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Wim nsakrae wɔ Australia

Ɛfi Wikipedia
Wim nsakrae rema ogya a ɛtɔ kwae mu mpɛn pii ne ne kɛse akɔ soro, sɛnea ɛda adi wɔ[1]

Wim nsakrae ayɛ asɛm a ɛho hia wɔ Australia fi afeha a ɛto so 21 no mfiase. Australia reyɛ hyew kɛse na ɔhyew a ano yɛ den, kwae mu ogya, ɔpɛ, nsuyiri, ne ogya bere a ɛkyɛ esiane wim nsakrae nti. Wim tebea ho nsɛm bi ne wuram ogya, ɔhyew asorɔkye, ahum, po mu nsu a ɛkɔ soro, ne nsu a ɛtɔ.[2][3][4]

Efi afeha a ɛto so 20 mfiase no, Australia anya nkɔanim a ɛboro 1.4 °C wɔ afe afe ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro,[5] a ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro mmɔho abien wɔ mfe 50 a atwam no mu bere a wɔde toto mfe 50 a atwam no ho no[6]. Nnansa yi wim tebea mu nsɛm te sɛ ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro kɛse ne ɔpɛ a atrɛw no ama aban ne ɔmanfo adwene asi nea wim nsakrae de ba Australia so.[7] Osu a ɛtɔ wɔ Australia anafo fam atɔe no so atew 10–20% fi 1970 mfe no mu, bere a Australia kesee fam apuei nso anya nkɔanim a ɛkɔ fam fi 1990 mfe no mu. Wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ osu bɛtɔ kɛse na ɛntaa tɔ, na ɛtaa tɔ wɔ ahohuru bere mu sen sɛ ɛbɛtɔ wɔ awɔw bere mu. Wɔkyerɛ sɛ Australia afe afe ɔhyew bɛkɔ soro 0.4–2.0 °C asen 1990 dodow wɔ afe 2030 mu, ne 1–6 °C wɔ afe 2070. Wɔkyerɛ sɛ osu a ɛtɔ wɔ Australia anafo fam atɔe ne anafo fam apuei no so bɛtew wɔ saa bere yi mu, bere a mpɔtam te sɛ atifi fam atɔe no, osu betumi atɔ kɛse.

Wim nsakrae reka asasepɔn no so nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia. Australia yɛ mmerɛw wɔ wiase nyinaa hyew a wɔahyɛ ho nkɔm sɛ ɛbɛba mfe 50 kosi 100 a edi hɔ no ho esiane mmeae a osu ntɔ kɛse na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fa bi, ne wim tebea a ɛyɛ hyew dedaw, osu a ɛtɔ afe biara a ɛsakrasakra kɛse nti. Ogya ho asiane kɛse a ɛwɔ asasepɔn no so no ma ɔhyew ne wim tebea mu nsakrae a ɛyɛ mmerɛw yi yɛ kɛse. Saa berɛ yi, Australia mpoano bɛnya nsuo a ɛtɔ ne nsuo a ɛbɛtɔ afiri wiase po mu nsuo a wɔbu akontaa sɛ ɛkɔ soro 8–88 cm. Australia abɔde a nkwa wom soronko te sɛ Great Barrier Reef ne mmoa ahorow pii nso da asiane mu.

Wim nsakrae nso wɔ nkɛntɛnso ahorow wɔ Australia sikasɛm, kuayɛ ne ɔmanfo akwahosan so.[8] Nsunsuansoɔ a wɔahyɛ ho nkɔm no bi ne nsuyiri a emu yɛ den, ɔpɛ, ne ahum.[9] Bio nso, Australiafo dɔɔso wɔ mpoano mmeae a ɛpo mu nsu a ɛrekɔ soro no wɔ asiane mu kɛse, na nhyɛso a ɛwɔ hɔ dedaw wɔ nsu a wɔde ma so no bɛyɛ kɛse. Australiafoɔ Abibifoɔ a wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ wim nsakraeɛ nkɛntɛnsoɔ mu no yɛ kɛseɛ ɛnam asetena ne sikasɛm mu ɔhaw a ɛwɔ hɔ dada a ɛne atubrafoɔ ne atubrafoɔ akyi a wɔde wɔn to nkyɛn no wɔ abusuabɔ nti. Mpɔtam a wim nsakraeɛ aka wɔn kɛseɛ ne deɛ ɛwɔ Atifi fam a Aboriginefoɔ ne Torres Strait Islanderfoɔ yɛ nnipa dodoɔ no mu 30%.[10] Aboriginefo ne Torres Strait Islander mpɔtam a ɛwɔ mpoano atifi fam no na wonni ahotɔ kɛse esiane asetra ne sikasɛm mu nsɛm ne wɔn ho a wɔde to atetesɛm asase so de nya aduan, amammerɛ, ne akwahosan nti. Eyi ama asɛmmisa asɔre ama mpɔtam hɔfo pii a wɔwɔ saa mmeae yi sɛ, "So ɛsɛ sɛ yɛtra hɔ anaasɛ yetu kɔtra baabi foforo?"[10]

Australia nso yɛ ɔman a ɛboa ma wim nsakrae ba, na mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a obiara tow gu no boro wiase nyinaa de. Ɔman no de ne ho to fango ne fango afoforo so kɛse, ɛwom sɛ ahoɔden a wɔyɛ no foforo a wɔde kata so no renya nkɔanim de.[11] Ɔman no mmɔdenbɔ a wɔde brɛ nneɛma ase no bi ne bɔhyɛ a ɛne sɛ ebedu afe 2050 no, wɔbɛma mframa bɔne biara a wɔtow gu no aba wɔ Paris Apam no ase, ɛwom sɛ Australia akɔ so anyɛ yiye mpɛn pii wɔ Wim Tebea Nsakrae Adwumayɛ Ho Nkyerɛkyerɛmu ne amanaman ntam gyinabea afoforo mu wɔ ne wim tebea ho botae ahorow ne ne di mu de. Wobetumi ayɛ nsakraeɛ wɔ ɔman ne mpɔtam[12] na wɔkyerɛɛ sɛ ɛyɛ adeɛ a ɛhia paa ma Australia wɔ 2007 Garnaut Nhwehwɛmu mu.

Wim nsakrae ayɛ asɛm a ɛde mpaapaemu anaa amammuisɛm ba wɔ Australia amammuisɛm mu fi 2000 mfe no mu, na ɛboa ma aban ahorow a ɛtoatoa so no de nhyehyɛe ahorow a wɔde brɛ ɔhaw ase te sɛ carbon bo a wɔbɔ no di dwuma na wotwaa mu. Australia nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔfo binom ahyɛ wim tebea ho nsɛm a ɛnteɛ ho nkuran. Asɛm no ama wɔayɛ ɔsɔretia de aboa wim nsakrae ho nhyehyɛe ahorow, a ɔyɛkyerɛ akɛse a wɔayɛ wɔ Australia abakɔsɛm mu no bi ka ho.

Mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a ɛba wim

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Mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a Australia de too gua no nyinaa yɛ tɔn ɔpepem 533 a ɛne CO2 yɛ pɛ a egyina mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a ɛwɔ ɔman no mu amanneɛbɔ amanneɛbɔ a ɛfa afe 2019 ho so; a egyina hɔ ma CO2e a obiara tow gu a ɛyɛ tɔn 21[13] wiase nyinaa dodow mmɔho abiɛsa. Fango na ɛmaa mframa bɔne a wɔtow gu no 30% bae. Ɔman no Greenhouse Gas Inventory akontabuo a ɛfa afe a ɛbɛsi March 2021 no yɛ tɔn ɔpepem 494.2, a ɛyɛ tɔn ɔpepem 27.8, anaa 5.3%, a ɛba fam sene afe a atwam no. Ɛsua 20.8% sene afe 2005 (afe a wɔde sii hɔ maa Paris Apam no). Sɛnea aban no kyerɛ no, nea afi mu aba no da mframa bɔne a wɔde fa kar mu no so atew esiane COVID-19 ɔyaredɔm no anohyeto ahorow nti, mframa bɔne a guankɔbea ahorow a ɛso atew, ne mframa bɔne a efi anyinam ahoɔden mu ba a ɛso atew; nanso, mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a efi asase ne kuayɛ mu no kɔɔ soro[14]

Australia de fango ahoɔden di dwuma titiriw ma anyinam ahoɔden, ɛyɛ anyinam ahoɔden a wɔde di dwuma wɔ grid so no mu 66% wɔ afe 2020 mu,[15] nanso eyi so retew ntɛmntɛm esiane sɛ nneɛma a wɔyɛ no foforo no kyɛfa a ɛrenya nkɔanim a ɛyɛ ahoɔden a wɔde afrafra no, ne anyinam ahoɔden adwumayɛbea dodow no ara a ɛwɔ fango a ɛwɔ hɔ dedaw no nti wɔahyɛ sɛ wobegyae adwumayɛ wɔ afe 2022 ne 2048 ntam[16] Ɔman no mframa a wɔtow gu no afi ase rekɔ fam na wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ ɛbɛkɔ so akɔ fam wɔ mfe a ɛreba no mu bere a nnwuma pii a wɔyɛ no foforo bɛba intanɛt so no.[17]

Climate Action Tracker bu Australia bo a wasi sɛ wɔbɛtew mframa bɔne a wɔtow gu so no nyinaa sɛ "ɛnyɛ nea ɛdɔɔso". Nhyehyɛe ne adeyɛ "ennɔɔso", ɔman no mu botae no "ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ɛdɔɔso", kyɛfa a ɛfata botae no "ennɔɔso", na wim tebea ho sikasɛm "ennɔɔso koraa". Eyi te saa efisɛ Australia aban no akɔ so de sika ahyɛ abɔde mu mframa ho nnwuma mu, apow sɛ ɛbɛma ne botae a ɛne sɛ ɛbɛma mframa bɔne a wɔtow gu wɔ ɔman no mu wɔ afe 2030 mu no akɔ soro, na enni kwan so sɛ obedu ne botae a ɛwɔ hɔ mprempren no ho.[18]

Wim nsakrae a ɛba Australia no fi mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a wɔtow gu, na mpɛn pii no ɔman no reyɛ hyew kɛse, na ɛyɛ mmerɛw sɛ ɔhyew a ano yɛ den, kwae mu ogya, ɔpɛ, nsuyiri ne ogya bere tenten bɛba esiane wim nsakrae nti[19]

Nkɛntɛnso a enya wɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia so

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Ɔhyew ne wim tebea sesa

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Australia nnwinnade ho kyerɛwtohɔ a efi 1885 besi nnɛ no kyerɛ mfonini a ɛtrɛw a edidi so yi:

Australia afe afe ɔhyew a ɛnteɛ fi 1910 a mfe anum mpɔtam hɔ kari (‘Lowess’) su kwan. Faako a wonyae: Australia Wim Tebea Ho Dwumadibea.

Tebea horow a efi 1885 kosi 1898 no taa yɛ nsu a ɛyɛ nwini yiye, ɛwom sɛ na ɛnnɔɔso sen bere a efi 1968. Mfe a ɛda adi sɛ osu ntɔ wɔ saa bere yi mu nkutoo ne 1888 ne 1897. Ɛwom sɛ akorade titiriw ho nsɛm bi[20] kyerɛ sɛ 1887 ne 1890 yɛ, na 1974 na ɛyɛe de , mfe a osu tɔ sen biara wɔ asasepɔn no so fi bere a wɔtraa hɔ no, osutɔ ho nsɛm a ɛfa Alice Springs, a saa bere no na ɛyɛ gyinabea titiriw biako pɛ a ɛkata Atifi Fam Asasesin no mu ne Australia Atɔe fam no, kyerɛ denneennen sɛ 1887 ne 1890 nyinaa mu no, na nsu nwini te sɛ 1974 anaa 2000 mpo.[21] . Nanso, wɔ New South Wales ne Queensland no, mfe 1886–1887 ne 1889–1894 no yɛɛ nsu soronko ampa. Wɔde osu kɛse a ɛtɔe wɔ saa bere yi mu no ne nguan dodow a ɛtrɛwee kɛse[22] na February 1893 huu Brisbane nsuyiri a ɛyɛ hu a ɛbaa afe 1893 mu no.

Wim tebea no yɛɛ hyew fi 1899 kosi 1921, ɛwom sɛ El Niño mfe a na ɛyɛ nsu no twaa mu bi de, titiriw wɔ 1915 ne 1918 mfiase ntam ne 1920–1921 mu, bere a awɔw bere mu osu a ɛtɔ kɛse sen biara no maa awi abɔso a ɛwɔ kesee fam mfinimfini no yɛɛ nsu no nsɛnkoraeɛ. El Niño nsɛm atitiriw abien a esisii wɔ 1902 ne 1905 mu no maa mfe abien a osu ntɔ kɛse wɔ asasepɔn no nyinaa so bae, bere a na 1919 nso yɛɛ kusuu saa ara wɔ apuei fam Aman no mu sɛ Gippsland da nkyɛn a.

Bere a efi 1922 kosi 1938 no yɛ osutɔ soronko, na 1930 pɛ na osu tɔe wɔ Australia nyinaa boro nea ɛkɔɔ so bere tenten no na sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, osu a ɛtɔe wɔ Australia nyinaa wɔ mfe dunwɔtwe yi mu no sua ɔha biara mu nkyem 15 kosi 20 sen bere afoforo a ɛtɔe fi 1885. Eyi wɔkyerɛ sɛ ɔpɛ bere wɔ mmeae bi fi Kesee Fam Oscillation a ɛyɛ mmerɛw[23] na wɔ afoforo mu no efi po ani hyew a ɛso tew.[24] Mpɛn pii no, na ɔhyew a ɛwɔ saa mmere abiɛsa yi mu no yɛ nwini sen sɛnea ɛte mprempren, na na 1925 na ɛyɛ nwini a ɛba fam sen biara wɔ afe biara mu fi 1910. Nanso, na osutɔ mfe a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ 1920 ne 1930 mfe no mu nso taa yɛ hyew yiye, na 1928 ne 1938 na ɛyɛɛ nwini kɛse titiriw.

Bere a efi 1939 kosi 1967 no fii ase denam osu a ɛtɔe a ɛkɔɔ soro so: 1939, 1941 ne 1942 ne kuw a edi kan a ɛbɛn wɔn ho wɔn ho a na ɛhɔ yɛ nwini kakra fi 1921. Efi 1943 kosi 1946 no, tebea horow a mpɛn pii no na osu ntɔ no san bae, na mfe aduonu a efi 1947 no huu nsakrae osu a ɛtɔ. 1950, 1955 ne 1956 mu yɛɛ nsu soronko gye 1950 ne 1956 wɔ Australia Atɔe fam mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu ne awi abɔso. 1950 huu osu soronko wɔ New South Wales mfinimfini ne Queensland fa kɛse no ara: Wobetumi abu akontaa sɛ osu a ɛtɔe wɔ Dubbo 1950 mu a ɛyɛ mm 1,329 (52.3 in) no san san bae fi mfe 350 kosi 400, bere a Ɔtare Eyre hyɛɛ ma nea edi kan wɔ mfe aduasa mu . Nea ɛne eyi bɔ abira no, na 1951, 1961 ne 1965 yɛ kusuu kɛse, na osutɔbere dii nkogu koraa wɔ 1951/1952 mu na ɔpɛ a emu yɛ den sii wɔ mfinimfini hɔ wɔ 1961 ne 1965. Mfiase no, ɔhyew a ɛwɔ saa bere yi mu no kɔɔ fam koduu nea ɛba fam sen biara wɔ afeha a ɛto so 20 yi mu, na ɛbaa 1949 ne 1956 a na ɛyɛ onwini titiriw, nanso afei efii ase yɛɛ su bi a ɛrekɔ soro a ɛkɔɔ so a wɔantwitware mu kakraa bi de besi nnɛ.

Efi 1968 no, osu a ɛtɔ wɔ Australia no boro 1885 ne 1967 ntam hɔ ɔha biara mu nkyem 15. Mmere a osu tɔ kɛse sen biara no fi 1973 kosi 1975 ne 1998 kosi 2001, a ɛyɛ mfe dumiɛnsa a osu tɔe sen biara wɔ asasepɔn no so fi 1885 no mu ason. Ɔhyew a ɛba fam koraa anadwo biako, titiriw wɔ awɔw bere mu no, akɔ soro kɛse sen ansa na 1960 mfe no reba, na 1973, 1980, 1988, 1991, 1998 ne 2005 da nsow wɔ eyi mu. Nsukyenee a ɛtaa ba wɔ Australia nyinaa so atew kɛse.[25]

Sɛnea Bureau of Meteorology kyerɛ no, Australia afe afe ɔhyew a ɛwɔ afe 2009 mu no yɛ 0.9 °C sen 1961–90 afe a ɛto so abien a ɛyɛ hyew sen biara fi bere a wofii ase yɛɛ kyerɛwtohɔ a ɛkorɔn wɔ 1910 mu.[26]

Sɛnea Bureau of Meteorology’s 2011 Australian Climate Statement kyerɛ no, Australia mu hyew kɔɔ fam sen sɛnea wɔtaa yɛ wɔ afe 2011 mu esiane La Niña wim tebea bi nti; nanso, "ɔman no mfeɛ 10 mu nkyɛmu kɔ so kyerɛ sɛnea ɔhyew kɔ soro, a ɛda adi sɛ 2002–2011 bɛdi mfeɛ 10 a ɛyɛ hyeɛ paa mmienu a ɛsen biara a wɔayɛ ho kyerɛwtohɔ ama Australia, wɔ 0.52 °C (0.94 °F) a ɛboro bere tenten mu nkyekyem".[27] Bio nso, afe 2014 yɛ afe a ɛtɔ so mmiɛnsa a ɛyɛ hyew sen biara wɔ Australia firi berɛ a wɔfirii aseɛ hwɛɛ ɔman no mu hyeɛ wɔ afe 1910 mu.[28][29]

Melbourne nnipa dodow ne mpoano mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ mmerɛw

Po mu nsu a ɛkɔ soro

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Australia Aban no de amanneɛbɔ bi too gua sɛ afie a ɛboro 247,600 na ɛwɔ asiane mu esiane nsuyiri a efi po mu nsu a ɛkɔ soro mita 1.1 nti. Na adan 39,000 wɔ hɔ a ɛwɔ mita 110 mu wɔ mpoano a ‘ɛyɛ mmerɛw’ a ɛtumi sɛe, a ɛwɔ asiane mu sɛ ɛbɛtɔ ntɛmntɛm esiane po mu nsuo a ɛkɔ soro nti[30] Wɔtaa de mmuaeɛ a wɔde ma wɔ wim nsakraeɛ ho asiane pɔtee yi ho no ka mpoano nhyehyɛeɛ ho nhyehyɛeɛ ne nyansahyɛ ahodoɔ a ɛwɔ ɔman no mu no ho.[31] Sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, Western Australia State Coastal Planning Policy de po mu nsuo a ɛkɔ soro ho nhyehyɛeɛ sii hɔ maa nnwuma a ɛdi ɔhaw no ho dwuma wɔ mfeɛ ɔha mu[31] Nsusuwii a ɛba fam kyerɛ sɛ po mu nsu bɛkɔ soro sɛntimita 40 kosi 90 wɔ afeha no awiei[32]

 Nsu (ɔpɛ ne nsuyiri) .

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Bureau of Meteorology kyerɛwtohɔ ahorow fi 1860 mfe no mu kyerɛ sɛ ɔpɛ ‘a emu yɛ den’ asi wɔ Australia, sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, pɛnkoro wɔ mfe 18 biara mu.[33] Australia yɛ asasepɔn a ɛso yɛ kusuu sen biara wɔ wiase dedaw.

Osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ Australia anafoɔ atɔeɛ fam no so atew 10–20% firi 1970 mfeɛ no mu, berɛ a Australia kesee fam apueɛ nso anya nkɔanim a ɛkɔ fam firi 1990 mfeɛ no mu.[34][34] Wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ osu bɛtɔ kɛse na ɛntaa tɔ, na ɛtaa tɔ wɔ awɔw bere mu sen awɔw bere mu.[35]

Wɔ June 2008 mu no, wɔbɛhunuu sɛ abenfoɔ kuo bi abɔ kɔkɔ sɛ sɛ wɔannya nsuo a ɛdɔɔso wɔ October mu wɔ saa afe no mu a, ɛbɛsɛe nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a ɛbɛkyɛ, ebia wontumi nsakra no.[36] Na nsuo anohyetoɔ wɔ Australia mpɔtam ne nkuropɔn bebree mu de buaa nsuo a ɛho yɛ na a enni sabea a ɛfiri ɔpɛ a ɛsiiɛ wɔ afe 2008 mu baeɛ[37] Wɔ afe 2004 mu no, tetefo nneɛma ho ɔbenfo Tim Flannery hyɛɛ nkɔm sɛ, sɛ ɛnyɛ nsakrae kɛse a, Perth kurow a ɛwɔ Australia Atɔe fam no betumi abɛyɛ wiase no mu kurow kɛse a edi kan a ahonhonsɛmdi wom —kurow a wɔagyaw hɔ a nsu nni hɔ bio a ɛbɛma nnipa dodow akɔ so atra hɔ.[38]

Wɔ afe 2019 mu no, ɔpɛ ne nsuo ho ɔsoafoɔ a ɔwɔ Australia David Littleproud, kaa sɛ, "ɔgye tom koraa" abusuabɔ a ɛda wim nsakraeɛ ne ɔpɛ ntam wɔ Australia ɛfiri sɛ "ɔte ase". Ɔka sɛ ɔpɛ a ɛrekɔ so wɔ Australia no adi mfe awotwe dedaw. Ɔkae sɛ wɔtew mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a wɔtow gu no so na wɔmfa ahoɔden a wɔyɛ no foforo nsi hɔ kɛse. Kan ɔmampɛfo kannifo Barnaby Joyce kae sɛ sɛ ɔpɛ no mu yɛ den kɛse na wɔansisi atare a, nkabom no de ne ho to asiane mu sɛ "wɔbɛsɛe no wɔ amammui mu".[39]

Sɛnea afe 2022 IPCC amanneɛbɔ kyerɛ no, nsuyiri a ɛba ne wim tebea afoforo a ɛyɛ hu akɔ soro esiane wiase nyinaa hyew nti. Wim nsakrae a ɛyɛ soronko yi bi ne osu a ɛtɔ wɔ atifi fam ne ɔpɛ a emu yɛ den wɔ anafo fam. Osu a ɛtɔ kakraa bi kyerɛ sɛ nsu a ɛsen fa nkurow akɛse mu no sua. IPCC kamfo kyerɛ sɛ yɛbɛtu anammɔn akɔ yɛn nsakraeɛ ne sikasɛm nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛwɔ yɛn nhyehyɛeɛ mu no so na yɛatumi ne wim nsakraeɛ nkɛntɛnsoɔ a emu yɛ den no akɔ so ama nkɔsoɔ a ɛbɛtena hɔ daa[40]

Nsuo mu nneɛma

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Afifide a ahoɔden wom na egu ahorow ho hia ma asubɔnten no akwahosan ne ne su pa, na kwae a ɛwɔ hɔ no kata Australia mmeae a ɛho hia sen biara no pii so, na ɛma abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛyɛ papa kɔ so tra hɔ. Wim nsakrae bɛka nyin, mmoa ahorow a wɔahyehyɛ ne mmoawa a wɔsɛe nnɔbae a ɛba kurom hɔ no so nkɛntɛnso na ɛno nso, ɛbɛka nsu a efi saa nsukorabea ahorow yi mu no kɛse. Kwae a wɔsan yɛ no kɛse wɔ mmeae a wɔatutu nsukorabea no nso wɔ anidaso sɛ nsu bɛyera[41]

CSIRO hyɛ nkɔm sɛ nneɛma foforo a ebefi mu aba wɔ Australia a ɛne ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro bɛyɛ 1 kosi 2 °C pɛ no bɛyɛ:

  • 12–25% tew nsuo a ɛkɔ Murray Asubɔnten ne Darling Asubɔnten no mu.[42]
  • 7–35% a ɛso tew wɔ Melbourne nsu a wɔde ma mu.[43]

Ogya a ɛtɔ wɔ kwae mu

[sesa]

Ogya ho dwumadi akɔ soro wɔ Australia wɔ mfe du du a atwam no mu. Nea ɛde ba no bi ne "ogya wim tebea a ɛyɛ hu kɛse, asiane ahorow a ɛkɔ soro a ɛbata pyroconvection ho, a aprannaa a ogya de ba ka ho, ne ogya a ɛkɔ soro a efi anyinam a ɛyɛ nwunu mu ba, ne nyinaa ne wim nsakrae a nnipa de ba no wɔ abusuabɔ wɔ ɔkwan soronko so[44]

A bushfire by an Adelaide River roadside in 2010.
Ogya a ɛtɔ wɔ Australia no mu yɛ den esiane ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro ne ɔpɛ tebea a ɛbata wim nsakrae ho nti.

Ogyadum adwumayɛfo haw sɛ wim nsakrae no nkɛntɛnso bɛma kwae mu ogya a ɛtɔ mpɛn pii na emu yɛ den no akɔ soro wɔ "wiase nyinaa hyew a ɛba fam" tebea mpo mu[45] Amanneɛbɔ bi a wɔyɛe wɔ afe 2006 mu, a CSIRO Po so ne Wim Nhwehwɛmu, Bushfire CRC, ne Australia Bureau of Meteorology siesiee no, kyerɛe sɛ Australia Kesee Fam Apuei yɛ mmeae abiɛsa a ogya taa tɔ kɛse wɔ wiase no mu biako,[46] na ɛde baa awiei sɛ ogya a ɛkɔ soro -ɛda adi sɛ wim tebea mu asiane wɔ mmeae dodow no ara wɔ mfe du du pii a edi hɔ no mu, a sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, nna dodow a McArthur Kwae mu Ogya Asiane Nhwehwɛmu kyerɛwtohɔ no yɛ kɛse anaasɛ ɛboro so ka ho. Ɛsan nso hunuu sɛ nna a FFDI dodoɔ a ɛkorɔn paa ne nea ɛboro soɔ a wɔaka abom no, ɛbɛyɛ sɛ ɛbɛkɔ soro 4–25% wɔ afe 2020 mu ne 15–70% wɔ afe 2050 mu, na mpɛn pii no, ogya-wim tebea ho asiane a ɛkɔ soro no yɛ kɛseɛ paa wɔ asase mu[47]

Australia Greens kannifo Bob Brown kae sɛ ogya no yɛ "nkaebɔ a ɛma adwene mu yɛ den a ɛkyerɛ hia a ehia sɛ ɔman yi ne wiase nyinaa yɛ ade na wɔde hia a ehia sɛ wodi wim nsakrae ho dwuma no di kan"[48] Black Saturday Royal Commission no kamfoo kyerɛe sɛ "ɛsɛ sɛ wɔma ɔhyew a wɔde tew pɛtro so a wɔyɛ wɔ ɔmanfo asase so afe biara no boro mmɔho abien".[49]

Wɔ afe 2018 mu no, ogya bere fii ase wɔ Australia wɔ awɔw bere mu. August 2018 yɛɛ hyew na mframa bɔ kɛse sen sɛnea wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ no. Saa wim tebea no maa ɔpɛ sii wɔ New South Wales. Ɔman no Aban de bɛboro dɔla ɔpepepem biako mae dedaw de aboa akuafo no. Wim tebea a na ɛyɛ hyew na ɛyɛ kusuu no ma ogya tɔɔ pii. Ogya bere a ɛwɔ Australia no reyɛ tenten na ogya ho nsɛm bɛyɛɛ nea ɛtaa ba wɔ mfe 30 a atwam no mu. Ebia saa nneɛma yi ne wim nsakrae wɔ abusuabɔ.[50][51]

Ɔhyew ho mfonini a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea Australia asase so hyew a ɛnteɛ fi 1910
Nsuten a ɛwɔ Kakadu Ɔman Mmoa Yɛmmea
Wɔaka Bramble Cay melomys ho asɛm sɛ ɛyɛ mmoa a wɔnom nufusu a edi kan a wɔyerae esiane wim nsakrae nti.

Nsɛm a wɔde gyinaa so

[sesa]
  1. ↑ Foley, Mike (26 November 2021). "CSIRO study proves climate change driving Australia's 800% boom in bushfires". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 17 February 2022
  2. ↑ Green, Donna (November 2006). "Climate Change and Health: Impacts on Remote Indigenous Communities in Northern Australia". Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. S2CID 131620899.
  3. ↑ Nursey-Bray, Melissa; Palmer, R.; Smith, T. F.; Rist, P. (4 May 2019). "Old ways for new days: Australian Indigenous peoples and climate change". Local Environment. 24 (5): 473–486. Bibcode:2019LoEnv..24..473N. doi:10.1080/13549839.2019.1590325. ISSN 1354-9839.
  4. ↑ Ford, James D. (July 2012). "Indigenous Health and Climate Change". American Journal of Public Health. 102 (7): 1260–1266. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300752. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 3477984. PMID 22594718.
  5. ↑ "Australia's changing climate".
  6. ↑ Lindenmayer, David; Dovers, Stephen; Morton, Steve, eds. (2014). Ten Commitments Revisited. CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4863-0167-6.
  7. ↑ Johnston, Tim (3 October 2007). "Climate change becomes urgent security issue in Australia". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
  8. ↑ Preston, B. L.; Jones, R. N. (2006). Climate Change Impacts on Australia and the Benefits of Early Action to Reduce Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions: A consultancy report for the Australian Business Roundtable on Climate Change (PDF). CSIRO.
  9. ↑ Perkins, Miki (13 November 2020). "Climate change is already here: major scientific report". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Zander, Kerstin K.; Petheram, Lisa; Garnett, Stephen T. (1 June 2013). "Stay or leave? Potential climate change adaptation strategies among Aboriginal people in coastal communities in northern Australia". Natural Hazards. 67 (2): 591–609. Bibcode:2013NatHa..67..591Z. doi:10.1007/s11069-013-0591-4. ISSN 1573-0840. S2CID 128543022.
  11. ↑ Morton, Adam (5 September 2023). "Australia has highest per capita CO2 emissions from coal in G20, analysis finds". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
  12. ↑ Pittock, Barrie, ed. (2003). Climate Change: An Australian Guide to the Science and Potential Impacts (PDF). Commonwealth of Australia: Australian Greenhouse Office. ISBN 978-1-920840-12-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2019. Retrieved 3 November 2019.
  13. ↑ "Australia. 2019 National Inventory Report (NIR)". United Nations Climate Change. Australia. 24 May 2019. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
  14. ↑ Department of Industry, Science (31 August 2021). "Australia's greenhouse gas emissions: March 2021 quarterly update". Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources. Archived from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  15. ↑ Dylan McConnell; Simon Holmes à Court; Steven Tan; Nik Cubrilovic. "An Open Platform for National Electricity Market Data". OpenNEM. Archived from the original on 6 November 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
  16. ↑ "2020 Transmission Annual Planning Report" (PDF). TransGrid. June 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
  17. ↑ "Australia's emissions to start falling thanks to renewables boom, researchers say". The Guardian. 23 October 2019. Archived from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
  18. ↑ "Australia". climateactiontracker.org. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  19. ↑ "Climate change in Australia". CSIRO. 24 December 2020. Archived from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
  20. ↑ "Commentary on rainfall probabilities based on phases of the SOI". State of Queensland Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original on 1 August 2008. Retrieved 27 February 2008.
  21. ↑ Ashcroft, Linden; Gergis, Joëlle; Karoly, David John (November 2014). "A historical climate dataset for southeastern Australia, 1788-1859". Geoscience Data Journal. 1 (2): 158–178. Bibcode:2014GSDJ....1..158A. doi:10.1002/gdj3.19.
  22. ↑ Foley, J.C.; Droughts in Australia: review of records from earliest years of settlement to 1955; published 1957 by Australian Bureau of Meteorology
  23. ↑ Allan, R.J.; Lindesay, J. and Parker, D.E.; El Niño, Southern Oscillation and Climate Variability; p. 70. ISBN 0-643-05803-6
  24. ↑ "Soils and landscapes near Narrabri and Edgeroi, NSW, with data analysis using fuzzy k-means" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2008.
  25. ↑ Fewer frosts. Bureau of Meteorology.
  26. ↑ "Annual Australian Climate Statement 2009". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 5 January 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
  27. ↑ "Annual Australian Climate Statement 2011". Bom.gov.au. 4 January 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2012.
  28. ↑ "Annual climate statement of 2014". Bureau of Meteorology. 6 January 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2014
  29. ↑ "2014 was Australia's warmest year on record: BoM". ABC Online. 21 January 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  30. ↑ DCC (2009), Climate Change Risks to Australia's coasts, Canberra.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Glavovic, Bruce; Kelly, Mick; Kay, Mick; Travers, Aibhe (2014). Climate Change and the Coast: Building Resilient Communities. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 257. ISBN 978-1-4822-8858-2.
  32. ↑ Ide, Tobias (25 January 2023). "Climate change and Australia's national security". Australian Journal of Internal Affairs. 77 (1): 26–44. doi:10.1080/10357718.2023.2170978. S2CID 256293743.
  33. ↑ Anderson, Deb (2014). Endurance. CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4863-0120-1.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "Hasta la vista El Nino – but don't hold out for 'normal' weather just yet". The Conversation. 28 January 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2016.
  35. ↑ "Regional Rainfall Trends". Commonwealth of Australia Bureau of Meteorology. 2011. Archived from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
  36. ↑ Australian rivers 'face disaster', BBC News
  37. ↑ Saving Australia's water, BBC News
  38. ↑ Metropolis strives to meet its thirst, BBC News
  39. ↑ Katharine Murphy, Katharine (6 October 2019). "Water resources minister 'totally' accepts drought linked to climate change". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  40. ↑ "Worst Australian Floods in Decades Cause Death, Destruction; Climate Change a Contributor, Says IPCC Report (PHOTOS) | The Weather Channel - Articles from The Weather Channel | weather.com". The Weather Channel. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  41. ↑ Herron, N., Davis, R., and Jones, R.N. (2002) The effects of large-scale afforestation and climate change on water allocation in the Macquarie River Catchment, NSW, Australia. Journal of Environmental Management 65, 369–381.
  42. ↑ Arnell, N.W. (1999) Climate change and global water resources. Global Environmental Change 9, S31–S46.
  43. ↑ Howe, C., Jones, R.N., Maheepala, S., and Rhodes, B. (2005) Implications of Climate Change for Melbourne's Water Resources. Melbourne Water, Melbourne, 26 pp.
  44. ↑ G. Canadell, Josep; Meyer, C. P. (Mick); D. Cook, Garry; Dowdy, Andrew; R. Briggs, Peter; Knauer, Jürgen; Pepler, Acacia; Haverd, Vanessa (26 November 2021). "Multi-decadal increase of forest burned area in Australia is linked to climate change". Nature Communications. 12 (6921) (1): 6921. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.6921C. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-27225-4. PMC 8626427. PMID 34836974. S2CID 244700595.
  45. ↑ Marshall, Peter (12 February 2009). "Face global warming or lives will be at risk". Melbourne: The Age Newspaper. Retrieved 13 February 2009.
  46. ↑ "CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACT ON THE MANAGEMENT OF BUSHFIRE" (PDF). Bushfire Cooperative Research Centre. September 2006. p. 4. Retrieved 13 February 2009.
  47. ↑ K. Hennessy; C. Lucas; N. Nicholls; J. Bathols; R. Suppiah; J. Ricketts (December 2005). "Climate change impacts on fire-weather in south-east Australia" (PDF). CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Bushfire CRC and Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 13 February 2009.
  48. ↑ Walsh, Bryan (9 February 2009). "Why Global Warming May Be Fueling Australia's Fires". Time. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 12 February 2009.
  49. ↑ "Black Saturday Royal Commission". The Age. Melbourne. 31 July 2010.
  50. ↑ Price, Owen (17 August 2018). "Drought, wind and heat: Bushfire season is starting earlier and lasting longer". ABC News. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  51. ↑ Woodburn, Joanna (8 August 2018). "NSW Government says entire state in drought, new DPI figures reveal full extent of big dry". ABC News. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
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