Odunsini
Abibiduro yɛ pharmacognosy adesua ne kwan a Yɛfa so de nnua a yɛde yɛ nnuro di dwuma.[1] Yɛnni adanseɛ pii a ɛfa abɔdeɛ nyansapɛ a ɛma nnua a wɔde dii dwuma wɔ 21st century wie pɛyɛ. [1][2] Nnoɔma wɔde yɛ abibinnuro no bi ne fungal ne wowa bi tesɛ fagudeɛ,Abena ne mmoa binom ho akwaa. Wɔsane frɛ abibinnuro phytomedicine anaasɛ phytotherapy.[3] Paraherbalism kyerɛ ɔkwan foforɔ ne pseudoscientific kwan bi a wɔfa so de nnua ne mmoa ho nnoɔma bi yɛ nnuro bi a wɔnnye ntom anaasɛ baabi a wɔma apomuden ho nnoɔma yi mpɔn.[1][2][4] Paraherbalism de ne ho ka a wɔka sɛ sɛ wokora nnoɔma a yɛde yɛ nnuro ahodoɔ pii firi baabi a wɔnyɛ saa nnuro pii a ɛyɛ kyɛn baabi a wɔyɛ nnuro pii, a adanseɛ biara nni mu.[4]
Abakɔsɛm[sesa]
Wɔn a wɔhwɛ tete nnoɔma kyerɛ sɛ abibinnuro firi paleolithic pɛn so, bɛyɛ mfeɛ mpem aduosia ni. Adanseɛ a wɔatwerɛ ato hɔ fa ahahannuro kyerɛ sɛ ɛfiri Sumerianfoɔ hɔ bɛyɛ mfeɛ mpem num, a ɛboa nnua ahodoɔ ano guu hɔ.Tete amammerɛ no bi twerɛɛ biribi faa nnua ne nea yɛde sa wɔ nwoma a wɔfrɛ no "herbals". Wɔ Egypt mu no, wɔbɔ ahahannuro din wɔ Egyptian Medical papyri, a ɛda amusieɛ bi adi anaasɛ afahyɛ bi a wɔhunu no wɔ aduro toa bi a ɛkura ahahan pii.[5] Wɔ Egypt mmerɛ mu no, na Ebers papyrus baeɛ bɛyɛ 1550BC na ɛfaa baabi bɛyɛ ahanson a na ɛhɔ na nnua firi.[6] Greek ahahannuro a ɛdiikan baeɛ no firi Theoprastus a ɛwɔ Erosos a wɔ 4th century BC mu no, wɔtwerɛ wɔ Greek Historia Plantarum mu, firi Diocles of Carystus a ɔtwerɛɛ wɔ 3rd century BC ne Krateuas a ɛtwerɛɛ wɔ 1st century BC mu. Saa nnwuma yi mu kakraa bi pɛ na ɛtumi gyinaeɛ, nanso nea ɔkaeɛ no, abenfoɔ a wɔtwerɛɛ biribi faa ho no maa Egyptfoɔ ahahannuro no kɔɔ n'anim.[7] Wɔhunuu nnuaba a wɔde yɛ nnuro wɔ Bronze Age china a ɛyɛ beaeɛ a wɔn a wɔhwehwɛ nnoɔma a atwam yɛ wɔ nnwuma firi shang dynasty[8] (c. 1600–1046 BC).Bɛyɛ sɛ baeɛ ahanu ne aduonu nan no mu ɔha a wɔbɔɔ din wɔ Huangdi Neijing, Chinafoɔ nnuro a wɔhwɛ no nyinaa yɛ ahaban.[9] Na ahahan yɛ adeɛ a wɔde yɛ abibinnuro wɔ India, a na nea wɔde saa nyarewa paa yi nnuane.[10]De Materia Medica, yɛ adeɛ Pedanius Dioscorides (c. 40–90 AD) a ɔwɔ Anazarbus twerɛ no wɔ Greek mu, Cicilia, aduroyɛfoɔ ne obi a ɔsua agodideɛ yɛ nhwɛsoɔ ma ahahannuro a wɔdi dii dwuma wɔ mfeɛ bi a atwam bɛpemm 1600s mu.[11]
Ɛnnɛ mmerɛ yi abibinnuro[sesa]
World Health Organization (WHO) kyerɛɛ mu sɛ nnipa a ɛwɔ Asia ne Abibiman mu no ɔhamu nkyekyɛmu aduowɔtwe na ɛde abibinnuro sa nyarewa a ano nyɛ den.[12] Nnuro a wɔtwerɛ ma wɔn no bi te sɛ artemisinin, [13]digitalis, quinine ne taxanes yɛ ahahannuro.
Nhyehyɛeɛ ho mpɛnsɛmpɛnsɛmu
Wɔ mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne du num mu no, Australia aban nkorabata a wɔhwɛ apomuden nsɛm so daa ayaresa ho nhwehwɛmu adi a wɔyɛ de hwɛ sɛ aponkyibaa krataa bɛtumi afa emu biara ho a; ahahannuro ka nsɛm titire du nson a wayɛ ho nhwehwɛmu a wanya adanseɛ biara wɔ ho sɛ ɛyɛ.[14] Wɔrefiri aseɛ anya akwankyerɛ afa ahahannuro a ano yɛ hye na ɛnni ɔhaw biara no, European Medicines Agency de kwan foforɔ baeɛ wɔ mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne du nson a ɛhwehwɛ sane ma yɛhunu nhwehwɛmu a ɛdi mu a wɔde yɛ monographs fa abibinnuro ho.[15] Wɔ United States no, National Center for complementary and Integrative Health ma National Institute of Health tua wɔ a na wɔkɔ sɔ abibinnuro ahwɛ no, ɔde nkrataa ɛfa nhwehwɛmu no ho a ɛyɛ nokware baeɛ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛnni haw, ɛyɛ aduro papa ne nnua pii no ara ho nsunsuansoɔ,[16] na wɔmaa nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ faa ahahannuro no kaa hɔ.[17]Cancer Research a ɛwɔ UK kyerɛɛ mu sɛ ɛfiri mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne du num mu no, "wɔnni adanseɛ biara fa wɔn adesua ho sɛ abibinnuro bɛtumi asa, anaa asi kokoram ano kwan".[3]
Prevalence of use
Abibinnuro yɛ adeɛ a nnipa de sa yareɛ koankorɔ bi te sɛ kokoram, asikyire yareɛ, ntehyeewa ne sawa mu yareɛ.[18] Aboadeɛ pii bi te sɛ mfeɛ, sɛ obi yɛ ɔbaa anaa barima, abusuakuo bi ne baabi a wɔfiri, nwomasua, ne diberɛ a obi wɔ yɛ adeɛ a ɛma nnipa pii nom abibinnuro.[19]
[18][19]Beaeɛa menyaa mmoa firiiɛ[sesa]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 https://doi.org/10.1038%2F448106a
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 https://books.google.com/books?id=Miy2CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA212
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/cancer-in-general/treatment/complementary-alternative-therapies/individual-therapies/herbal-medicine
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/paraherbalism.html
- ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=WHfEnVU6z8IC&pg=PA151
- ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4748402
- ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=DVA0QouwC4YC&pg=PA50
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20131201231218/http://www.medicine.mcgill.ca/MJM/issues/v08n01/crossroads/hong.pdf
- ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=N2ZdrPCbpNIC&pg=PR9
- ↑ https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofme00acke
- ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&pg=PA146
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20080727053337/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs134/en/
- ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4966551
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20160626024750/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/0E9129B3574FCA53CA257BF0001ACD11/$File/Natural%20Therapies%20Overview%20Report%20Final%20with%20copyright%2011%20March.pdf
- ↑ Archive copy, archived from the original on 2017-02-26, retrieved 2022-07-25
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ↑ https://nccih.nih.gov/health/herbsataglance.htm
- ↑ https://clinicaltrials.gov/search/open/term=herbal+medicine
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2816378
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Burstein HJ, Gelber S, Guadagnoli E, Weeks JC (June 1999). "Use of alternative medicine by women with early-stage breast cancer". The New England Journal of Medicine. 340 (22): 1733–9. doi:10.1056/NEJM199906033402206. PMID 10352166.