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Pertussis

Nkɔnkɔn a wɔsane frɛ no pertussis anaa nnafua 100 ɔyaredɔm, yɛ mmoawa nyarewa bi a wɔtumi si ano[1][2]. Mfitiaseɛ nsɛnkyerɛne no te sɛ ahoɔhyew, atiridii, ne nkɔnkɔn a ano nyɛ den, nanso ɛno akyi no, nkɔnkɔn no ano yɛ den wɔ bosome mmienu anaa mmiɛnsa mu[1]. Nkɔnkɔn no ano den no bɛtumi adi nnawɔtwe 10 anaa nea ɛboro saa, enti na wɔfrɛɛ no "nnafua 100 nkɔnkɔn" no[3]. Nkɔnkɔn no tumi yɛ den ara ma ɛma no fe, ne mfe ka to so, ne ɔbrɛ[1][4]. Mmɔfra a wɔnnii afe no bɛtumi abɔ nkɔnkɔn kakraa bi anaa wɔmmɔ bi koraa, na mmom wɔntumi nhome yie[1]. Yareɛ no tumi suma nnanson kɔsi nna du[5]. Yareɛ beɛumi ato wɔn a wɔabɔ wɔn aduru no, nanso mpɛn pii no, nsɛnkyerɛnne no ano nyɛ den[1]

Nsɛnkyerɛnne ahodoɔ[sesa]

Nsɛnkyerɛnne a ɛyɛ hu a ɛkyerɛ sɛ obi anya ntontom no bi ne ntontom a ano yɛ den, ne ntontom a ano yɛ den, ne ntontom a ano yɛ den, anaa ntontom a ano yɛ den. Wɔakyerɛw sɛ ahoɔhyew a efi ntontom mu ba no tumi ma mogya fi ntontom mu ba, ntontom mu twa, ntontom a enni mu, ntontom, ne ntontom mu ntontom twa. 19] Sɛ obi teɛteɛ denneennen a, etumi ma ntini a ɛwɔ ne ntini mu no mu paapae, na ɛde pneumothorax ba. Sɛ obi bɔ ka akyi na ɔhome anaa ɔhome no ma obi bɔ ne mu a, ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ɛma ɔyare no yɛ ntontom. Nanso, sɛ ɔyarefo no nni ɔyaredɔm anaa ɔhwe ase a, ɛma ɛyɛ den sɛ obenya yare no.

Deɛ ɛde ba[sesa]

Mmoawa a wɔfrɛ no Bordetella pertussis na ɛde nkɔnkɔn ba. Ɛyɛ mframa mu yareɛ bi a ɛtrɛ ntɛmntɛm denam obi aɔwɔ yareɛ no a ɔbɔ wa ne ne hwentie so[4].

Mmoawa-mmoawa wɔte nnipadua no mu[sesa]

Nnipa nko ara na B. pertussis ytumi tena wɔn mu[6]. Wɔahunu sɛ nkɔnkɔn taa ka kwakuo, ne adwoe; wɔ ne nyinaa mu no, wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ nnipa a wɔne wɔn adi nkitaho na ɛsae wɔn[7][8].Mmoakorabea beberee wɔ nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔnam so de bɔ mmoa ho ban firi nkɔnkɔn ho[9].

Mɛkanesim (Mechanism)[sesa]

Berɛ a obi ahome mmoawammoawa no bi akɔ mu no, mfitiase no, wɔde wɔn ho bɔ nsono mu ntini no mu. B. pertussis nam protein ahodoɔ so, a hemaglutinin ne pertactinka ho, na ɛma epithelium no nya ne ho ntini. Afei mmoawa no dɔre[10][11]. Mmɔfra mu na yare no ano yɛ den, mmoawa no trɛ kɔ wɔn ahurututu mu.[12]

Nhwehwɛmu[sesa]

Gram stain of Bordetella pertussis

Deɛ ɛgyina nsɛnkyerɛnne so[sesa]

Sɛ ɔyaresafoɔ no nya adwene a ɛte saa a, ɛno na ɛbɛboa no paa ma watumi ahunu yareɛ no ho nokwasɛm[13]. Ɛho nhia pii sɛ obi yɛ biribi a ɛkyɛn saa[14]. Wɔ mpaninfoɔ mu no, nkɔnkɔn a ntraa nnawɔtwe 8 no, sɛ wɔrefe wɔ berɛ wɔrebɔ wa anaa "nkɔnkɔn", wɔsan ba a, ɛboa wɔn[15]. Sɛ obi wɔ nkɔnkɔn anaa atiridii a, nhwehwɛmu no renyɛ yie[16].

Nhwehwɛmu ahodoɔ[sesa]

B. parapertussis na ɛde yare a ɛte saa a ano nyɛ den no ba[14].

Ɛpidɛmiɔlɔgyi (Epidemiology)[sesa]

Whooping cough deaths per million persons in 2019   0.00 - 1.49   1.50 - 2.99   3.00 - 5.99   6.00 - 9.99   10.00 - 19.99   20.00 - 39.99   40.00 - 59.99   60.00 - 99.99   100+

Nkɔnkɔn yɛ yareɛ a abu so wɔ wiase nyinaa. Wɔ 2018 mu no, nnipa bɛboro 151,000 na wɔnyaa yareɛ no bi wɔ wiase nyinaa[17]. Nanso, ɛnyɛ nnipa a wɔyare nyinaa na wɔka wɔn ho asɛm anaa wɔhwehwɛ wɔn yare no mu yie, titire wɔ aman a ɛnnyaa nkɔsoɔ pii mu. Nkɔnkɔn yɛ yareɛ a ɛtaa ma nnipa wuwu wɔ wiase nyinaa[18]. Nhwehwɛmu bi a wɔyɛɛ no afe 2017 mu no kyerɛ sɛ nnipa a wɔyare wɔ wiase nyinaa yɛ ɔpepem 24 afe biara, na mmɔfra 160,000 na wɔwu, na nnipa no mu bɛyɛ 90% yɛ wɔn a wɔyare wɔ aman a ɛnnyaa nkɔsoɔ pii mu.[19][20]

Ansa na nnuru wɔde sɔ ano reba no, na nnipa 178,171 na wɔyare wɔ U.S. mu, na na wɔn dodoɔ yɛ kɛseɛ paa wɔ mfeɛ mmienu kosi nnum biara mu; na nnipa a wɔyare no bɛboro 93% yɛ mmɔfra a wonnii mfeɛ 10. Ɛda adi sɛ na nnipa a wɔyare no ankasa dɔɔso sen saa. Bere a wɔde nnuru a wɔde siw yare ano bae wɔ afe 1940 mfe no mu akyi no, pertussis yare a na ɛtaa ka nkurɔfo no so tewee koraa kosii sɛ eduu afe 1976 no, na nnipa bɛyɛ 1,000 na anya bi. Efi afe 1980 no, nnipa a wɔn ho aka no dodow akɔ anim. Wɔ afe 2015 mu no, wɔkaa sɛ nnipa 20,762 na wɔanya yare no wɔ United States. 58] Pertussis yɛ yare a ɛtumi nya ne ho ano aduru a ɛboa ma nnipa pii wuwu wɔ U.S. Nnipa dodow a wowuwui no fi baanan wɔ afe 1996 mu koduu 17 wɔ afe 2001 mu, na ɛkame ayɛ sɛ wɔn nyinaa yɛ nkokoaa a wonnii mfe biako[21]. Wɔ U.S. no, akisikuru a ɛwɔ mpanyimfoɔ mu no ayɛ kɛseɛ firi bɛyɛ afe 2004 mu.

Yareɛ no ba prɛko pɛ, wɔ mfeɛ mmiɛnsa kɔsi nnum biara mu, wɔ mmeaeɛ a wɔabɔ nkurɔfoɔ ano aduru ne mmeae a wɔnnyɛ no[22].Bere rekɔ so no, wɔn a wɔabɔ wɔn ho ban anaa wɔn a wɔasan anya wɔn yare no so tumi yɛ mmerɛw. 62] Bio nso, wɔwo nkokoaa a wotumi nya ɔyare no. Ɔyare no betumi aba bere a mmoadabi ho ahobammɔ so atew ase wɔ baabi no.[23] Ebetumi aba nso sɛ mmoawammoawa no renya wɔn ho kwan a wɔmmfa wɔn ho nnhyɛ nnuru a wɔde si yare ano.[24]

Beaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ[sesa]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Charles Theisler (2022-05-17), "Whooping Cough/Pertussis", Adjuvant Medical Care, New York: CRC Press, pp. 360–361, ISBN 978-1-003-29138-1, retrieved 2024-06-12
  2. ↑ Charles Theisler (2022-05-17), "Whooping Cough/Pertussis", Adjuvant Medical Care, New York: CRC Press, pp. 360–361, ISBN 978-1-003-29138-1, retrieved 2024-06-13
  3. ↑ James D. Cherry (2015-04-09), "The History of Pertussis (Whooping Cough); 1906–2015: Facts, Myths, and Misconceptions", Current Epidemiology Reports, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 120–130, doi:10.1007/s40471-015-0041-9, ISSN 2196-2995, retrieved 2024-06-13
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Charles Theisler (2022-05-17), "Whooping Cough/Pertussis", Adjuvant Medical Care, New York: CRC Press, pp. 360–361, ISBN 978-1-003-29138-1, retrieved 2024-06-13
  5. ↑ Pertussis (in English), retrieved 2024-06-13
  6. ↑ "Armstrong, George James, (15 June 1901–29 March 1972)", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, retrieved 2024-06-14
  7. ↑ Olle E.A. Gustavsson, Bengt O. Röken, Rita Serrander (1990-02-14), "An Epizootic of Whooping Cough among Chimpanzees in a Zoo", Folia Primatologica, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 45–50, doi:10.1159/000156498, ISSN 0015-5713, retrieved 2024-06-14{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ↑ Gustavo Palacios, Linda J. Lowenstine, Michael R. Cranfield, Kirsten V. K. Gilardi, Lucy Spelman, Magda Lukasik-Braum, Jean-Felix Kinani, Antoine Mudakikwa, Elisabeth Nyirakaragire, Ana Valeria Bussetti, Nazir Savji, Stephen Hutchison, Michael Egholm, W. Ian Lipkin, Human Metapneumovirus Infection in Wild Mountain Gorillas, Rwanda - Volume 17, Number 4—April 2011 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC (in American English), doi:10.3201/eid1704.100883, retrieved 2024-06-14{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ↑ R. Brent Swenson (1986-01), "Care of infant great apes: Is there a problem? A review of clinical management of infant great apes, edited by Charles E. Graham and James A. Bowen. New York, Alan R. Liss, Inc., 1985, 228 pp, $48", Zoo Biology, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 309–311, doi:10.1002/zoo.1430050309, ISSN 0733-3188, retrieved 2024-06-14 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. ↑ Dennis L. Kasper, Anthony S. Fauci, ed. (2017), Harrison's infectious diseases (Third edition ed.), New York: McGraw-Hill Education Medical, ISBN 978-1-259-83597-1 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |edition= has extra text (help)
  11. ↑ Paul E. Kilgore, Abdulbaset M. Salim, Marcus J. Zervos, Heinz-Josef Schmitt (2016-07), "Pertussis: Microbiology, Disease, Treatment, and Prevention", Clinical Microbiology Reviews (in English), vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 449–486, doi:10.1128/CMR.00083-15, ISSN 0893-8512, retrieved 2024-06-14 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ↑ Paul E. Kilgore, Abdulbaset M. Salim, Marcus J. Zervos, Heinz-Josef Schmitt (2016-07), "Pertussis: Microbiology, Disease, Treatment, and Prevention", Clinical Microbiology Reviews (in English), vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 449–486, doi:10.1128/CMR.00083-15, ISSN 0893-8512, retrieved 2024-06-14 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ↑ Mark H. Ebell, Christian Marchello, Maria Callahan (2017-05), "Clinical Diagnosis of Bordetella Pertussis Infection: A Systematic Review", The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine (in English), vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 308–319, doi:10.3122/jabfm.2017.03.160330, ISSN 1557-2625, retrieved 2024-06-14 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); line feed character in |work= at position 44 (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Samuel Baron, ed. (1996), Medical microbiology (4th ed ed.), Galveston, Tex: University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, ISBN 978-0-9631172-1-2 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |edition= has extra text (help)
  15. ↑ Abigail Moore, Anthony Harnden, Cameron C. Grant, Sheena Patel, Richard S. Irwin, Kenneth W. Altman, Elie Azoulay, Alan F. Barker, Donald C. Bolser, Surinder S. Birring, Fiona Blackwell, Louis-Philippe Boulet, Sidney S. Braman, Christopher Brightling, Priscilla Callahan-Lyon, Anne B. Chang, Terrie Cowley, Paul Davenport, Ali A. El Solh, Patricio Escalante, Stephen K. Field, Dina Fisher, Cynthia T. French, Cameron Grant, Peter Gibson, Philip Gold, Susan M. Harding, Anthony Harnden, Adam T. Hill, Richard S. Irwin, Peter J. Kahrilas, Joanne Kavanagh, Karina A. Keogh, Kefang Lai, Andrew P. Lane, Kaiser Lim, Mark Lown, J. Mark Madison, Mark A. Malesker, Stuart Mazzone, Lorcan McGarvey, Alex Molasoitis, Abigail Moore, M. Hassan Murad, Mangala Narasimhan, Peter Newcombe, Huong Q. Nguyen, John Oppenheimer, Mark Rosen, Bruce Rubin, Richard J. Russell, Jay H. Ryu, Sonal Singh, Jaclyn Smith, Maeve P. Smith, Susan M. Tarlo, Anne E. Vertigan, Miles Weinberger (2019-01), "Clinically Diagnosing Pertussis-associated Cough in Adults and Children", Chest (in English), vol. 155, no. 1, pp. 147–154, doi:10.1016/j.chest.2018.09.027, retrieved 2024-06-14 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ↑ Abigail Moore, Anthony Harnden, Cameron C. Grant, Sheena Patel, Richard S. Irwin, Kenneth W. Altman, Elie Azoulay, Alan F. Barker, Donald C. Bolser, Surinder S. Birring, Fiona Blackwell, Louis-Philippe Boulet, Sidney S. Braman, Christopher Brightling, Priscilla Callahan-Lyon, Anne B. Chang, Terrie Cowley, Paul Davenport, Ali A. El Solh, Patricio Escalante, Stephen K. Field, Dina Fisher, Cynthia T. French, Cameron Grant, Peter Gibson, Philip Gold, Susan M. Harding, Anthony Harnden, Adam T. Hill, Richard S. Irwin, Peter J. Kahrilas, Joanne Kavanagh, Karina A. Keogh, Kefang Lai, Andrew P. Lane, Kaiser Lim, Mark Lown, J. Mark Madison, Mark A. Malesker, Stuart Mazzone, Lorcan McGarvey, Alex Molasoitis, Abigail Moore, M. Hassan Murad, Mangala Narasimhan, Peter Newcombe, Huong Q. Nguyen, John Oppenheimer, Mark Rosen, Bruce Rubin, Richard J. Russell, Jay H. Ryu, Sonal Singh, Jaclyn Smith, Maeve P. Smith, Susan M. Tarlo, Anne E. Vertigan, Miles Weinberger (2019-01), "Clinically Diagnosing Pertussis-associated Cough in Adults and Children", Chest (in English), vol. 155, no. 1, pp. 147–154, doi:10.1016/j.chest.2018.09.027, retrieved 2024-06-14 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ↑ "Sabin, Prof. Albert (Bruce), (26 Aug. 1906–3 March 1993), retired; Consultant to World Health Organization, 1969–86; Senior Expert Consultant, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md, 1984–86", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, retrieved 2024-06-14
  18. ↑ "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)", Encyclopedia of Crisis Management, 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320 United States: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2013, retrieved 2024-06-14 {{citation}}: no-break space character in |place= at position 18 (help)CS1 maint: location (link)
  19. ↑ Karene Hoi Ting Yeung, Philippe Duclos, E Anthony S Nelson, Raymond Christiaan W Hutubessy (2017-09), "An update of the global burden of pertussis in children younger than 5 years: a modelling study", The Lancet Infectious Diseases (in English), vol. 17, no. 9, pp. 974–980, doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30390-0, retrieved 2024-06-14 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ↑ "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)", Encyclopedia of Crisis Management, 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320 United States: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2013, retrieved 2024-06-14 {{citation}}: no-break space character in |place= at position 18 (help)CS1 maint: location (link)
  21. ↑ Ideas for Development in the Americas (IDEA): Volume 16 : May-August, 2008: All That Glitters May Not Be Gold, 2008-09-03, retrieved 2024-06-14
  22. ↑ Valérie Bouchez, Nicole Guiso (2015-10), Nicholas Carbonetti (ed.), "Bordetella pertussis , B. parapertussis , vaccines and cycles of whooping cough", Pathogens and Disease (in English), vol. 73, no. 7, pp. ftv055, doi:10.1093/femspd/ftv055, ISSN 2049-632X, retrieved 2024-06-14 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  23. ↑ "Factsheet: Pertussis (whooping cough)", New South Wales Public Health Bulletin, vol. 19, no. 10, p. 185, 2008, doi:10.1071/nb08037, ISSN 1034-7674, retrieved 2024-06-14
  24. ↑ "Pertussis (Whooping Cough)", Red Book: 2024–2027 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, American Academy of Pediatrics345 Park Blvd, Itasca, IL 60143, pp. 656–667, 2024-04-25, ISBN 978-1-61002-737-3, retrieved 2024-06-14
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