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Nhomasua ho mfiridwuma wɔ Afrika Sahara anafo fam

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Nhomasua mfiridwuma wɔ Afrika Sahara anafo fam kyerɛ nsɛm ne nkitahodi mfiridwuma (ICT), m-adesua, nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔ, ne mfiridwuma nnwinnade afoforo a wɔbɛhyɛ ho nkuran, anya nkɔso na wɔde adi dwuma de ama nhomasua afã horow atu mpɔn wɔ Afrika Sahara anafo fam. Efi 1960 mfe no mu no, nsɛm ne nkitahodi mfiridwuma ahorow akanyan Afrika Sahara anafo fam anigye kɛse sɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so ma nhomasua a wobenya no akɔ soro, na wɔama ne su ne nea ɛfata akɔ anim[1]

Abakɔsɛm: Radio ne television[sesa]

Aman na wɔyɛɛ nnwuma a edi kan a wɔde mfiridwuma ho nimdeɛ baa nhomasua mu no tẽẽ, efisɛ saa bere no na wɔrefi ase reyɛ nsakrae a ɛtrɛw wɔ nhomasua mu. Wɔ saa bere no mu – efi decolonization so kosi 1980 mfe no mu – nhwɛso titiriw a ɛwɔ nhomasua mu, a na Afrika Aman ne amanaman ntam ahyehyɛde ahorow taa yɛ no ne Ɔman a ɛde ne ho gye mu no de. Wɔ saa tebea no mu no, wɔyɛɛ nhyehyɛe akɛse akɛse, na edii nkonim koduu baabi. Saa kwan yi so no, Bouaké sukuu ahorow radio a ɛwɔ Côte d’Ivoire no maa kwan ma wɔtetee akyerɛkyerɛfo bɛboro 2,000 afe biara wɔ 1970 mfe no mu[1]

Na radio yɛ mfiridwuma a edi kan a wɔde yɛɛ adwuma wɔ nhomasua som mu wɔ Afrika Sahara anafo fam no mu biako. Wɔ 1986 mu, wɔ Guinea no, wofii sukuu ahorow radio adwuma bi a wɔde sɔ hwɛ ase wɔ ɔman no nhomasua mu nhwehwɛmu ne nkrataakyerɛw adwumayɛbea (l’Institut national de documentation, de recherche et d’action pédagogique, nnɛyi Indrap), a amammerɛ mufo boaa wɔn ne mfiridwuma mu biakoyɛ adwumayɛbea a mprempren ɛyɛ Organization internationale de la Francophonie (OIF). Enti na radio so dwumadi ahorow no twe adwene si mfitiase akyerɛkyerɛfo ahiade so titiriw sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛma wɔn nkyerɛkyerɛ akwan atu mpɔn, ne nsɛm a wobuu no sɛ ɛyɛ ade titiriw ma asuafo no: Franse kasa, akontaabu ne nyansahu. Wɔ 1990 mfeɛ no mfitiaseɛ mu no, wɔmaa radio dwumadie a ɛtrɛ wɔ mfitiaseɛ nwomasua a wɔbɛhyɛ ho nkuran mu, a UNICEF boaa wɔn, titire wɔ obuo a ɛfa mmabaa a wɔbɛnya nwomasua ho. Bere a wɔda so ara nte nea efii mu bae wɔ sukuu mu adwumayɛ mu no ase yiye no, saa nhyehyɛe ahorow yi boa ma wɔtetee akyerɛkyerɛfo dodow bi[1]

Wɔ 1960 mfe no nyinaa mu no, television a wɔde kyerɛkyerɛ ho adwene no nyaa nkɔso wɔ Afrika. Yebetumi ahu nhyehyɛe ahorow yi nkɔso ho nhwɛso a ɛyɛ nwonwa sen biara no biako wɔ Côte d’Ivoire. Bere a wɔsɔɔ hwɛe mfiase wɔ Senegal ne Niger (baabi a na nhomasua television wɔ hɔ ansa na ɔman television reba) wɔ 1965 ne 1966 mu akyi no, wɔpaw Côte d’Ivoire wɔ 1971 mu sɛ beae a wɔbɛsɔ adwuma kɛse bi a wɔbɛyɛ ama sukuu ahwɛ, saa bere no na wɔde bɛkɔ so kɛse denam television so. Wɔde Television so Nhomasua Dwumadi (PETV) no yɛɛ UNESCO asɛyɛde, a Belgium, France ne Ford Foundation na ɛboaa no. PETV no de mfatoho bi mae a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea, efi 1970 mfe no mu no, wobetumi de ICT "foforo" no mmoa afi nhyehyɛe foforo ase.[1]

Wɔ mfeɛ anum a ɛdi kan no mu no, sukuufoɔ dodoɔ a wɔkyerɛw wɔn din wɔ saa ɔman no mu no firii 20% kɔɔ bɛboro 60%. Bere a na asuafo 300,000 regye nhyehyɛe ahorow no wɔ 1975-1976 mu no, na eyi akɔ soro akodu 700,000 wɔ 1980 mu (wɔ sukuufo ɔpepem biako nyinaa mu). Nhwehwɛmu amanneɛbɔ binom kyerɛ sɛ asuafoɔ dodoɔ a na wɔanya television adesua so mfasoɔ a wɔhyɛn afe a ɛtɔ so nsia adesua no mu no kɔɔ soro kɛseɛ sene afoforɔ no, sɛ ɔha mu nkyekyɛmu a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔsan fa afe baako no so atew afiri 30% akɔsi 10% wɔ wɔn nkwa nna mu adwuma no ho, na na asuafo no anya Franse kasa a wɔka no yiye. Dwumadi no dii mfe 14 na awiei koraa no ɛbaa awiei wɔ 1982 mu[1]

Kɔmputa mfiridwuma ho nimdeɛ a wɔde bɛba[sesa]

Wɔ 1990 ne 2000 ntam hɔ no, wofii ase yɛɛ nneɛma pii sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛdan mfiridwuma mu nneɛma ayɛ no ade a wɔde bɛma nhomasua atu mpɔn wɔ Afrika Sahara anafo fam. Nneɛma pii a wɔyɛe no twee adwene sii sukuu ahorow a wɔde kɔmputa so nneɛma bɛhyɛ mu so. NGO ahorow dodow bi boaa, wɔ nsenia ahorow mu, de kɔmputa ho nneɛma baa Afrika, te sɛ akuw te sɛ Computer Aid International, Digital Links, SchoolNet Africa ne World Computer Exchange. Ɛtɔ da bi a ɛnam mmoa a ɛfiri adwumayɛkuo a wɔyɛ adwuma bom anaa nkɔsoɔ adwumakuo te sɛ USAID, Afrika Sikakorabea anaa France Amannɔne Nsɛm Ho Dwumadibea no hɔ nti, saa ankorankoro nnwuma yi nyaa nkɔsoɔ a wɔannyɛ nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛfata.[1]

Afrika Amanneɛbɔ Kuw Dwumadi (AISI) .[sesa]

ICT4D akyi dompe no fã kɛseɛ ne adeyɛ nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔfrɛ no Africa Information Society Initiative (AISI). Esiane sɛ na ɔrehwehwɛ sɛ ɔde ICT nhyehyɛe no besi Afrika nti, na ne botae ne sɛ ɛbɛka Afrika akuraa biara ne wiase nyinaa nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔ nhyehyɛe no abɔ mu wɔ afe 2010 mu na akanyan ICT nhyehyɛe nketewa a ɛwɔ nnwuma ahorow mu no nkɔso.[2] Mfe du akyi a wɔhyɛɛ mmara no, nkuraa ɔhaha pii da so ara wɔ hɔ a anyinam ahoɔden nni mu na nkitahodi a ɛda ICT ahorow a ɛsono emu biara ntam no nni hɔ.[2]

Laptop Baako Ma Abofra biara (OLPC) .[sesa]

Asɛm titiriw: Laptop biako wɔ Abofra biara mu

Wɔ afe 2000 mfeɛ no mu no, wɔhyɛɛ aseɛ yɛɛ nnwuma ahodoɔ, a na wɔn botaeɛ titire ne sɛ wɔbɛma sukuu abofra biara anya IT nnwinnadeɛ, ankorankoro anaa wɔbɛkyɛ wɔ kuw ketewa bi mu. Kɔmputa mfiridwuma ho dwumadie a wɔde bɛyɛ ankorankoro no ma ICT a wɔbɛtumi de adi dwuma wɔ nwomasua mu no dɔɔso, ɛnyɛ mfiridwuma nnwinnadeɛ no ankasa a wɔbɛhunu nko ara (adesua mfiridwuma), na mmom ɛnam adwene mu nimdeɛ a wɔbɛnya nso so (adesua a ɛnam mfiridwuma so). Amerika One Laptop per Child (OLPC) adwuma a wofii ase wɔ Afrika aman pii mu wɔ afe 2005 mu no botae ne sɛ wɔde laptop kɔmputa bɛhyɛ sukuu ahorow mu a ne bo nyɛ den. Bere a sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, na ankorankoro kɔmputa a ne bo nyɛ den bo yɛ U.S. dɔla 200 kosi U.S. dɔla 500 no, OLPC de ne XO-1 kɔmputa a wotumi fa so yiye no mae a ne bo yɛ U.S. dɔla 100. Saa mfiridwuma mu nkɔsoɔ yi hyɛɛ anammɔn a ɛho hia a ɛbɛma wɔanya ICT. OLPC bɛyɛɛ ahyehyɛdeɛ nhyehyɛeɛ: aban ahodoɔ "tɔɔ" nhyehyɛeɛ no, na afei wɔfaa asɛdeɛ sɛ wɔbɛkyekyɛ ama sukuu ahodoɔ no. Na ntease a ɛwɔ adeyɛ no ase ne nea ɛne sɛ wɔde nneɛma bɛkɔ baabiara, na ɛnam so ma wotumi kyekyɛɛ nnwinnade no kɛse. Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ akyerɛkyerɛfo ne asuafo ɔpepem 2 na mprempren wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ dwumadi no mu wɔ wiase nyinaa na wɔde kɔmputa bɛboro ɔpepem 2.4 ama. Asikre yɛ nkyerɛkyerɛ kwan a wontua hwee a wɔde ahyɛ XO kɔmputa ahorow a efi OLPC Fapem no so. Asikre yɛ mfonini a wɔde di dwuma bere koro mu a ɛwɔ dwumadie ahodoɔ, na wɔyɛɛ no ​​titire maa mmofra, sɛ ɛbɛboa wɔn wɔ wɔn adesua mu denam nneɛma ahodoɔ a ɛwɔ hɔ so: akenkan adesua, mfoniniyɛ nnwinnadeɛ, e-nwoma, nkitahodiɛ dwumadie ne nea ɛkeka ho.

Laptop Baako a Wɔkasa Tia Abofra Biara wɔ Afrika Sahara Anafo Fam[sesa]

Sukuu bi a ɛwɔ Ethiopia a wonyaa laptop fii OLPC nhyehyɛe no hɔ

Nea ɛnte sɛ mmɔden kɛse a wɔbɔ sɛ wɔde nhomasua bɛka abom na wɔama anya nkɔso no, One Laptop Per Child (OLPC) nhyehyɛe no hyia ɔkasatia wɔ adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔde wɔn ani si mmeae a wodi hia sen biara wɔ Afrika a ebia wonni sikasɛm mu mfaso a wɔde bɛtua laptop kɔmputa ne nsiesie ho ka ama mmofra no so. Ɛmfa ho sɛ ne botaeɛ ne sɛ ɛbɛkyekyɛ laptop ɔpepem 100 kɔsi 150 wɔ afe 2008 mu ama aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔsoɔ a ɛhia wɔn kɛseɛ no, wɔsusu sɛ ɛduruu August 2010 no, wɔde laptop ɔpepem 1.5 no mu bɛboro ɔha mu nkyekyɛmu aduɔwɔtwe akɔma wɔn a wɔn sikasɛm kɔ soro anaa wɔn a wɔnya sika kɛseɛ aman sɛnea Wiase Nyinaa Sikakorabea no nkyekyɛmu kyerɛ.[3]

Nsɛnnennen a Wɔde Di Dwuma[sesa]

Nsɛnnennen pii aba wɔ saa nhyehyɛe yi a wɔde bedi dwuma no ho. Saa nsɛnnennen no mu kakraa bi ni:

Nsɛm a Ɛfa Nneɛma a Wɔde Yɛ Adwuma Ho[sesa]

Nneɛma titiriw biako a wɔakasa atia OLPC wɔ Afrika Sahara Anafo fam ne sɛ wonni nneɛma a wɔde bɛboa dwumadi no. Sukuu pii a ɛwɔ ɔmantam no mu nni anyinam ahoɔden a wotumi de ho to so, intanɛt nkitahodi, ne mmeae a ahobammɔ wom a wɔde besie laptop ahorow no, na ɛno siw mfiri ahorow no a wɔde bedi dwuma yiye no kwan[4]

Nsiesiei ne Mfiridwuma ho Mmoa[sesa]

Na wɔayɛ sɛnea XO laptop ahorow no kyɛ na ɛsiesie ne ho no sɛ wɔde bedi tebea horow a emu yɛ den a ɛwɔ mmeae a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso no ho dwuma. Nanso, na mfiridwuma ho mmoa ne nsiesie a ɛkɔ so no ntaa nni hɔ, efisɛ na mpɔtam hɔ mfiridwumayɛfo taa nni ntetee anaa nneɛma a ɛho hia a wɔde besiesie laptop ahorow no, na ɛmaa mfiri pii yɛɛ nea wontumi mfa nni dwuma bere tenten[5]

Nneɛma a Wɔde Si Laptop Baako Si Abofra Biara So[sesa]

Sɛ yɛde One Laptop Per Child (OLPC) nhyehyɛe no sika kyekyɛ toto akwan afoforo a wɔfa so ma nhomasua tu mpɔn ho a, nhyehyɛe ahorow pii wɔ hɔ a ne bo nyɛ den a ɛwɔ nkɛntɛnso a ɛyɛ pintinn sen OPLC laptop ahorow a wɔkyekyɛ ma aman a "wɔn sika pii" no. Nneɛma afoforo bi a wɔahyɛ ho nyansa sɛ wɔmfa nkyerɛ ɛka ne mfaso a wɔde bɛma mmoa nhyehyɛe afoforo a wɔrehwehwɛ sɛ wɔbɛma nhomasua ne asetra mu sikasɛm tebea atu mpɔn no bi ne:[3]

  • Sɛ wɔsɛe dɔla 8 ma ankorankoro biara afe biara wɔ mfe 5 mu a, ebetumi agye nnipa ɔpepem 11 nkwa.
  • $0.50 a wɔsɛee no wɔ osuani biara ho (wɔde eyi dii dwuma wɔ Kenya), a edii nkonim wɔ sukuu mu kyɛfa a wonyae no kɔɔ soro ɔha biara mu nkyem 14 mu.
  • Sukuu ahorow a wɔbɛkyekye.
  • Akyerɛkyerɛfo afoforo a wɔbɛfa wɔn adwuma mu.
  • Sɛ wɔde wɔn adwene besi ɛka a wɔbɔ wɔ sukuu a wɔde wɔn adwene si so ne nhoma a wɔde sua ade a wɔbɛtew so na wɔatew so.

Saa nhyehyɛe ahorow a ne bo nyɛ den yi pii abɔ mmɔden titiriw sɛ wɔbɛma mmea nhomasua a wobenya no akɔ soro titiriw a wɔwɔ anidaso sɛ wɔbɛma akenkan ne akyerɛw akɔ soro, akatua a ɛyɛ pɛ, sikasɛm mu nkɔso, adwumayɛ a eye, amammui ahyehyɛde ahorow a ɛwɔ demokrase na ɛyɛ adwuma yiye, ne ɔmanfo akwahosan nyinaa a eye.[3]

Mfɛfo sukuuni PC[sesa]

OLPC akyi no, Intel kuw no de Classmate PC, nhyehyɛe a ɛte saa ara a wɔayɛ ama asuafo a wɔwɔ aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu nso sii hɔ. Ɛwom sɛ ɛwɔ Afrika Sahara anafo fam kakraa bi sen OLPC adwuma no de, nanso Classmate PC ama wɔatumi de laptop kɔmputa akɔ mfitiase sukuu ahorow mu wɔ Seychelles ne Kenya, titiriw wɔ nkuraase.

Kɔmputa a Wɔde Yɛ Sukuu wɔ Kenya (CFSK) .[sesa]

Wɔhyɛɛ CFSK (Computer for School in Kenya) adwuma no ase wɔ afe 2002 mu a na wɔn botae ne sɛ wɔbɛkyekyɛ kɔmputa ama ɛkame ayɛ sɛ sukuu ahorow 9,000.

Open Educational Resources (OER)[sesa]

Sɛnea UNESCO kyerɛ wɔ afe 2002 mu no, nhomasua mu nneɛma a wɔabue (OERs) yɛ nkyerɛkyerɛ mu nneɛma a wɔabue ano a ICTs ma wotumi de di dwuma na wɔn a wɔde di dwuma no tumi yɛ nsakrae ma wɔn a wɔnyɛ aguadifo.[6][7]Wɔ akyerɛkyerɛfoɔ nkyerɛkyerɛ mu wɔ Afrika Sahara Anafoɔ fam no, OER adwuma a ɛda nsow paa ne TESSA, Akyerɛkyerɛfoɔ Nhomasua wɔ Afrika Sahara Anafoɔ fam, a ɛyɛ Afrika asoɛeɛ 13 ne amanaman ntam ahyehyɛdeɛ anum a wɔreyɛ adwuma de asiesie akyerɛkyerɛfoɔ wɔ dwumadiɛ a mfasoɔ wɔ so ama adesuadan ne kasa pɔtee bi module [6][7] Ɔde ne nsa kyerɛɛ ne so.

Akwan ahodoɔ mmiɛnsa na ɛwɔ hɔ a wɔfa so de OER di dwuma wɔ akyerɛkyerɛfoɔ 200,000 a wɔwɔ Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Rwanda, Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania, ne Zambia: module a wɔahyehyɛ no yie, module a wɔahyehyɛ no yie, ne module a wɔakyerɛ kwan. [6][7]

Titiriw wɔ Nigeria ne Sudan no, wɔde akyirikyiri adesua kɛse di dwuma titiriw ma akyerɛkyerɛfo nkyerɛkyerɛ na enti wɔde akwankyerɛ ahorow a wɔahyehyɛ no yiye a TESSA adesua akuw wom ma akyerɛkyerɛfo a wɔatete wɔn, a wɔtaa wɔ nkuraase a Intanɛt nni hɔ pii. [6][7]

Nsɛm bi a wɔkasa tia TESSA OERs a akyerɛkyerɛfo fa ka ho asɛm no bi ne sɛ adesua nhyehyɛe mu nneɛma no mfa ho ne abotɔyam a ɛwɔ hɔ dedaw wɔ mprempren nneɛma ho.[7]

ICT a ɛbɛkɔ so atra hɔ daa ama nkɔso wɔ Afrika Sahara Anafo fam[sesa]

Nhwɛsoɔ a ɛda nsow paa a ɛfa mfiridwuma mu nsakraeɛ ne nnoɔma foforɔ ho wɔ Afrika Sahara Anafoɔ fam no mu baako ne nsɛm ne nkitahodiɛ mfiridwuma a wɔde bɛyɛ nkɔsoɔ (ICT4D) nhyehyɛeɛ. Wɔde asi hɔ sɛ ɔkwan a wɔbɛfa so ayi ankorankoro ɔpepem pii afi ohia mu wɔ mmeae a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso no, amanneɛbɔ kakraa bi na ɛfa nneyɛe a ɛtete saa ho sɔhwɛ ahorow ho na ada no adi sɛ ICT4D adi nkonim wɔ asetra gyinapɛn ho wɔ Afrika.[8]Ɛmfa ho nea ɛbɛba biara no, wɔda so ara kyerɛ ICT4D sɛ mfiridwuma mu nneɛma a ɛda nsow sen biara wɔ ɔmantam no mu no mu biako. Afe biara, nhwehwɛmufoɔ a wɔfiri wiase nyinaa de nsusuiɛ a ɛfa ICT4D nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛbɛtena hɔ daa ho nyansahyɛ ma wɔ AFRICOMM Nhyiamu no ase[8]

Nneɛma a Ɛkanyan ICT a Ɛkɔ So Daa[sesa]

Asase bɔbea[sesa]

Esiane sɛ mfiridwuma foforo ne nkitahodi aba sɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so yɛ nhyehyɛe na wonya nkɔso wɔ ɔman ne ankorankoro nnwuma ntam wɔ aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu nti, wɔ mfiri a wɔde di dwuma wɔ telefon so a ɛrenya nkɔanim esiane ne bo a ɛkɔ soro nti akyi no, wɔahu ahiafo a wɔwɔ Afrika Sahara Anafo fam no kɛse sɛ wɔn a wɔyɛ nsɛm ne nkitahodi mfiridwuma ne wɔn a wɔde di dwuma nyinaa[8]

Sɛnea nhwehwɛmu bi a GSM Fekuw no yɛe wɔ afe 2013 mu kyerɛ no, nnipa dodow a wɔkra mobile wɔ Afrika Sahara Anafo fam no akɔ soro ɔha biara mu nkyem 18 afe biara wɔ mfe 2007 ne 2012 ntam.[9] Wɔ afe 2012 mu no, ɛkame ayɛ sɛ nnipa dodow a wɔkra mobile wɔ Afrika Sahara Anafo fam no duu ɔpepem 650, na ɛboroo nea ɛwɔ U.S. ne EU nyinaa so.[10]

Android a ɛkɔ soro sen biara esiane sɛ ɛnyɛ den sɛ wɔde asetena mu nneɛma foforo nnwinnade bɛka abom wɔ mmeae a ɛfa e-akwahosan, e-learning, nwura ho nhyehyɛe, mobile banking, ne nea ɛkeka ho, na telefon ne ɔkwan a nnipa pii pɛ sɛ wɔfa so nya intanɛt.[9]

Mfitiaseɛ no, na ICT a ɛwɔ Afrika Sahara Anafoɔ fam no yɛ ankorankoro nko ara na wɔde di dwuma titire, nanso ɛnnɛ wɔde aba wɔ aban ne ahyehyɛdeɛ mu sɛ adwinnadeɛ a wɔde bɛma nkɔsoɔ, asetena mu nkɔsoɔ, sikasɛm mu ntrɛmu ne nnipa dodoɔ akɔ soro. Nhwehwɛmu bi a McKinsey Global Institute (MGC) yɛeɛ a wɔyii no adi wɔ November 2015 mu no si so dua sɛ intanɛt boa ɔha mu nkyekyɛmu 2.9 pɛ ma Kenya GDP ne ɔha mu nkyekyɛmu 1.2 pɛ ma South Africa GDP[8]

ICT a wɔde fa telefon so[sesa]

Nneɛma atitiriw abiɛsa nti na wɔrepiapia ICT a wɔde fa telefon so ayɛ adwuma kɛse wɔ Afrika Sahara Anafo fam:[11]

  1. Aman a wɔwɔ ɔmantam yi mu retrɛw wɔn telefon so nkitahodi adwumayɛbea ahorow mu.
  2. Adetɔfo ani nnye ICT a wɔde di dwuma daa a ɛnnɔɔso no ho.
  3. Wireless mfiridwuma atrɛw ntɛmntɛm, na eyi ne nea wogyina so yɛ ntamgyinafo wɔ nnwuma mu nkitahodi ahorow mu. Eyi ma m-commerce adwumayɛbea a ɛtra hɔ daa no nya nkɔso.

Nneɛma a Ɛkanyan Onyin[sesa]

Wɔ mmɔden a wɔbɔ sɛ wɔbɛma GDP nkɔsoɔ akɔ soro wɔ berɛ tiawa mu akyi no, wɔaka ICT ho asɛm wɔ Nkɔsoɔ a Ɛkɔ So Daa Botaeɛ ahodoɔ 17 (SDGs) ahodoɔ 17 no mu anan mu, a UN paw wɔ September 2015 mu.[8] Wohu na wɔka ho asɛm sɛ ɛyɛ ade a ɛkanyan nhomasua, nnwuma a wɔyɛ, mfiridwuma a ɛkɔ so daa ne mmarima ne mmea pɛyɛ, wɔakyerɛ nea ɛkanyan ICT trɛw no wɔ ase ha:[8]

  • Catalyst for development - Mfitiaseɛ no na ɛfa ahomegyeɛ mu dwumadie ho nsɛm ho kɛseɛ, ICT ne ahiadeɛ titire ho nsɛm ahodoɔ pii di nkitaho wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛfa nwomasua, akwantuo, akwahosan, ahoɔden a wɔde di dwuma, aduane pa, nsuo a wɔnya, ne nea ɛkeka ho nea efi mu ba, na ebinom a ɛda nsow ne:
    • Obama - asetena ne nwomasua adesua atenaeɛ a ɛfirii aseɛ wɔ South Africa na akyerɛkyerɛfoɔ bɛboro 30,000 agye atom wɔ sukuu ahodoɔ mu wɔ Afrika Sahara Anafoɔ fam nyinaa.[12]
    • Gifted Mom - mobile health platform a efii ase wɔ Cameroon na ɛma mmea a wɔyem ne mmofra a wɔawo wɔn foforo wɔ nkuraase akwahosan tebea ye.[13]
    • M-Pesa - mobile payment system a mfitiaseɛ no wɔhyɛɛ aseɛ wɔ Kenya na seesei ɛwɔ nnipa bɛboro ɔpepem aduasa a wɔde di dwuma de bɔ bosea, akwahosan ho nhyehyɛeɛ, adetɔ ne amanaman ntam sika a wɔde kɔ amannɔne.[14]
      1. Nea ɛho hia: Saa nhwɛsoɔ yi ho hia titire ma nwomasua mfiridwuma, ɛfiri sɛ na ɛgyina nhyehyɛeɛ gyinaesie a ɛfiri Kenya aban hɔ so kɛseɛ sɛ ɛbɛhyɛ akansiɛ ho nkuran wɔ telefon so nkitahodiɛ ne nnoɔma foforɔ a ICT di so, a ɛbubuu telefon so nkitahodiɛ a ɔman no di anim no tumidi nko ara na ɛmaa akansiɛ baa wɔn ntam nnwumakuw.[2] M-Pesa asɛm no nso si hia a ɛhia sɛ ɔmanfoɔ ahotosoɔ a ɛma wotumi de ICTs ka asetena ne sikasɛm mu dwumadiɛ ahodoɔ ho yie wɔ ahyehyɛdeɛ gyinabea so dua. Sɛ ɛnyɛ ICT botaeɛ a wɔde ahyɛ ɔman no nkɔsoɔ nhyehyɛeɛ mu na wɔde ahyɛ mu, a mpɔtam hɔfoɔ a wɔdi dwuma no apam a, anka M-Pesa rennyɛ yie sɛdeɛ ayɛ no.[2] Sɛ wɔde di dwuma wɔ nhomasua mfiridwuma ho a, ebia ICT ahorow a wɔde sika boa ɔfã biako no rentumi nyɛ nhyehyɛe mu nsakrae ho mmara a mpɔtam hɔ ne ɔman no nniso nni ɔpɛ.
    • Jumia - intanɛt so aguadi gua a efii ase wɔ Nigeria na ɛtrɛw kɔɔ Afrika aman ahorow 23 so.
    • W Afate - 3-D printa a ne bo yɛ $100 a wɔde ɛlɛtrɔnik nwura a wɔatow agu na ɛyɛ.[15]
    • M-Louma - wɛb ne mobile platform a ɛde akuafoɔ ne wɔn a wɔtɔ aduane bom denam bere ankasa mu gua so boɔ ho akontabuo, mpɔtam hɔ ne nsɛm a wɔde ma kuayɛ mu nneɛma a wɔde ma no tu mpɔn.[16]
    • Nkɔsoɔ a ɛka obiara ho - Wɔn a wɔkamfo ICT kyerɛ sɛ ne fata no trɛw kɔ akyiri sen ahonyadeɛ ma Afrika na ɛhwehwɛ sɛ ɛbɛboa yie ama nkɔsoɔ a ɛbɛtena hɔ daa na ɛka obiara ho ama aman ahodoɔ pii a ɛwɔ Afrika Sahara Anafoɔ fam.[8]
    • Hokwan a ɛwɔ hɔ ma nneɛma a ɛbɛkɔ so atra hɔ daa - Mprempren, wɔanyɛ pii wɔ anyinam ahoɔden ne ɛlɛtrɔnik nwura (EEW) a wɔhwɛ so no mu. Sɛ wɔanhyɛ mmara a ɛho hia a wɔde bedi nwura a wɔsan de di dwuma ho dwuma a, gua kɛse wɔ hɔ ma nnwinnade a ɛwɔ nneɛma a ɛbɛkɔ so atra hɔ daa mu.[9]
    • Nhomasua a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn - Wɔ nhwehwɛmu bi a wɔyɛe wɔ ICT a wɔfa ne dijitaal mpaapaemu ho mu no, wohui sɛ kɔmputa ne Intanɛt a wɔde di dwuma no ne nhomasua wɔ abusuabɔ tẽẽ. Sɛ Intanɛt nkɔsoɔ ne mobile a ɛbaeɛ wɔ afe 2000 mfitiaseɛ mu no hyia a, ɛnde wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ ICT bɛtumi de bɛyɛ dɔla ɔpepepem 300 aka Afrika GDP ho wɔ afe 2025 mu.[10] Oduruyɛfo Hamadoun I. Toure, ITU kyerɛwfo panyin no kyerɛkyerɛ baabi a nhomasua mu mfiridwuma ho nimdeɛ a ebetumi aba no kodu mu wɔ ne nsɛm no mu:

"ICTs yɛ nsakraeɛ ampa. Ɛnam mfiridwuma tumi so no, yɛbɛtumi akyerɛkyerɛ Afrika ɔman ba biara, wɔ asasepɔn no so pɛɛ. Ɛnam mfiridwuma tumi so no, yɛbɛtumi abue hokwan foforɔ na yɛama nnwuma foforɔ a akatua pa wɔ so ama yɛn nkurɔfoɔ. Ɛnam tumi a ɛwɔ mfiridwuma yebetumi de akwahosan ho nnwuma ama Afrika ɔman ba biara, wɔ nkuraa a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri mpo so no yebetumi ama Afrika mmea tumi na yɛde Afrikafo nkumaa ahoɔden ne anigye a ɛyɛ nwonwa no adi dwuma Eyi nyɛ paipu-daeso ara kwa ankasa."[10]

Ɔkasatia ahorow[sesa]

  1. Dwumadie a emu nna hɔ - Efi afe 2005 no, UN ICT Adwumakuo no abɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔde nhyehyɛeɛ a emu da hɔ a ɛfa ICT nneɛma a ɛhia titire ne dwumadie ho nhyehyɛeɛ ho bedi dwuma, nanso wɔanhyehyɛ yei. Wɔde wiase nyinaa botae ahorow a ɛtrɛw nkutoo na asi hɔ, na wɔn a wɔadi dwuma titiriw wɔ eyinom mu titiriw ne aban ahyehyɛde ahorow a wɔhwɛ so ne ahyehyɛde ahorow a ɛnyɛ aban de a UN adwumakuw a ɛfa ho no de sika ama no.[8]
  2. Nimdeɛ mu nsonsonoeɛ - Sεdeε εbεyε na ICT bεtumi ama nkɔsoɔ a εka obiara ho ampa no, εhia sε wɔde nwomasua nhyehyεeε ne nneεma a εbεma obiara aba na ama wɔate sεdeε wɔde ICT bedi dwuma no ase. Mprempren, adesua dodow no ara yɛ nea ɛnyɛ ɔkwan biara so (ɛnam nnamfo anaa abusuafo so) efisɛ mpɛn pii no, nniso ahorow akwati sɛ wɔde wɔn sika bɛto dijitaal afã no mu wɔ nnwuma afoforo mu.[9]
  3. Osuahu mu mfaso a ɛba fam koraa - Nsɛmmisa a ɛfa ICT nhyehyɛe ahorow no nkonimdi ho da so ara wɔ hɔ efisɛ nkrataa a ɛfa osuahu ahorow a adi nkogu ne nea edi mu ho nni hɔ[8]

Akwan a Wɔfa so Yɛ ICT Nhwehwɛmu wɔ Nhomasua mu wɔ Afrika Sahara Anafo fam[sesa]

ICT ahorow a edi mu anaasɛ entumi nyɛ yiye wɔ Afrika Sahara Anafo fam no gyina mpɔtam hɔ haw ahorow te sɛ aduan ne nsu a ɛho yɛ na, nyarewa a ɛtrɛw, akodi, anaa agyapade a wɔhwere so kɛse na ɛsɔre tia. Mmeae bi a wɔakyerɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ ICT4D ho adwuma ntɛm ara ne akwahosan ho nhyehyɛe, aduan ne nsu, asomdwoe, ne agyapade.[8] Wɔ nhwehwɛmu nhyehyɛe a ɛfa nkyerɛkyerɛ mfiridwuma ho no, ade biako a ɛho hia a wɔde di dwuma ne e-Learning, baabi a asɛm a ɛfa sɛnea wɔbɛhyɛn mu no fi ne botae ahorow mu. Sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔ nkuraase no, e-Learning di aguade ho dawurubɔ ne nsɛmmɔnedi mpo atirimpɔw ho dwuma, bere a wɔ nkurow akɛse mu no, atirimpɔw no gyina so kɛse sɛ wobedi akyerɛkyerɛfo a wonni hɔ no so.[8]

Akwanside ahorow a ɛmma Akyerɛkyerɛfo de ICT Di Dwuma wɔ SSA[sesa]

Honam fam ne amammerɛ mu nneɛma pii wɔ hɔ a esiw ICT nneyɛe a akyerɛkyerɛfo a wɔwɔ Sahara Anafo fam no nnye ntom koraa na wɔmfa nka ho a nea ɛka ho ne nea ɛnyɛ ne nyinaa: anyinam ahoɔden a wontumi mfa ho nto so, softwea ne hardware nhyehyɛe a anohyeto wom, kasa anohyeto, ɔman kɛse ne asase, ne nnipa dodow apete a wɔpete.[17]Nneɛma a ɛto nhomasua ano hye no bi ne akyerɛkyerɛfo akenkan ne akyerɛw dodow, adwumayɛfo nkɔso a wobenya, ne ɔman no nhyehyɛe a ɛyɛ biako a ɛyera wɔ kɔmputa a wɔde di dwuma wɔ sukuu ahorow mu ho.[17]

Akyirikyiri adesua wɔ ntoaso sukuu mu[sesa]

Nnwuma titiriw a egyina ICT ne Intanɛt a wɔde di dwuma wɔ nhomasua mu so no, mfiase no na ɛtwe adwene si akyirikyiri adesua so wɔ sukuupɔn mu. Enti, mfiase no wosusuw Afrika Virtual University (AVU) a Wiase Nyinaa Sikakorabea no de sii hɔ wɔ 1997 mu no ho sɛ ɔkwan foforo a wɔbɛfa so ayɛ atetesɛm nkyerɛkyerɛ. Bere a ɛbɛyɛɛ aban ahorow ntam adwumakuw wɔ afe 2003 mu no, na ɛretete nnipa 40,000, a na wɔn mu dodow no ara yɛ nhyehyɛe ntiantiaa. Ɛdanee n’adwene kɔɔ akyerɛkyerɛfo ntetee ne mfiridwuma ho nimdeɛ a wɔde bɛka nhomasua a ɛkɔ anim ho so. Mprempren AVU wɔ e-learning mmeae du.[1]

Agence universitaire de la Francophonie (AUF) nso, efi 1999, ayɛ dijitaal sukuupɔn ahorow bɛyɛ aduanan a wɔka Franse kasa, a bɛboro fã wɔ Afrika. Wɔ saa nnwuma yi mu, a wɔde ama mfiridwuma na wɔde asi hɔ wɔ sukuupɔn ahorow no mu no, AUF ma kwan ma wonya abodin krataa bɛboro 80 a edi kan ne master’s a ne nyinaa nam akyirikyiri adesua so, a emu bɛyɛ 30 yɛ nea Afrika asoɛe ahorow de ma na wɔde ne mmoa na ɛyɛe.[1]

Nnansa yi ara, MOOCs (Massive Open On- line Courses) adeyɛ no anyin, nea edi kan wɔ United States na afei Europa. AUF rema sika de ayɛ MOOCs a ɛdi kan wɔ ntoaso sukuu mu wɔ Afrika, a wɔne France Ministry for Higher Education ne UNESCO mmoa ayɛ adwuma, na wɔde saa akyirikyiri adesua yi bedi dwuma de nteteeɛ ne adansedie a ɛfa ICTE nimdeɛ ho ama akyerɛkyerɛfoɔ . Afrika sukuupɔn ahorow no renya anigye kɛse wɔ ɔkwan foforo a wɔfa so sua ade yi ho, titiriw esiane sɛ wɔrehwehwɛ nhomasua a ɛkɔ anim bere nyinaa wɔ bere a asasepɔn no so rehu akyerɛkyerɛfo a wɔfata a ɛho hia no nti.[1][18]

M-adesua[sesa]

M-adesua (anaa m-adesua), anaasɛ mobile mfiridwuma a wɔde di dwuma wɔ nhomasua som mu no yɛ adeyɛ a wɔayɛ nnansa yi, na ebue nneɛma foforo a ebetumi aba wɔ nhomasua mu. Esiane sɛ na nhoma ho ayɛ na wɔ Afrika sukuu ahorow pii mu nti, ankyɛ na wohuu dijitaal tablɛt sɛ ano aduru a wɔde besiesie nhoma ahorow a ɛyerae no, na aban ahorow ne amanaman ntam ahyehyɛde ahorow nyinaa gyee. Wɔ nneyɛe mu no, ɛkame ayɛ sɛ saa nneɛma a ɛho hia yi yɛ nea ɛka Afrika man biara. Wɔ Cameroon no, sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, adesua nhoma biako wɔ hɔ a ɛfa akenkan ho wɔ asuafo 11 biara mu ne akontaabu nhoma biako wɔ mmofra 13 biara mu[19]Digitals nneɛma a ɛwɔ tablɛt so no bo rekɔ fam kɛse sɛ wɔde toto nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔ a wɔde di dwuma wɔ amanne kwan so (nhoma, CD ne DVD, ne nea ɛkeka ho) ho a. Sɛ nhwɛso no, dijitaal adesua nhoma biako bo yɛ krataa a wɔde sua ade bo nkyem abiɛsa mu biako kosi fã,[20] a ɛho ka sua koraa.[1]

Digitals tablɛt nnɛ wɔ nneɛma a wobetumi de adi dwuma a ɛtrɛw kɔ akyiri sen adesuadan mu. Amerika NGO a wɔfrɛ no WorldReader de asi n’ani so sɛ wɔbɛtrɛw akenkan ho kwan mu ama mmofra a wonni ahotɔ kɛse no denam akenkanfo a Amazon ayɛ a wɔbɛkyekyɛ so. Ɛnam sika fam mmoa a USAID de ma so no, wɔama mmofra 600,000 a wɔwɔ Aman akron a ɛwɔ Afrika Sahara anafo fam no anya Kindles. NGO no aka sɛ mmofra a wɔde saa nhyehyɛe yi di dwuma no de bere 50% kenkan akenkan, na wɔkenkan nhoma a ɛkɔ soro kodu 90 afe biara. Bio nso, amanneɛbɔ a USAID tintimii wɔ iRead nkɛntɛnsoɔ nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛeɛ wɔ Ghana a ɛfa asuafoɔ 337 a wɔwɔ sukuu ahodoɔ nsia mu wɔ afe 2010-2011 mu no kyerɛ nneɛma pa dodoɔ bi a ɛfa akenkanfoɔ a wɔde di dwuma no ho. Asuafoɔ a wɔde Kindles dii dwuma no daa wɔn ho adi sɛ wɔn ani gye akenkan ho kɛseɛ, na ɛmaa wɔn mfiridwuma ho nimdeɛ nyaa nkɔsoɔ na wɔnya nkontabuo pa wɔ sɔhwɛ a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ no mu.[1]

Kɔmputa so mfiri dedaw a ne bere atwam ne ɛka a wɔbɔ wɔ nsiesie ho no ama wɔn a wɔreyɛ nnwuma no adan akɔ mfiridwuma a ne bo nyɛ den sɛ wɔbɛtɔ na ɛnyɛ den sɛ wobedi ho dwuma so. Intanɛt a wɔde di dwuma no yɛ mmerɛw denam tablɛt ne sɛnea wobetumi afa telefon a wokura kyin ntam nkitahodi so. Sɛ wɔde toto laptop kɔmputa ho a, ne bo yɛ mmerɛw kakra na ɛyɛ mmerɛw sɛ wɔde di dwuma a, tablet ahorow wɔ tumi a ɛbɛma wɔabua Afrika Sahara anafo fam nhomasua ahiade ahorow no fã bi ho dwuma yiye.[1]

Nsɛm a wɔde gyinaa so[sesa]

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 UNESCO (2015). Digital Services for Education in Africa (PDF). UNESCO. pp. 56–71.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Ojo, Tokunbo (March 20, 2016). "Global agenda and ICT4D in Africa: Constraints of localizing 'universal norm" (PDF). Telecommunications Policy. 40 (7): 704–713. doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2016.05.002 – via Elsevier Science Direct
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Warschauer, Mark, and Morgan Ames (2010). "CAN ONE LAPTOP PER CHILD SAVE THE WORLD'S POOR?". Journal of International Affairs. 64 (1): 33–51
  4. ↑ T, Hammond (2011). Challenges of OLPC in Sub-Saharan Africa. Educational Technology Research.
  5. ↑ K.L, Kraemer; J, Dedrick; P, Sharma (2009). "One Laptop per Child: Vision vs. Reality". Communications of the ACM: 66–73. doi:10.1145/1516046.1516063.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Thorpe, Mary (March 2012). "Educational Technology: Does Pedagogy Still Matter?". Educational Technology. 52 (2): 10–14. JSTOR 44430021.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Jayshree, Thakrar (September 2009). "Harnessing Open Educational Resources to the Challenges of Teacher Education in Sub-Saharan Africa". International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning. 10.
  8. ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 Bissyande, Tegawende (2014). "Sustainable ICT4D in Africa: Where do We Go from Here?" (PDF). E-Infrastructure and e-Services for Developing Countries. Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering. Vol. 135. pp. 95–103. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08368-1_11. ISBN 9783319083674 – via Springer
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Essamba, Rafaela (February 12, 2017). "ICT and sustainable development in Africa". L'Afrique Des Idees.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Kayisire, David (September 29, 2015). "ICT Adoption and Usage in Africa: Towards an Efficiency Assessment". Information Technology for Development. 22 (4): 630–653. doi:10.1080/02681102.2015.1081862. S2CID 35614196
  11. ↑ Meso, Peter (March 9, 2005). "Towards a model of consumer use of mobile information and communication technology in LDCs: the case of sub-Saharan Africa". Information Systems Journal. 15 (2): 119–146. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2575.2005.00190.x. S2CID 35783733.
  12. ↑ "OBAMI". VC4A.
  13. ↑ "OBAMI". VC4A.
  14. ↑ Monks, Kieron (February 24, 2017). "M-Pesa: Kenya's mobile money success story turns 10". CNN.
  15. ↑ Ungerleider, Neal (October 11, 2013). "This African Inventor Created A $100 3-D Printer From E-Waste". Fast Company.
  16. ↑ Ndour, Mamour (October 2016). "Mlouma: to connect the agricultural products market players". Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies. 6 (3): 1–18. doi:10.1108/EEMCS-10-2016-0276.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Hennessy, Sara (2010). "Teacher Factors Influencing Classroom Use of ICT in Sub-Saharan Africa". Itupale Online Journal of African Studies. 2: 39–54.
  18. ↑ Cacault, M Paula; Hildebrand, Christian; Laurent-Lucchetti, Jérémy; Pellizzari, Michele (7 January 2021). "Distance Learning in Higher Education: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment". Journal of the European Economic Association. 19 (4): 2322. doi:10.1093/jeea/jvaa060. hdl:10419/196796. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
  19. ↑ UNESCO, Information bulletin: School and teaching resources in sub-Saharan Africa, 2012, http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/Documents/ib9-regional-education-africa-2012-en-v5.pdf
  20. ↑ AFD, Les TIC au service de l'Éducation. Étude de cas : WorldReader, collaborative seminar, 4–5 October 2012, http://www.afd.fr/ webdav/shared/PORTAILS/SECTEURS/EDUCATION/pdf/20120905Etude%20de%20cas%20WorldReader.pdf
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