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Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho nsɛm wɔ Afrika

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Wɔde plastic nwura amene gutter bi a ɛka odona nsuo a ɛkɔ odona ho no mu wɔ Ghana.
Piles of chopped dry ecalyptus wood in near Butare town in Bushenyi district in Western Uganda
Ecalyptus nnua a ayow a wɔatwitwa akuwakuw wɔ Butare kurow a ɛbɛn hɔ wɔ Bushenyi mantam mu wɔ Uganda Atɔe fam

Afrika nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho nsɛm fi nkɛntɛnso a nnipa nya wɔ abɔde mu nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia so na ɛka nnipa ne ɛkame ayɛ sɛ abɔde ahorow nyinaa. Nsɛmpɔw no bi ne kwae a wotutu, asase a wɔsɛe no, mframa a wɔsɛe no, nsu a wɔsɛe no, nwura a wɔsɛe no, wim nsakrae ne nsu a ɛho yɛ na (a ɛde ɔhaw ahorow ba wɔ nsu pa a wobenya ne ahotew ho).[1] Saa nsɛm yi de nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho ntawntawdi ba na ɛne asetra mu apereperedi a ɛtrɛw a ɛfa demokrase ne tumidi ho no wɔ abusuabɔ.[2]

Kwae a wotutu[sesa]

Nnua a wotwa kɛse ne kwae mmeae a ɛso tew a efi mu ba no ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho nsɛm atitiriw a ɛwɔ Afrika Asasepɔn no so. Kwae a wotutu a abu so ne asase a wɔsakra no kɔ so ma kuayɛ, atrae ne pɛtro a wohia. Afrikafo ɔha biara mu aduɔkron hia nnua a wɔde bɛyɛ pɛtro a wɔde yɛ ɔhyew ne aduannoa. Ne saa nti, kwae a ɛwɔ hɔ no so retew da biara da, te sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔ equatorial kwae a ɛyɛ ahabammono daa no mantam mu no. Sɛnea Amanaman Nkabom Asoɛe a Ɛhwɛ Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia So kyerɛ no, Afrika anhweatam a ɛdannan no boro wiase de mmɔho abien.[3]

Nnua a wɔtwa a mmara mma ho kwan a ɛyɛ ade titiriw foforo a ɛde kwae a wotutu no gu ahorow wɔ ɔman biara mu, te sɛ 50% wɔ Cameroon ne 80% wɔ Liberia. Wɔ Democratic Republic of the Congo no, ɔman mma a wodi hia no ahiade titiriw na ɛde kwae a wotutu no ba, ne nnua a wotwa ne nea wotu fagude a obiara nhwɛ so. Wɔ Ethiopia no, nea ɛde ba titiriw ne ɔman no mu nnipa dodow a ɛrenya nkɔanim, na ɛma kuayɛ, mmoayɛn, ne nnua a wɔde yɛ pɛtro kɔ soro. Nhomasua a ɛba fam n e aban a ɛde ne ho gye mu kakraa bi nso boa ma wotutu kwae. Madagascar kwae a wɔhwere no fã bi fi ɔman mma a wɔde akwan a wɔfa so twitwa na wɔhyew bere a wonyaa ahofadi fii Fransefo nsam akyi no. Amanaman Nkabom Aduan ne Kuadwuma Ahyehyɛde (FAO) kyerɛ sɛ, wɔ afe 2005 mu no, Nigeria na wotwaa kwae sen biara wɔ wiase nyinaa[4]

Kwae a wotutu wɔ Nigeria no fi nnua a wotwa, kuayɛ a wɔde hwɛ wɔn ho, ne nnua a wɔboaboa ano de yɛ pɛtro. Sɛnea gfy kyerɛ no, kwae a wɔatutu no asɛe Afrika kwae bɛyɛ 90%. Afrika Atɔe fam kwae a ɛyɛ nwini no mu 22.8% pɛ na aka, na Nigeria kwae a ayɛ dedaw no mu 81% yerae wɔ mfe 15 ntam. Kwae a wotutu nso brɛ hokwan a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ osu bɛtɔ no ase; Ethiopia ahyia ɔkɔm ne ɔpɛ esiane eyi nti. Ethiopia kwae 98% ayera wɔ mfeɛ aduonum a atwam no mu. Wɔ mfeɛ aduanan mmiɛnsa mu no, kwaeɛ a ɛwɔ Kenya no so tew firii bɛyɛ 10% kɔɔ 1.7%. Kwae a wotutu wɔ Madagascar nso ama anhweatam asɛe, asase asɛe, na nsu fibea asɛe, na ama ɔman no ntumi mfa nneɛma a ɛho hia mma emu nnipa a wɔredɔɔso no.

Kwae a osu tɔ na owia bɔ kɛse wom a wotutu

Wɔ mfe anum a atwam no mu no, ɛkame ayɛ sɛ Nigeria hweree ne kwae titiriw no fã.

Ethiopia aban ne ahyehyɛde ahorow te sɛ Farm Africa afi ase reyɛ nneɛma bi de asiw kwae a wotutu dodo no ano.

Kwae a wotutu yɛ asɛm, na kwae ho hia wɔ Afrika, efisɛ nnipa dodow de wɔn ho ato so kɛse na ama wɔanya ahiade atitiriw. Wɔde nnua yɛ dabere, ntade, kuayɛ mu nneɛma, ne nneɛma afoforo pii. Wɔde nnua mu nneɛma nso yɛ nnuru ne nnuan ahorow pii. Nnuan yi bi ne nnuaba, nnuadewa, ɛwo, ne nea ɛkeka ho pii. Nnua ho hia kɛse ma sikasɛm mu mfaso wɔ Afrika, titiriw wɔ aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu. Kwae nso boa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia. Wobu akontaa sɛ Afrika belt a ɛyɛ

Piles of chopped dry ecalyptus wood next to Igara Secondary school near Butare town in Bushenyi district in Western Uganda 05
Ecalyptus nnua a ayow a wɔatwitwa akuwakuw a ɛbɛn Igara Ntoaso sukuu a ɛbɛn Butare kurow a ɛwɔ Bushenyi mantam mu wɔ Uganda Atɔe fam 05

ahabammono no, mmoa ahorow bɛboro ɔpepem 1.5 na ɛwɔ hɔ. Sɛ kwae mu atrae a wɔde bɛbɔ mmoa ahorow no ho ban nni hɔ a, nnipa dodow no wɔ asiane mu. Nnipa ne mmoa ahorow ɔpepem pii asetra da asiane mu esiane kwae a wotutu nti. Adeyɛ no yɛ domino effect a ɛka mpɔtam bi, abɔde a nkwa wom, ne sikasɛm afã horow pii.[5]

Afrika aman pii afi ase reyɛ nnwuma a wɔde bɛsan asiesie nneɛma a ɛbɛma wɔadan nkɛntɛnso a kwae a wotutu de ba no. Wɔada no adi sɛ saa nnwuma yi ma nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia no tu mpɔn wɔ akwan pii so na ɛma nnipa a wɔte bɛn hɔ no asetra tu mpɔn. Sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no "Kwaeɛ a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kuayɛ nhyehyɛeɛ bɛtumi aboa, sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, ama wɔagye carbon, asiw nsuyiri ano, ama abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ hɔ no ayɛ kɛseɛ, asiesie nsase a asɛe, ama mpɔtam hɔ ahoɔden a wɔde bɛma nkuraaseɛ ahiafoɔ na ama asase a wɔde di dwuma ne nsuo a wɔde di dwuma no atu mpɔn.[6]

Asase a wɔsɛe no[sesa]

Nsuo a ɛtɔ, nsubɔnten ne mframa ne asase a wɔde di dwuma boro so de yɛ kua ne nwura a wɔmfa nni dwuma pii no ama asase no adan nnɔbaeɛ, te sɛ nhwɛsoɔ, wɔ Nil ne Orange Asubɔnten no asasetaw so. Ade titiriw a ɛde asase no sɛe ne sɛ wɔmfa nnuru a wɔayɛ a wɔmfa nni dwuma, efisɛ Afrika asase nni aduannuru a ɛwɔ abɔde mu na wɔtow plastic nwura te sɛ polythene nkotoku, mprɛte a abubu, nsukorade, nsu sanku, plastic nsu nkotoku ne jerrycan nso gu asase no so. Nnipa dodow a ɛrekɔ soro no nso aboa bere a ɛsɛ sɛ nkurɔfo dua nnɔbae, sɛ sika fibea, nanso wɔnyɛ nneɛma bi mfa mmɔ asase no ho ban,[7], esiane sika a wonnya sua nti.[8] Akwan a wɔfa so mprempren no de nhyɛso kɛse ba nneɛma afoforo a atwa yɛn ho ahyia te sɛ kwae so, na ɛnyɛ nea ɛbɛkɔ so atra hɔ daa.[9] Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia nso wɔ hɔ a ɛde asase no yiyedi ba. Asase no fã kɛse no ara wɔ abotan anaa dɔte a efi ogya bepɔw dwumadi mu. Nneɛma afoforo a ɛde ba ne asase a ɛwosow, anhweatam a ɛresɛe, ne kwae a wotutu. Ade foforo a ɛma asase sɛe ne nwura a wɔmfa nni dwuma yiye, nneɛma ne akwan a wɔfa so di

Plastic bags dumped by the road side in Katete in mbarara district in western Uganda
Plastik nkotoku a wɔtow guu kwan no nkyɛn wɔ Katete wɔ mbarara mantam mu wɔ Uganda atɔe fam

nwura ho dwuma a wonni no ma wɔtow nwura gu asase mu, enti ɛde asase no sɛe denam akwan horow te sɛ leaching so.

Afrika asase a ɛsɛe no ma aduan a wonya so tew, nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a ɛsɛe ade, na asetra pa so tew wɔ Afrika nyinaa.[10] Sɛ nnuru a wɔde yɛ nnɔbae ne nneɛma afoforo a wɔde yɛ nnɔbae bo yɛ den na wɔnam saayɛ so de di dwuma kɛse a, anka asɛm yi so bɛtew.[11] Amanaman Nkabom no ahyɛ sɛ wɔnyɛ Wiase Nyinaa Nhwehwɛmu a Ɛfa Asase a Nnipa De Sɛe Ho (GLASOD) mfa nhwehwɛ nea ɛde asase no ba ne sɛnea ɛte no mu nkɔ akyiri. Nsɛm a wɔaboaboa ano no yɛ nea wobetumi anya kwa, na wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ wɔbɛma amammuifo a wɔwɔ mmeae a asiane wɔ hɔ no ate ase.[12]

Mframa a wɔsɛe no[sesa]

Mframa a ɛwɔ Afrika no ho agu fĩ kɛse esiane nneɛma pii a wɔaka ho asɛm wɔ ase ha nti. Akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ tete kwan a wɔfa so yɛ kua a ɛkɔ so wɔ mmeae dodow no ara wɔ Afrika no yɛ ade a ɛde ba. Amanaman Nkabom Aduan ne Kuadwuma

Kar tae a wɔhyew a ɛde mframa ho fĩ ba wɔ Accra

Ahyehyɛde (FAO) bu akontaa sɛ asase hekta ɔpepem 11.3 reyera afe biara esiane kuayɛ, adidibea, ɔhyew a wontumi nni so ne nnua a wɔde yɛ pɛtro a wɔde di dwuma nti.[13]Wɔde nnua ne fango a wɔhyew na ɛyɛ aduannoa[14]na eyi ma carbon dioxide a ɛyɛ awuduru a ɛde efĩ ba wim no pue kɔ wim.[15]Afei nso, esiane anyinam ahoɔden a wɔmfa mma nti, ɛsɛ sɛ afie dodow no ara de wɔn ho to pɛtro ne diesel a ɛwɔ mfiri a ɛma anyinam ahoɔden mu so na ama wɔn anyinam ahoɔden akɔ so ayɛ adwuma.[16] Mframa a wɔsɛe no wɔ Afrika no reba anim na ɛnsɛ sɛ wobu ani gu so. Sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔ South Africa no, mercury dodow no mu yɛ den esiane fango a wɔhyew ne sika kɔkɔɔ a wotu nti. Mercury fi mframa mu kɔ asase ne nsu mu. Asase no ma nnɔbae no tumi twe mercury a nnipa di no. Mmoa di sare a agye mercury no na bio nnipa betumi awe saa mmoa yi. Mpataa twetwe mercury a efi nsu no mu no, nnipa nso we mpataa no na wɔnom nsu a agye mercury no. Eyi ma mercury dodow a ɛwɔ nnipa mu no yɛ kɛse. Eyi betumi de akwahosan ho asiane a emu yɛ den aba. [17][18]

Cathy Liousse a ɔhwɛ CNRS wim nnyigyei ho nhwehwɛmu so panyin ne nhwehwɛmufo afoforo pii bɔ kɔkɔ sɛ wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ Afrika betumi agyina hɔ ama efĩ a wɔtow gu wiase no fã wɔ afe 2030 mu. Sɛnea amanneɛbɔ no kyerɛ no, Afrika Sahara anafo fam rehyia efĩ a ɛrenya nkɔanim ntɛmntɛm, a efi nneɛma pii mu ba, te sɛ nnua a wɔhyew de noa aduan, nwura a wɔhyew wɔ baguam, kar akwan, kuayɛ mu nnuan ne nnuruyɛ adwumayɛbea ahorow, mfutuma a efi Sahara a mframa a ɛfa Sahel mpɔtam hɔ, a nnipa dodow a ɛrekɔ soro kɛse ne nkurow akɛse mu a wɔbɛkɔ so ahyɛ eyi nyinaa mu den. [19]

Wiase Nyinaa Akwahosan Ahyehyɛde no bɔ amanneɛ sɛ ehia sɛ wɔde wɔn ho gye mu bere a ɛboro Mmofra a Wɔadi M dɛm Nkwa Mfe a Wɔayɛ Nsakrae no nyinaa mu nkyem abiɛsa mu biako no[20] no hweree esiane mframa a wɔsɛe no wɔ afie mu a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu wɔ Afrika nti.[21] Ɛho hia sɛ wɔde pɛtro na ama akanea anya ahoɔden anadwo. Petrol a wɔrehyew no ma mframa bɔne a wɔfrɛ no carbon dioxide pii gu wim. Esiane sɛ Nkurow akɛse mu a wɔbɛkɔ so ayɛ kɛse wɔ Afrika nti, nkurɔfo rehyew pɛtro pii na wɔde kar pii redi dwuma de akɔ. Mframa a kar mu mframa a wɔtow gu a ɛrekɔ soro ne su a ɛrekɔ so sɛ wɔbɛma mfiridwuma ayɛ kɛse no kyerɛ sɛ nkurow akɛse mu mframa pa a ɛwɔ asasepɔn no so no resɛe. Eyi te saa nso wɔ nkurow akɛse pii mu wɔ Nigeria a nneɛma atitiriw a ɛde mframa pa ba no bi ne mframa a wɔtow gu, mfiridwuma mu mframa a wɔtow gu ne nwura a ɛyɛ den a wɔhyew. Nsonsonoe a ɛsakra wɔ efĩ mu wɔ mmere mu nso wɔ hɔ a mframa a wɔsɛe no kɛse sen biara no ba wɔ ɔpɛ bere mu (November kosi March wɔ atifi fam, May kosi September wɔ anafo fam).[22]

Wɔ aman pii mu no, pɛtro a kɔbere wom a wɔde di dwuma da so ara abu so, na akwan a wɔfa so siw mframa bɔne ano wɔ kar mu nni hɔ. Mframa a wɔsɛe no wɔ dan mu no atrɛw, na ne fã kɛse no ara fi fango a wɔhyew wɔ adididan mu de noa aduan.[23]

Nnuru a efi mmeae a wɔtɔn pɛtro ne nitrogen ne hydrocarbon a efi wimhyɛn gyinabea ahorow mu ba no ma mframa mu efĩ ba. Carbon dioxide mframa afoforo a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a ɛwɔ mframa mu no ma nnipa a wɔwɔ ɔhome ho haw no dɔɔso.[24]

Abusuabɔ koro da mframa a wɔsɛe no ne nnipa dodow ntam. Afrika gu ahorow kɛse wɔ mmeae a nnipa dɔɔso dodo ne mmeae a nnipa kakraa bi na wɔte hɔ no ntam. Wɔ mmeae a mfiridwuma nnya nkɔso pii na nnipa kakraa bi na wɔwɔ mu no, mframa pa yɛ kɛse. Nea ɛne eyi bɔ abira no, wɔ mmeae a nnipa dɔɔso na mfiridwuma wɔ hɔ no, mframa no sua. Mpɛn pii no, mframa a wɔsɛe no wɔ nkurow akɛse mu no ho dwuma a wobedi no yɛ ade titiriw, ɛwom mpo sɛ asasepɔn no nyinaa nnya mframa mu efĩ kakraa bi wɔ amanaman ntam gyinapɛn ahorow mu de. Ɛno mpo no, mframa mu fĩ de akwahosan ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho haw ahorow reba. Saa nneɛma a ɛde efĩ ba yi yɛ asiane ma nnipa a wɔwɔ Afrika ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a wɔbɔ mmɔden kɛse sɛ wɔbɛkɔ so atra hɔ no.[25]

Wɔ afe 2019 mu no, mframa a wɔsɛee no kunkum nnipa ɔpepem 1.1 wɔ Afrika nyinaa, sɛnea nhwehwɛmu bi a wotintimii wɔ The Lancet Planetary Health mu wɔ October 2021 mu kyerɛ no.[26] Afrika mmofra bɛboro ɔpepem 350 te afie a wɔde pɛtro a ɛyɛ den, a ne fã kɛse no ara yɛ nnua ne fango, di dwuma de noa aduan ne ɔhyew mu. Mframa a efi pɛtro a ɛyɛ den yi mu ba no ne nneɛma atitiriw a ɛde mframa a wɔsɛe no wɔ dan mu ba.[27]

Wim Nsakrae[sesa]

Wim nsakrae a ɛwɔ Afrika no yɛ asiane a emu yɛ den kɛse efisɛ Afrika ka nsasepɔn a ɛyɛ mmerɛw kɛse wɔ wim nsakrae

Mfonini a ɛkyerɛ ɔhyew nsakrae wɔ Afrika wɔ 1901 ne 2021 ntam, a kɔla kɔkɔɔ yɛ hyew na bruu yɛ nwini sen sɛnea wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ (wɔfa ɔhyew a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ 1971–2000 mu sɛ ade a wɔde hwɛ nsakrae yi).

nkɛntɛnso ho no ho.[28][29][30] Nsɛm bi mpo de Afrika to "asasepɔn a ɛyɛ mmerɛw sen biara wɔ Asase so".[31][32] Ɛda adi sɛ wim nsakrae ne wim nsakrae bɛtew kuayɛ mu nneɛma a wɔyɛ, aduan a wobenya ne nsu a wobenya so.[33] Ne saa nti, nsunsuanso bɔne bɛba nkurɔfo asetra ne nkɔso a ɛtra hɔ daa so wɔ Afrika.[34]

Wɔ mfe du du a ɛreba no mu no, ɛkame ayɛ sɛ wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ wim nsakrae betumi ayɛ hyew wɔ Asase no ani nyinaa, na osu a ɛtɔ wɔ wiase nyinaa no bɛkɔ soro.[35] Mprempren, sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, Afrika rehyew ntɛmntɛm sen wiase aman a aka no. Ebia asasepɔn no afã akɛse bɛyɛ nea wontumi ntena ase esiane nkɛntɛnso a wim nsakrae de ba ntɛmntɛm nti, na ebenya nkɛntɛnso bɔne wɔ nnipa akwahosan, aduan a wobenya, ne ohia so.[36][37][38] Wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ nkɛntɛnso a osu tɔ wɔ mmeae a osu tɔ wɔ mmeae a osu tɔ na owia bɔ kɛse wɔ mpɔtam hɔ no bɛsakra kɛse wɔ mmeae ahorow. Mpɛn pii no, nsakrae a ɛbɛkɔ so wɔ beae biako biara no nyɛ nea wontumi nsi pi kɛse.

Mpɛn pii no, ɔhyew a wɔahu wɔ asase ani no akɔ soro bɛyɛ 1 °C wɔ Afrika fi afeha a ɛto so 19 awiei kosi afeha a ɛto so 21 mfiase.[39] Wɔ Sahel no, nkɔanim no akɔ soro akodu 3 °C ama ɔhyew a ɛba fam koraa wɔ ɔpɛ bere awiei.[39] Nsɛm a ɛfa ɔhyew ne osutɔ ho kyerɛ sɛ ɛne nea wɔtaa tɔ no nhyia, wɔ bere ne beae a wɔyɛ no nyinaa mu[40][41][42]

Sɛ nhwɛso no, Kenya wɔ baabi a ɛyɛ mmerɛw kɛse wɔ nkɛntɛnso a wim nsakrae de ba no ho. Wim tebea mu asiane atitiriw no bi ne ɔpɛ ne nsuyiri efisɛ ɛda adi sɛ osu bɛtɔ kɛse na wontumi nhyɛ nkɔm. Wim tebea ho nhwɛso ahorow kyerɛ sɛ ɔhyew bɛkɔ soro 0.5 kosi 2 °C.[43] Wɔ Nairobi nkurow akɛse mu atrae a ɛnyɛ ɔkwan biara so no, nkurow akɛse mu ɔhyew supɔw so nkɛntɛnso no de ɔhaw no ka ho bere a ɛma ɛhɔ yɛ hyew kɛse mpo no. Eyi fi nneɛma a wɔde si afie, mframa a enni hɔ, mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ frɔmfrɔm a enni hɔ, ne anyinam ahoɔden ne nnwuma afoforo a wontumi nnya no yiye.[44]

Afrika Aman Nkabom Kuo no de botaeɛ 47 ne nneyɛeɛ a ɛne no hyia ato hɔ wɔ afe 2014 amanneɛbɔ nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔde bɛko atia wim nsakraeɛ wɔ Afrika na wɔabrɛ ase no mu.[45] Amanaman Ntam Sikakorabea no hyɛɛ nyansa wɔ afe 2021 mu sɛ ebia ɛho behia dɔla ɔpepepem 50 na wɔde atua ka a wɔbɔ wɔ wim nsakrae a wɔbɛsakra ho wɔ Afrika no ho.[46][47][48]

Mpoano A ɛreworo So[sesa]

Mpoano a ɛporɔw yɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho asɛm a ɛda nsow wɔ Afrika mmeae pii, titiriw wɔ Afrika Atɔe fam mpoano. Saa adeyɛ yi ma wɔhwere asase, nneɛma a wɔde yɛ adwuma sɛe, na mpɔtam hɔfo tu fi wɔn afie mu. Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ na wɔadi saa ɔhaw yi ho dwuma no, wɔhyɛɛ West Africa Coastal Areas Management Program (WACA) ase wɔ afe 2018 mu, a wɔde sika dɔla ɔpepem 594 firii Wiase Sikakorabea hɔ denam Amanaman Ntam Nkɔsoɔ Fekuo (IDA) so. Benin ne Togo nya mpoano a wɔhwere bɛyɛ mita 15 afe biara, na mmeae bi hwere bɛyɛ mita 30. Saa nsu a ɛreworo so yi ama afie asɛe na ɛde asiane kɛse aba nkwa ne sika a wɔde hyɛ mu no so. WACA aboa nnwuma akɛseɛ bɛyɛ aduonu a ɛfa ahyeɛ ho nnwuma akɛseɛ, a ɛboro kilomita 42 a wɔde asorɔkye a ɛpaapae, asen, ne anhwea afasuo na ɛyɛ. Wɔ mmeae te sɛ Grand-Popo no, po no akɔ fam mita 200, na ɛde mpoano foforo a ne tenten yɛ kilomita 5.3 aba. Dwumadi no abɔ afie 27,000 (bɛyɛ ankorankoro 145,000) asetra ne wɔn asetrade ho ban afi nsuyiri ho, na ama mmeae a wogye wɔn ani ne mpataayi a wɔde nsa yɛ no atu mpɔn.[49]

Nsu a ɛho yɛ na[sesa]

Nneɛma atitiriw a ɛma nsu ho yɛ na wɔ Afrika ne honam fam ne sikasɛm mu nsu a ɛho yɛ na, nnipa dodow a ɛkɔ soro ntɛmntɛm, ne nkɛntɛnso a wim nsakrae nya wɔ nsu kyinhyia so. Nsu a ɛho yɛ na ne nsu pa a wonnya mfa nni nsu a wɔhwehwɛ a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ no ho dwuma.[50] Osu a ɛtɔ wɔ Afrika Sahara anafo fam no yɛ bere mu de kɛse na ɛnkyɛ, na ɛde nsuyiri ne ɔpɛ taa ba.[51]

Amanaman Nkabom no Aduan ne Kuadwuma Ahyehyɛde no bɔɔ amanneɛ wɔ afe 2012 mu sɛ mprempren nsu a ɛho yɛ na a ɛrenya nkɔanim no yɛ nsɛnnennen atitiriw a ɛwɔ nkɔso a ɛtra hɔ daa no mu biako.[52] Nea enti a ɛte saa ne sɛ nsubɔnten a ɛrekɔ soro no adu tebea horow a nsu ho yɛ na mu. Nea enti a ɛte saa ne nneɛma a kuayɛ ne nnwuma afoforo hwehwɛ a wɔaka abom. Nsu a ɛho yɛ na wɔ Afrika no nya nkɛntɛnso ahorow pii. Ɛfiri akwahosan so, titire a ɛka mmaa ne mmofra, kɔsi nwomasua, kuayɛ mu aba ne nkɔsoɔ a ɛtra hɔ daa so. Ebetumi nso ama nsu mu ntawntawdi pii aba.

Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ na wɔadi nsu a ɛho yɛ na wɔ Afrika ho asɛm no ho dwuma yiye no, Amanaman Nkabom Sikasɛm Bagua a Ɛhwɛ Afrika So no si hia a ehia sɛ wɔde sika hyɛ Afrika nsu a ebetumi aba no mu nkɔso mu so dua. Eyi bɛma aduan a wobenya ne nsu a wobenya no atu mpɔn, na abɔ sikasɛm mu mfaso ho ban denam ɔpɛ, nsuyiri, ne anhweatam so a wɔbɛhwɛ so yiye no so [53]

Plastik a wɔde yɛ efĩ[sesa]

Te sɛ aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso no mmeae afoforo no, efĩ a wɔde plastic ayɛ no de ɔhaw ahorow a ɛtrɛw te sɛ efĩ a ɛwɔ

Plastik nwura a wɔanhwɛ so yiye no mu kyɛfa

nsu kwan so, ahum nsu a wɔde di dwuma a wɔsɛe no, ne nyarewa a ɛrekɔ soro esiane nwansena ne mmoawa a wɔsɛe nnɔbae a wɔte plastik mu nti reba[54] Plastik a wɔmfa nni dwuma yiye no yɛ nneɛma a wɔn a wɔyɛ nneɛma ahorow nyinaa de ma a ne bo nyɛ den a wɔaka abom, sɛ nhwɛso no, denam nsu a wohia kɛse a wɔde ma denam nsu a wɔde ahyɛ toa mu ne nsu kotoku mu, ne nwura a wɔmfa nni dwuma yiye bere a wɔde adi dwuma akyi no so.[55]

Mmeae bi wɔ Afrika nso ayɛ mmeae a wɔtow plastic nwura fi Wiase Nyinaa Atifi fam[56] Aban ahorow bi reyɛ ho biribi, na asasepɔn no di wiase no fã a aka no anim wɔ plastic a wɔbarae a ɛtew plastic a wɔde di dwuma pɛnkoro te sɛ plastic bag ne

Garbage and plastic waste in drainage channel in Butare town in Bushenyi District in Western Uganda
Nwura ne plastic nwura a ɛwɔ nsu a ɛkɔ nsu mu wɔ Butare kurow mu wɔ Bushenyi Mantam mu wɔ Uganda Atɔe fam

nnwinnade a wɔde ma aduan a wɔma ho kwan sɛ wɔde di dwuma ne ne yɛ so.[57]

  1. ↑ "Types of Environmental Issues: Meaning, Pollution, Videos, Examples". Toppr-guides (in American English). 2018-03-08. Retrieved 2022-06-03.
  2. ↑ Obi, Cyril (2005). Environmental movements in sub-Saharan Africa : a political ecology of power and conflict. UN Research Institute for Social Development. OCLC 153316952.
  3. ↑ Banda, Jr, Sam (11 June 2008). "Deforestation reaches worrying level – UN". africanews.com. Archived from the original on 8 October 2008.
  4. ↑ "Deforestation statistics for Nigeria". Mongabay. Retrieved 2021-10-25.
  5. ↑ Hillstrom & Hillstrom The Worlds environments. a continental overview of environmental issues 2003 pg. 85–86
  6. ↑ Favretto, Nicola; Dougill, Andrew; Stringer, Lindsay; Afionis, Stavros; Quinn, Claire (12 March 2018). "Links between Climate Change Mitigation, Adaptation and Development in Land Policy and Ecosystem Restoration Projects: Lessons from South Africa". Sustainability. 10 (3): 779. doi:10.3390/su10030779. ISSN 2071-1050.
  7. ↑ "IFA : International Fertilizer Industry Association – Soil Degradation in Africa IFA". fertilizer.org. IFA. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
  8. ↑ "Land and Environmental Degradation and Desertification in Africa". FAO. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
  9. ↑ "IFA : International Fertilizer Industry Association – Soil Degradation in Africa / SUSTAINABILITY / HomePage / IFA". fertilizer.org. IFA. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
  10. ↑ "Land and Environmental Degradation and Desertification in Africa". FAO. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
  11. ↑ "IFA : International Fertilizer Industry Association – Soil Degradation in Africa / SUSTAINABILITY / HomePage / IFA". fertilizer.org. IFA. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
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  13. ↑ Lanly, J.P. (1982) Tropical Forest Resources. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome, Italy: United Nations. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/an778e/an778e00.pdf
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  17. ↑ Lusilao-Makiese, J.G; Cukrowska, E.M; Tessier, E; Amouroux, D; Weiersbye, I (2013). "The impact of post gold mining on mercury pollution in the West Rand region, Gauteng, South Africa". Journal of Geochemical Exploration. 134: 111–9. doi:10.1016/j.gexplo.2013.08.010.
  18. ↑ Papu-Zamxaka, Vathiswa; Mathee, Angela; Harpham, Trudy; Barnes, Brendon; Röllin, Halina; Lyons, Michal; Jordaan, Wikus; Cloete, Marthinus (2010). "Elevated mercury exposure in communities living alongside the Inanda Dam, South Africa" (PDF). J. Environ. Monit. 12 (2): 472–7. doi:10.1039/B917452D. hdl:2263/15981. PMID 20145889.
  19. ↑ Mariama Darame (29 November 2019). "En Afrique de l'Ouest, une pollution mortelle mais d'ampleur inconnue". Le Monde (in French).
  20. ↑ World Health Organization (2013). Mental Health – DALYs/YLDs definition. Retrieved from [2]
  21. ↑ World Health Organization (2013). Regional burden of disease due to indoor air pollution. Retrieved from [3]
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  23. ↑ "Air Quality in Africa". Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
  24. ↑ Scorgie, Yvanne. "Air Quality and Regulation". NACA. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
  25. ↑ Hillstrom & Hillstrom The Worlds environments. a continental overview of environmental issues 2003 pp. 207–208
  26. ↑ Fisher, Samantha; Bellinger, David C.; Cropper, Maureen L.; Kumar, Pushpam; Binagwaho, Agnes; Koudenoukpo, Juliette Biao; Park, Yongjoon; Taghian, Gabriella; Landrigan, Philip J. (2021). "Air pollution and development in Africa: impacts on health, the economy, and human capital". The Lancet Planetary Health. 5 (10): e681–e688. doi:10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00201-1. PMID 34627472. S2CID 238580295.
  27. ↑ Andrew Mambondiyani (2021-10-25). "Air Pollution Killed a Million People in Africa in 2019". Eos (in American English). Retrieved 2021-10-25.
  28. ↑ Schneider, S. H.; et al. (2007). "19.3.3 Regional vulnerabilities". In Parry, M. L.; et al. (eds.). Chapter 19: Assessing Key Vulnerabilities and the Risk from Climate Change. Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability: contribution of Working Group II to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press (CUP): Cambridge, UK: Print version: CUP. This version: IPCC website. ISBN 978-0-521-88010-7. Archived from the original on 2013-03-12. Retrieved 2011-09-15.
  29. ↑ Niang, I.; O. C. Ruppel; M. A. Abdrabo; A. Essel; C. Lennard; J. Padgham, and P. Urquhart, 2014: Africa. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Barros, V. R.; C. B. Field; D. J. Dokken et al. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1199–1265. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf
  30. ↑ Kendon, Elizabeth J.; Stratton, Rachel A.; Tucker, Simon; Marsham, John H.; Berthou, Ségolène; Rowell, David P.; Senior, Catherine A. (2019). "Enhanced future changes in wet and dry extremes over Africa at convection-permitting scale". Nature Communications (in English). 10 (1): 1794. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1794K. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-09776-9. PMC 6478940. PMID 31015416.
  31. ↑ "More Extreme Weather in Africa's Future, Study Says | The Weather Channel – Articles from The Weather Channel | weather.com". The Weather Channel (in American English). Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  32. ↑ United Nations, UNEP (2017). "Responding to climate change". UNEP – UN Environment Programme (in English). Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  33. ↑ Boko, M. (2007). "Executive summary". In Parry, M. L.; et al. (eds.). Chapter 9: Africa. Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability: contribution of Working Group II to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press (CUP): Cambridge, UK: Print version: CUP. This version: IPCC website. ISBN 978-0-521-88010-7. Archived from the original on 8 November 2011. Retrieved 2011-09-15.
  34. ↑ Niang, I.; O. C. Ruppel; M. A. Abdrabo; A. Essel; C. Lennard; J. Padgham, and P. Urquhart, 2014: Africa. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Barros, V. R.; C. B. Field; D. J. Dokken et al. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1199–1265. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf
  35. ↑ IPCC (2018). "Global Warming of 1.5°C: an IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty". IPCC. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  36. ↑ European Investment Bank (6 July 2022). EIB Group Sustainability Report 2021 (in English). European Investment Bank. ISBN 978-92-861-5237-5.
  37. ↑ "Climate change triggers mounting food insecurity, poverty and displacement in Africa". public.wmo.int (in English). 18 October 2021. Retrieved 2022-07-26.
  38. ↑ "Global warming: severe consequences for Africa". Africa Renewal (in English). 7 December 2018. Retrieved 2022-07-26.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Rural societies in the face of climatic and environmental changes in West Africa. Marseille: IRD éditions. 2017. ISBN 978-2-7099-2424-5. OCLC 1034784045. Impr. Jouve.
  40. ↑ Collins, Jennifer M. (15 July 2011). "Temperature Variability over Africa". Journal of Climate. 24 (14): 3649–3666. Bibcode:2011JCli...24.3649C. doi:10.1175/2011JCLI3753.1.
  41. ↑ Niang, I.; O. C. Ruppel; M. A. Abdrabo; A. Essel; C. Lennard; J. Padgham, and P. Urquhart, 2014: Africa. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Barros, V. R.; C. B. Field; D. J. Dokken et al. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1199–1265. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf
  42. ↑ Conway, Declan; Persechino, Aurelie; Ardoin-Bardin, Sandra; Hamandawana, Hamisai; Dieulin, Claudine; Mahé, Gil (February 2009). "Rainfall and Water Resources Variability in Sub-Saharan Africa during the Twentieth Century". Journal of Hydrometeorology. 10 (1): 41–59. Bibcode:2009JHyMe..10...41C. doi:10.1175/2008JHM1004.1.
  43. ↑ World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal. "Kenya (Vulnerability)". Retrieved 2021-01-28.
  44. ↑ Hirch, Aurther (November 2017). "Effects of climate change likely to be more deadly in poor African settlements".
  45. ↑ AFRICAN STRATEGY ON CLIMATE CHANGE (PDF). African Union. 2014.
  46. ↑ European Investment Bank (2022-10-19). Finance in Africa - Navigating the financial landscape in turbulent times (in English). European Investment Bank. ISBN 978-92-861-5382-2.
  47. ↑ "Financing for Sustainable Development Report 2021" (PDF). UN.
  48. ↑ United Nations. "Population growth, environmental degradation and climate change". United Nations (in English). Retrieved 2022-10-28.
  49. ↑ "The Tamed Sea: An Alliance Restored With Coastal Communities". World Bank (in English). Retrieved 2024-06-13.
  50. ↑ "Water Scarcity | Threats | WWF". World Wildlife Fund (in English). Retrieved 2020-11-29.
  51. ↑ "International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015". Retrieved 1 April 2013.
  52. ↑ FAO (2012). Coping with water scarcity - An action framework for agriculture and food security, FAO Rome.
  53. ↑ "Management Options to Enhance Survival and Growth" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 May 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  54. ↑ Lerner, Sharon (2020-04-19). "Africa's Exploding Plastic Nightmare: As Africa Drowns in Garbage, the Plastics Business Keeps Booming". The Intercept (in American English). Retrieved 2022-03-06.
  55. ↑ Lerner, Sharon (2020-04-19). "Africa's Exploding Plastic Nightmare: As Africa Drowns in Garbage, the Plastics Business Keeps Booming". The Intercept (in American English). Retrieved 2022-03-06.
  56. ↑ Lerner, Sharon (2020-04-19). "Africa's Exploding Plastic Nightmare: As Africa Drowns in Garbage, the Plastics Business Keeps Booming". The Intercept (in American English). Retrieved 2022-03-06.
  57. ↑ Lerner, Sharon (2020-04-19). "Africa's Exploding Plastic Nightmare: As Africa Drowns in Garbage, the Plastics Business Keeps Booming". The Intercept (in American English). Retrieved 2022-03-06.
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