane nkɛntɛnso a emu yɛ den a ɛba nsu ne kuayɛ so nti, na ɛkyerɛ aduan a wobenya. Wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ nyarewa a wɔde yare mmoawa ba nso bɛdɔɔso. Madagascar yɛ ɔman a ɛde ne nsa ahyɛ Paris Apam no ase na ɛde botae ahorow a ɛbɛma wɔayɛ nsakrae wɔ wim nsakrae mu no asi hɔ, ɛwom sɛ wɔn a wɔde bedi dwuma no hyia nsɛnnennen esiane ɔman no ohia kakra nti.

Nkɛntɛnso a enya wɔ abɔde mu nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia so

[sesa]

Wɔkyerɛ sɛ wim nsakrae bɛma ɔhyew akɔ soro wɔ Madagascar supɔw no nyinaa so wɔ afeha a ɛto so 21 yi mu. Afe 2008 akontabuo bi a wɔde ɔmantam wim tebea nhwɛsoɔ dii dwuma de kyerɛɛ sɛ nkɔanim no yɛ 1.1–2.6 °C, a ɛsono sɛdeɛ asase no teɛ, wɔ afe 2046–2065 mu[1][2] Wɔkyerɛ sɛ Madagascar anafo fam na ɛhɔ yɛ hyew kɛse, na atifi fam ne mpoano mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ hyew kɛse. Eyi benya nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ apuei fam kwae a apaapae no so.[2] Madagascar na ahum betumi atu kɛse wɔ Afrika, na ɛto mprɛnsa kosi anan afe biara.[3] Wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ ahum bɛyɛ kɛse esiane wim nsakrae nti nanso ɛntaa mma, na ɛka ɔman no kɛse na ɛma nsuyiri ho asiane kɔ soro.[3] Eduu afe 2018 no, ahum a ano yɛ den a mframa ahoɔhare a ɛkɔ soro kodu 150 km/h no dodow bu bɔɔ ho abien wɔ mfe 25 a atwam no mu.[4] Madagascar ɔpɛ bere reyɛ tenten.[4] Afifide a ɛkata so no ne El Niño–Southern Oscillation no wɔ abusuabɔ kɛse, na saa abusuabɔ yi kyerɛ sɛ ɛda adi sɛ wim nsakrae bɛsɛe Madagascar nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia no bio[5]

Madagascar wuram mmoa ne afifide soronko no da asiane mu esiane wim tebea a ɛresakra nti.[6][7] Wɔ afe 2008 nhwehwɛmu bi mu no, ɛkame ayɛ sɛ wim tebea a ɛfata ma Malagasy afifide ahorow 80 a ɛwɔ hɔ nyinaa no, wim nsakrae nyaa nkɛntɛnso.[2] Wɔkyerɛ sɛ Madagascar kwae ahorow no bɛka kɛse wɔ afeha a ɛto so 21 yi mu.[8] Ɛbɛyɛ sɛ lemurs nso bɛnya nkɛntɛnsoɔ, a wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ nsakraeɛ kɛseɛ bɛba wɔ mmoa ahodoɔ no nkyekyɛmu mu[9][10] ne ɛnam mmoawa a wɔtete wɔn mu wɔ nkyekyɛmu a ɛtrɛ a ɛhɔ yɛ hyeɛ no so.[11] Lemur a wɔtra ase ne nnuaba a wonya no so tew wɔ Ranomafana Ɔman Mmoa Yɛmmea wɔ 1960–1985 ne 1986–2005 ntam, ne awɔw bere a ɛyɛɛ kusuu wɔ abɔnten so, na mmoa a wɔte nsu mu ne mmoa a wɔwea fam a wɔte Montane no de wɔn ho to asiane mu esiane ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro nti. Wɔkyerɛ sɛ apuei fam kwae a osu tɔ na owia bɔ kɛse wom a ɛfata ma ruffed lemurs no so bɛtew kɛse esiane nkɛntɛnso a ɛne wim nsakrae ne kwae a wotutu wɔ Madagascar no di nkitaho nti.[12] Milne-Edwards sifaka no awo ne ne mma so nkɛntɛnso kɛse esiane nsakrae a ɛba osutɔ mu ne ahum a ɛkɔ soro nti.[6] Ɛda adi sɛ akorade a ɛwɔ Madagascar no so bɛtew wɔ afeha a ɛto so 21 yi mu esiane wim nsakrae nti, ɛwom sɛ wosusuw sɛ kwae a wotutu no nya nkɛntɛnso kɛse de[13] Wɔkyerɛ sɛ nsɛm a esisi a ɛma akorade yɛ fitaa no bɛdɔɔso na ahum asɛe no tẽẽ, na ɛde mpataa dodow so atew na mpoano a ɛreworo so no akɔ soro.[3]

Nkɛntɛnso a enya wɔ nnipa so

[sesa]

Wim nsakrae rehaw kuayɛ wɔ Madagascar, na akuafo nkumaa yɛ mmerɛw kɛse wɔ ne nkɛntɛnso ho.[14] Nsunsuansoɔ a wim nsakraeɛ nya wɔ kuayɛ so, te sɛ ɔpɛ a ɛkɔ soro no, de Madagascar nnipa to asiane mu kɛseɛ, a wɔn mu 80% de wɔn ho to kuayɛ so de nya wɔn asetena.[3][15] Wɔahyɛ nyansa sɛ ɔhyew ne nsuyiri na ɛma mfuw mu nneɛma a wɔyɛ no so tew wɔ afe 1990 ne 2015 ntam.[4] 2021–2022 Madagascar ɔkɔm a emu yɛ den a edii ɔpɛ a enye koraa wɔ mfe aduanan mu akyi no, Amanaman Nkabom ne nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔfo a wɔka ho asɛm no de abata wim nsakrae ho, ɛwom sɛ nhwehwɛmu bi a wɔyɛe wɔ nea ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ nea ɛde bae no kyerɛ sɛ "bere a ebia wim nsakrae ama eyi so atew no akɔ soro kakra de osuo [boro afe 2019–21], nkɛntɛnsoɔ no nyɛ akontabuo mu kɛseɛ", a ohia, nnwuma a ɛnyɛ papa ne kuayɛ a osuo tɔ so a wɔde wɔn ho to so kɛseɛ ne nneɛma titire[15][16]

Nsuo a ɛwɔ Madagascar no nyɛ papa, na afe 2018 akontabuo kyerɛ sɛ nnipa a wɔwɔ nkuraaseɛ no mu 66% ne 49% a wɔwɔ nkuropɔn mu no nni nsuo a wɔnom.[3][17] Na Madagascar rehyia nsuo ho haw a emu yɛ den sen biara wɔ wiase no mu baako de besi afe 2021 ɛnam nsuo ho nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛnyɛ papa, kwaeɛ a wɔretutu, asase a ɛresɛe ne nkyene nsuo a ɛkɔ mu nti. Wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ osu a ɛtɔ afe biara so tew, mframa a ɛyɛ hyew a ɛkɔ soro ne po mu nsu a ɛkɔ soro no bɛma nsu a ɛwɔ ɔman no fa kɛse no ara so atew bio.[3] Eyi ka ahenkurow Antananarivo ho, baabi a ebia nsu a wobenya no rentumi nni ahwehwɛde ho dwuma wɔ afe 2025 mu.[3] Ɛda adi sɛ nsu a ɛwɔ Madagascar Anafo fam, baabi a asase ase nsu ne nsu titiriw a wonya wɔ ɔpɛ bere mu no nso bɛka kɛse bere a nsu no sua kɛse no.[3]

Wim nsakrae nso wɔ nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ akwahosan so wɔ Madagascar.[3] Ɔhome mu nyarewa ne atiridiinini a ɛba no renya nkɔanim na wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ eyinom ne asramma ne aduan pa a wonnya nni no bɛkɔ soro wɔ afeha a ɛto so 21 yi mu esiane wim nsakrae nti.[18] Wɔde kɔlera a ɛpae gui ne aduan pa a wonnya nni no abata wim nsakrae ho.[4]

Nneɛma a wɔde brɛ ase ne nsakrae a wɔyɛ wɔ nsakrae mu

[sesa]

Madagascar yɛ ɔman a ɛde ne nsa ahyɛ Paris Apam no ase. Sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, Malagasy biara yi mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew (GHG) nnu tɔn 2 afe biara, sɛ wɔde toto wiase nyinaa a ɛboro tɔn 6 ho a.[19] Biomass ne ahoɔden fibea titiriw,[23] na saa nnua ne fango a wɔde di dwuma de noa aduan yi reboa ma wɔatutu kwae[20] Ɔmanfoɔ no mu kakraa bi pɛ na wɔnya anyinam ahoɔden, nanso wɔasi owia ahoɔden bi, te sɛ Ambatolampy Solar Power Station.[21]

Wɔ ne mmoa a wɔahyɛ ato hɔ wɔ ɔman no mu mu no, ɛnam kwaeɛ a wɔbɛsan ayɛ no mmoa so no, ɔman no de asi n’ani so sɛ ɛbɛgye GHG pii sene deɛ ɛbɛyi afiri mu wɔ afe 2030 mu.[22] Ɔmampanyin Andry Rajoelina hyɛɛ amanaman ntam adeyɛ a emu yɛ den wɔ wim nsakrae ho wɔ 2021 Amanaman Nkabom Bagua Kɛse no ase:[23]

"Madagascar hu sɛ wim nsakrae asɛe no. Ɔpɛ asorɔkye a ɛsan ba wɔ anafo fam. Nsu fibea ahorow no wow na ɛkame ayɛ sɛ nneɛma a wɔde bɛtra ase nyinaa bɛyɛ nea entumi nyɛ yiye. Me manfo a wɔwɔ anafo fam no resoa wim nsakrae a wɔamfa wɔn ho anhyɛ mu wɔ nea ɛde bae no mu duru." ---Ɔmampanyin Andry Rajoelina[23]

Madagascar yɛ ɔman a wodi hia[24] na wim nsakrae a wɔbɛsakra no yɛ nea ɛho ka yɛ den[3][25] Wobu ɔman no mu abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛyɛ soronko no ho ban sɛ ɛyɛ ɔkwan titiriw a wɔfa so yɛ nsakrae.[3] Nneɛma a wɔahyɛ ho nyansa sɛ wɔmfa nneɛma a wɔkora so wɔ Madagascar no bi ne sɛ wɔbɛtrɛw mmeae a wɔabɔ ho ban na wɔanya sika denam carbon offsets a wɔbɛtɔn de atew mframa bɔne a efi kwae a wotutu ne kwae a wɔsɛe no mu ba no so (REDD+) so.[2] Nanso, ɛde besi afe 2021 no, na aban nhyehyeɛ a ɛfa REDD+ ho no mu nna hɔ, ɛfiri sɛ ɛbaraa carbon credits nyinaa tɔn na ɛkɔɔ so de carbon a ɛwɔ ɔman no mu.[26] Wɔ afe 2022 mu no, na ɔman no resusuw ho sɛ wɔbɛtɔn carbon offsets tɔn ɔpepepem 1.8 wɔ Wiase Sikakorabea no Kwae mu Carbon Partnership Facility ase.[27] Mangrove a wɔbɛsan asiesie no yɛ ɔkwan foforo a wɔahyɛ ho nyansa sɛ wɔbɛfa so ayɛ nsakrae wɔ po mu nsu a ɛkɔ soro no ho[3] Wobetumi anya wim tebea a wɔbɛkyekyere wɔ ɔmanfo mu denam ohia a wɔbɛtew so ne nsu a wobenya ne nneɛma a wɔde yɛ adwuma a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, titiriw wɔ nkuraase.[3] Wɔ COP26 mu no, nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia soafo Baomiavotse Vahinala Raharinirina kae sɛ wɔmfa dɔla ɔpepepem 100 mmra wim tebea ho sikasɛm mu mfi aman a wodi yiye hɔ nkɔ aman a wodi hia te sɛ Madagascar so mfa mfa akwan horow a wɔfa so yɛ nsakrae nni dwuma, na ɔtwee adwene sii nsu a wɔahyɛ ho nyansa sɛ wɔbɛfa so afi supɔw no atifi fam akɔ anafo fam a ɛhwehwɛ sika so.[28]

Nsɛm a wɔde gyinaa so

[sesa]
  1. ↑ Tadross, Mark; Randriamarolaza, Luc; Zo Rabefitia, Zo; Ki Yip, Zheng (February 2008). "Climate change in Madagascar; recent past and future".
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Hannah, Lee; Dave, Radhika; Lowry, Porter P; Andelman, Sandy; Andrianarisata, Michele; Andriamaro, Luciano; Cameron, Alison; Hijmans, Robert; Kremen, Claire; MacKinnon, James; Randrianasolo, Harison Hanitriniaina; Andriambololonera, Sylvie; Razafimpahanana, Andriamandimbisoa; Randriamahazo, Herilala; Randrianarisoa, Jeannicq (23 October 2008). "Climate change adaptation for conservation in Madagascar". Biology Letters. 4 (5): 590–594. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0270. PMC 2610084. PMID 18664414.
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 Weiskopf, Sarah; Cushing, Janet; Morelli, Toni Lyn; Myers, Bonnie (15 December 2021). "Climate change risks and adaptation options for Madagascar". Ecology and Society. 26 (4). doi:10.5751/ES-12816-260436. ISSN 1708-3087. S2CID 245237470. Archived from the original on 17 August 2022. Retrieved 12 September 2022.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Nematchoua, Modeste Kameni; Ricciardi, Paola; Orosa, José A.; Buratti, Cinzia (1 August 2018). "A detailed study of climate change and some vulnerabilities in Indian Ocean: A case of Madagascar island". Sustainable Cities and Society. 41: 886–898. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2018.05.040. hdl:2268/233438. ISSN 2210-6707. S2CID 115440273.
  5. ↑ Spencer, Tom; Laughton, Anthony S.; Flemming, Nic C.; Ingram, J. Carter; Dawson, Terence P. (15 January 2005). "Climate change impacts and vegetation response on the island of Madagascar". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 363 (1826): 55–59. doi:10.1098/rsta.2004.1476. PMID 15598621. S2CID 12434479. Archived from the original on 11 September 2022. Retrieved 12 September 2022.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Dunham, Amy E.; Erhart, Elizabeth M.; Wright, Patricia C. (January 2011). "Global climate cycles and cyclones: consequences for rainfall patterns and lemur reproduction in southeastern Madagascar". Global Change Biology. 17 (1): 219–227. Bibcode:2011GCBio..17..219D. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02205.x. hdl:1911/27596. S2CID 86151651. Archived from the original on 11 September 2022. Retrieved 12 September 2022.
  7. ↑ Weston, Phoebe (9 April 2021). "Lemurs and giant tortoises among species at risk if global heating hits 3C". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 12 September 2022. Retrieved 12 September 2022
  8. ↑ Hending, Daniel; Holderied, Marc; McCabe, Grainne; Cotton, Sam (April 2022). "Effects of future climate change on the forests of Madagascar". Ecosphere. 13 (4). doi:10.1002/ecs2.4017. ISSN 2150-8925.
  9. ↑ Brown, Jason L.; Yoder, Anne D. (March 2015). "Shifting ranges and conservation challenges for lemurs in the face of climate change". Ecology and Evolution. 5 (6): 1131–1142. doi:10.1002/ece3.1418. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC 4377258. PMID 25859320.
  10. ↑ Wright, Patricia C. (2007). "Considering Climate Change Effects in Lemur Ecology and Conservation". In Gould, Lisa; Sauther, Michelle L. (eds.). Lemurs: Ecology and Adaptation. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospect. Boston, MA: Springer US. pp. 385–401. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-34586-4_18. ISBN 978-0-387-34586-4. Archived from the original on 16 February 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2022.
  11. ↑ Barrett, Meredith A.; Brown, Jason L.; Junge, Randall E.; Yoder, Anne D. (1 January 2013). "Climate change, predictive modeling and lemur health: Assessing impacts of changing climate on health and conservation in Madagascar". Biological Conservation. 157: 409–422. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2012.09.003. ISSN 0006-3207.
  12. ↑ Morelli, Toni Lyn; Smith, Adam B.; Mancini, Amanda N.; Balko, Elizabeth A.; Borgerson, Cortni; Dolch, Rainer; Farris, Zachary; Federman, Sarah; Golden, Christopher D.; Holmes, Sheila M.; Irwin, Mitchell; Jacobs, Rachel L.; Johnson, Steig; King, Tony; Lehman, Shawn M. (January 2020). "The fate of Madagascar's rainforest habitat". Nature Climate Change. 10 (1): 89–96. doi:10.1038/s41558-019-0647-x. ISSN 1758-6798. S2CID 209448969. Archived from the original on 21 August 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
  13. ↑ Maina, Joseph; de Moel, Hans; Zinke, Jens; Madin, Joshua; McClanahan, Tim; Vermaat, Jan E. (4 June 2013). "Human deforestation outweighs future climate change impacts of sedimentation on coral reefs". Nature Communications. 4 (1): 1986. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.1986M. doi:10.1038/ncomms2986. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 3709493. PMID 23736941.
  14. ↑ Harvey, Celia A.; Rakotobe, Zo Lalaina; Rao, Nalini S.; Dave, Radhika; Razafimahatratra, Hery; Rabarijohn, Rivo Hasinandrianina; Rajaofara, Haingo; MacKinnon, James L. (5 April 2014). "Extreme vulnerability of smallholder farmers to agricultural risks and climate change in Madagascar". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 369 (1639): 20130089. doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0089. PMC 3928894. PMID 24535397.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Tandon, Ayesha (1 December 2021). "Climate change not the main driver of Madagascar food crisis, scientists find". Carbon Brief. Archived from the original on 11 September 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
  16. ↑ "Madagascar on the brink of climate change-induced famine". BBC News. 24 August 2021. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2022.
  17. ↑ Serele, Charles; Pérez-Hoyos, Ana; Kayitakire, Francois (1 July 2020). "Mapping of groundwater potential zones in the drought-prone areas of south Madagascar using geospatial techniques". Geoscience Frontiers. 11 (4): 1403–1413. Bibcode:2020GeoFr..11.1403S. doi:10.1016/j.gsf.2019.11.012. ISSN 1674-9871. S2CID 214418918.
  18. ↑ Rakotoarison, Norohasina; Raholijao, Nirivololona; Razafindramavo, Lalao Madeleine; Rakotomavo, Zo Andrianina Patrick Herintiana; Rakotoarisoa, Alain; Guillemot, Joy Shumake; Randriamialisoa, Zazaravaka Jacques; Mafilaza, Victor; Ramiandrisoa, Voahanginirina Anne Marie Pierrette; Rajaonarivony, Rhino; Andrianjafinirina, Solonomenjanahary; Tata, Venance; Vololoniaina, Manuela Christophère; Rakotomanana, Fanjasoa; Raminosoa, Volahanta Malala (December 2018). "Assessment of Risk, Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change by the Health Sector in Madagascar". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 15 (12): 2643. doi:10.3390/ijerph15122643. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 6313613. PMID 30486244.
  19. ↑ "Per capita greenhouse gas emissions". Our World in Data. Archived from the original on 12 September 2022. Retrieved 12 September 2022.
  20. ↑ Nogueira, Larissa P.; Longa, Francesco Dalla; van der Zwaan, Bob (25 November 2020). "A cross-sectoral integrated assessment of alternatives for climate mitigation in Madagascar". Climate Policy. 20 (10): 1257–1273. doi:10.1080/14693062.2020.1791030. hdl:11245.1/f17f6b73-ceb9-4774-b2cc-7c9a634c588c. ISSN 1469-3062. S2CID 225095673. Archived from the original on 16 February 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2022.
  21. ↑ "The Force of the Sun: Madagascar Embarks on Renewable Energy Production". World Bank. Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
  22. ↑ "Contribution Prévue Déterminée au niveau National (CPDN) de la République de Madagascar" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 September 2022. Retrieved 12 September 2022.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 AfricaNews (23 September 2021). "Madagascar President urges tougher action on climate change". Africanews. Archived from the original on 5 October 2022. Retrieved 12 September 2022.
  24. ↑ "Madagascar overview". World Bank. Archived from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  25. ↑ "Climate adaptation bill for African countries to dwarf health spending". The Guardian. 13 July 2022. Archived from the original on 12 September 2022. Retrieved 12 September 2022.
  26. ↑ "Even as the government bets big on carbon, REDD+ flounders in Madagascar". Mongabay Environmental News. 18 August 2021. Archived from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  27. ↑ "Madagascar closer to 1.8m issuance under World Bank scheme". www.qcintel.com. Archived from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  28. ↑ "Madagascar paying price for cheap European flights, says climate minister". The Guardian. 6 November 2021. Archived from the original on 12 September 2022. Retrieved 12 September 2022.
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