Mmanthatisi
Mmanthatisi (wɔsan kyerɛw no ' Mantatee ', ' Ma Nthisi, Mantatise, anaa Manthatisi ; bɛyɛ afe 1784 – 1847) yɛ Tlokwafoɔ kannifoɔ wɔ ne babarima no mu kakraa bi mu firi afe 1813 kɔsi afe 1824. Ɔbaa tumidi mu sɛ ɔhene maa ne babarima, Sekonyela, (Lents'a) wɔ ne kunu Kgosi Mokotjo (kgosi a na wadi kan) wu akyi. Na wonim Mmanthatisi sɛ ɔkannifo a ne ho yɛ den, ɔyɛ ɔkokodurufo na otumi yɛ Mmanthatisi bɛyɛ MotlokwaMmanthatisi bɛyɛ Motlokwaadwuma, wɔ asomdwoe ne ɔko bere nyinaa mu. N’akyidifo frɛɛ no Mosanyane (ketewaa no) esiane ne nipadua a ɛyɛ tratraa nti.[1]
Ɛwom sɛ na wɔfrɛ n’abusuakuw no Balefe de, nanso wɔ n’ahenni mu no, Engiresifo bɛfrɛɛ wɔn boo-Mmanthatisi anaa Manthatee Horde. Wɔ Mfecane / Difaqane akodi no mfinimfini - bere a na nnipa pii tu kɔtra mmeae foforo no, Mmanthatisi de ne tumi, ahofama, akokoduru ne ne suban a ɛyɛ den dii dwuma de maa ne nkurɔfo kɔɔ so yɛɛ biako, ɛmfa ho sɛ na Nguni kuw no taa tow hyɛ wɔn so no.[2]
Mfitiase asetra
[sesa]Mmanthatisi din wɔ n’awo mu ne Monyalue. Na ɔyɛ Mothaha, Basia abusuakuw no mu panyin bi babea, na wɔwoo no wɔ baabi a mprempren wɔfrɛ no South Africa Free State mantam mu, wɔ mpɔtam a nnɛyi kurow Harrismith te. Wɔkaa ne ho asɛm sɛ ɔyɛ abeawa a ne ho yɛ fɛ, ɔware na ne honam ani yɛ hare, ne ho yɛ fɛ, na wɔkae sɛ ɔwɔ suban pa na na n’ani gye ne nyansa ho. Mmanthatisi nyinii wɔ baabi a ɛbɛn Ntsuanatsatsi, adesamma fie a wɔka ho asɛm wɔ anansesɛm mu no. Na wonim Basia, Wim Ɔkraman no mufo sɛ wɔmmɔ nnipa pa wɔ nea eye sen biara mu, na sɛ enye koraa a, wɔpɛ akodi. Wɔ Wild Cat nnipa yi ayeyi nnwom mu no, wɔkae saa
“wɔn akyɛm wee wɔ abɔnten wɔ ɔko mu, na ɛnyɛ wɔn asese mu, faako a mogya atɔ so. Ampa sɛ ɛyɛ ohoni a ɛyɛ hu, na efi mpɛn dodow a Basiafo no de wɔn ho hyɛɛ ɔko mu ma enti wɔn kyɛm no kɔɔ so tew wɔn a wɔakum wɔn no mogya. Enti Batlokwafo a na wɔn nso pɛ sɛ wɔko sen sɛ wobeguan no wɔ ɔkannifo bi a ɔkofo mogya wɔ ne ntini mu – Mmanthatisi”.
Batlokwa (Ma-Ana Nkwe) yɛ Bakgatla fa a ɛwɔ Bantu kasafoɔ a wɔfiri Atare akɛseɛ ne Afrika Mfinimfini Atifi fam no baa dwumadibea. Wɔkyerɛ sɛ na Batlokwa yɛ Bakgatla no baa dwumadibea a atew ne ho a ɛyɛ Tswanafo Bahurutsefo fa foforo . Kgosi Mokotjo (Mmanthatisi kunu) bere so no, na Batlokwafo no te Nkoe (a wɔsan kyerɛw Nkwe) na afei akyiri yi wotu kɔɔ Sefate. Batlokwa ahenkuro no din daa wɔn totem adi – asono. [3] Saa beaeɛ yi Nkwe/Sefate wɔ Verkykerskop a ɛbɛn Harrismith (Thaba-Nchu) a na Batlokwa na ɔte mu no, wɔbɔɔ amanneɛ sɛ ɛyɛ ɔmantam agyapadeɛ wɔ Free State wɔ afe 2016.
Mmanthatisi bɛyɛ Motlokwa
[sesa]Bere a na ɔyɛ abofra no, ɔwaree ne wɔfase bi a wɔfrɛ no Mokotjo, a na ɔyɛ Batlokwafo panyin. Wɔn baanu waree wɔ ahemman apam a wɔtaa yɛ mu.[3] Wɔwoo wɔn ba a odi kan, ɔbabea, bɛyɛ afe 1800 na wɔtoo no din Nthatisi. Ɛyɛ amanne wɔ Batlokwa amammerɛ mu sɛ ɛna bɛfa din foforo wɔ ne ba a odi kan awo mu. Efi saa bere yi reba no, na wɔde edin bi a wɔde ahyɛnsode “Mma” (ɛna ma) a wɔde bɛka ne ba a odi kan no din ho na ɛde behu ɔbea no. Eyi ne ɔkwan a Monyalue bɛyɛɛ ‘MaNthatisi (anaa Mmanthatisi) efisɛ wɔtoo ne ba a odi kan no din Nthatisi. [4] [4] Wɔwoo abofra a ɔtɔ so mmienu, ɔbabarima a wɔfrɛ no Sekonyela, wɔ afe 1804 mu na ɔbɛyɛɛ ɔheneba no ɔdedifoɔ, na wɔwoo ɔbabarima a ɔtɔ so mmienu, Mota, akyiri yi.[5]
Regency
[sesa]Mokotjo wui wɔ afe 1813 mu, bere a na wadi mfe 27 na Mmanthatisi bɛyɛɛ ɔhene maa Sekonyela a na ɔyɛ abofra dodo sɛ obetumi adi tumi no. Mokotjo wui wɔ yareɛ bi akyi berɛ a na ɔreyɛ asɛmpatrɛ adwuma sɛ ɔrebɛgye mpɔtam a atwa Hohobeng ho ahyia no afiri Batlokwa ɔpanin a ɔne no resi akan – Lebaka . Ɔnyaa yareɛ bi, ɔwuiɛ, na wɔsan de ne funu kɔɔ Nkwe kɔsie no. Mmanthatisi kɔɔ so ne Basiafo no nyaa abusuabɔ, ne Basia afotufo susuw ho na ɔsomaa ne ba no sɛ ɔnkɔtete no wɔ ne nuabarima, Basia fie.[6] Bere a Mokotjo wui no, na Sekonyela adi mfe akron pɛ na na ebegye mfe du bio ansa na wanyin atumi adi tumi. Saa ara na na ato Mokotjo maame Ntlo-Kholo a na waware Montoedi no so. Bere a Montoedi wui no, Ntlo-Kholo faa ahenni no kosii sɛ Mokotjo nyinii.
Sehalahala a ɔyɛ Mokotjo nuabarima no sɔre tiaa Mmanthatisi akanni na ɔtee nka sɛ ɔyɛ ɔhɔho (sɛnea wɔwoo no sɛ Mosia) na nkurɔfo no pɛ sɛ Motlokwa "kronkron" di wɔn so. Afoforo nso bo fuwii sɛ ɔbea bi na odi wɔn anim. Eyi nyinaa akyi no, Mmanthatisi kɔɔ so sii ne bo na ne ti yɛɛ den bere a odii Batlokwa no anim no. [11] Bere a Sekonyela nyinii sɛ obetwa twetia no, Mmanthatisi somaa no kɔɔ n’ankasa Basia nkurɔfo nkyɛn, na oyii no fii BaTlokwa guasodeyɛ a ɔbaraa no sɛ ɔnkɔ bi mfiase no mu wɔ simma a etwa to no mu. Mmanthatisi nua, Letlala, na ɔkaa Sekonyela ho sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɔbɛhwɛ sɛ ɔwɔ ahobammɔ. Ansa na Mokotjo rewu no, na wadi kan abɔ Mmanthatisi kɔkɔ sɛ ɔnhwɛ yiye wɔ n’agya yere a ɔto so abien no mmabarima mpanyimfo – Moepi ne Sehalahala - a wɔde ne nkwa too asiane mu bere a na ɔyɛ abofra no ho. Na Mokotjo gye di sɛ wɔyɛ asiane kɛse ma n’adedifo no nkwa. [12]
Batlokwafo no yɛɛ levirate aware, na bere a ɔyɛɛ okunafo akyi no, nea efii mu bae ne sɛ ɔsan waree n’asew, Sehalahala, a ɔne no woo ɔbabarima foforo.[4] Esiane sɛ Zulu Ahemman a na ɛyɛ asraafo de no sɔre nti, Mmanthatisi sii gyinae sɛ obetu n’abusuakuw no akɔ atɔe fam. Wɔ 1817 mu no, n’akofo no dii anim kɔtow hyɛɛ Ndwandwe, na wɔkyeree wɔn anantwi pii. Eyi ne nkonimdi afoforo maa wɔne Hlubifo yɛɛ apam, na wɔtow hyɛɛ Moshoeshoe (a akyiri yi ɔbɛyɛɛ Basutolandi panyin a odi kan) asasesin so. Wɔabu akontaa sɛ Mmanthatisi dii nnipa 35,000 kosi 40,000 anim bere a na Tlokwa kuw a wɔatrɛw mu no dɔɔso sen biara no.[4]
Nkonimdi ahorow
[sesa]Wɔ afe 1822 mu, wɔ Mfecane/Difaqane Akodi no mu no, AmaHlubifo (a Mpangazitha di wɔn anim) ne AmaNgwane (a Matiwane di wɔn anim) tow hyɛɛ Mmanthatisi ne ne fie so. Wɔkae sɛ wɔtow hyɛɛ Mmanthatisi ne n’akyidifo so anɔpatutuutu sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛkyere wɔn a wɔn ani nnye ho. Ɛwom sɛ na wonsiesiee wɔn ho de, nanso n’akofo akokodurufo no ne Mpangazitha ne n’asraafo koe. Nanso eyi yɛ nkogudi a ɛyɛ hu ma Mmanthatisi a otumi guan kɔɔ ne nua Letlala fie, ne ne nkurɔfo binom. Anadwo baako mu no, na Batlokwa wiase asesa koraa. Na wɔahwere wɔn afie, wɔn anantwi ne wɔn agyapade dodow no ara. Ɛnyɛ ɛno nko, na mmom na pii ahwere wɔn abusua mufo sɛ́ ebia ɛnam owu so anaasɛ wogyaw wɔn hɔ maa ntuafo no mmɔborohunu. Ne nuabarima too nsa frɛɛ no sɛ ɔntra hɔ nanso wampene efisɛ na n’akyidifo binom ayɛ nhyehyɛe sɛ wɔbɛfa wɔn ahɔho no anantwi. Kgosi na ɔkyerɛwee. Nkgahle, a ofi Batlokwa ba Mokgalong, a na ɔte bɛn hɔ no de kronkronbea ne mmoa mae, nanso eyi nso powee. Na osuro sɛ ɔbɛhwere n’abusuakuw no ahofadi, titiriw esiane sɛ na Mokgalong baa dwumadibea no yɛ ahenni a ɛkorɔn ma ne Batlokwa ba Mokotleng . Na ɔwɔ nea enti a obegye adi nso sɛ Nkgahle de ne ho ahyɛ nsisi bi a na n’atirimpɔw ne sɛ obetu no afi n’ahengua so mu, na enti na onni ne mu ahotoso. Na ɛhaw no nso sɛ ebia Mpangazitha bedi wɔn akwan akyi na waba abɛwie wɔn na watow ahyɛ nnipa a wɔwoo wɔn no nso so. Mmanthatisi mmom paw sɛ obedi n’akyidifo anim akɔ atɔe fam na wayɛ nea wonim ne nkurɔfo sɛ wɔyɛ, a na ɛyɛ ɔko.
Wɔn ntua no yɛɛ abufuw araa ma wɔhyɛɛ Mmanthatisi ne n’akyidifo ma wogyaw wɔn agyapade nyinaa guan. Wɔn nso hyiaa nnipa a wɔtraa mmeae a ɛbɛn Asubɔnten Vaal atifi fam no na wɔpam wɔn fii wɔn asase so. Mmusuakuw nketewa dodow bi bɛkaa Mmanthatisi ho wɔ n’akwankyerɛ ase hwehwɛɛ ahobammɔ kakra. Abusuakuw no nyin na ankyɛ na wofii ase sɛee Sotho mmusuakuw a na wɔte Asubɔnten Caledon ho no. Mmanthatisi bɛyɛɛ obi a ɔwɔ tumi araa ma ɔmaa wɔn a wɔtow hyɛɛ wɔn so no de ne din kaa wɔn a wɔtow hyɛɛ wɔn so no ho asɛm.[7] Nea ɛbɛyɛ na n’abusuakuw no anyin no, ɔhyɛɛ atamfo a wɔakyere wɔn no ma wɔbɛyɛɛ ne dɔm no fa. Wokunkum nnipa pii na wɔsɛee mmusuakuw bɛyɛ 28. [15]
Deɛ wɔnim wo wɔ ho
[sesa]Wɔ n’ahenni bere mu no, Mmanthatisi dii nnipa bɛboro 40 000 so, na ɔyɛɛ ɔpanyin adwuma, obisabisaa mpanyimfo hwehwɛɛ afotu, maa n’asraafo ne amammui tumi kɔɔ anim na odii akasakasa ho atɛn. Bere kɔɔ so no, ne manfo fii ase frɛɛ wɔn ho Manthatisis, sɛnea ɔno yɛ tow a wɔtaa de ma atitire a wɔwɔ tumi no. [16] Wɔbɔɔ nsɛm sɛ na n’ani biako wɔ ne moma so na ɔde n’ankasa nufusu maa n’akyidifo aduan. Mmusuakuw a na wonim eyi, suroe no na wɔammɔ mmɔden biara sɛ wɔbɛka wɔn ho abom na wɔako atia. [17] Ɔgyee din wɔ ne nyansa ho, berɛ bi a na n’asraafoɔ nni hɔ no, Mmanthatisi siw ntua ano denam mmaa no nyinaa a ɔboaboaa wɔn ano na ɔhyehyɛɛ wɔn wɔ nsraban no anim no so. Ɔde mmarima a wɔaka wɔ nsraban no mu no guu wɔn anim. Saa mmarima yi de mpa ne mpaboa a na mmea no kura no twitwiw wɔn ho. Sɛ wofi akyirikyiri hwɛ a, ɛmaa ɛyɛ te sɛ akofo dɔm a emu yɛ den, a ɛmaa Mpangazitha – AmaHlubi Ɔpanyin, Bhungane babarima no gyaee. Na Mpangazitha wɔ anidaso sɛ obehu sɛ nsraban no nni ahobammɔ biara, nanso saa ade foforo a ohui yi maa ogyaee asɛmpatrɛw adwuma no na ɔyɛɛ nhyehyɛe foforo.[8] N’ahenni a ɔde dii nkonim wɔ asraafo mu no trɛw koduu nnɛyi Botswana mfinimfini. Bere a na n’asraafo ne amammui tumi kɛse no, wobu akontaa sɛ na akofo bɛyɛ mpem aduanan na wɔwɔ n’asraafo no mu. Efi bere a Mmanthatisi fii Nkwe no, na watumi adi ɔsɔretia a ɛwɔ nsasesin a wahyia no nyinaa so nkonim. Ne nkonimdi mmirikatu no bɛba awiei wɔ Dithakong Ko no mu bere a, wɔ June 23, 1823 mu no, odii nkogu kɛse a Robbet Moffat kyerɛw too hɔ wɔ ne da biara da nsɛm nhoma mu a ɛbɛn nnɛyi Kuruman . Peter Becker ka nkɔsoɔ a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ ne nnwuma no mu baako mu berɛ a ɔka sɛ:
"Saa bere yi mu no, na Mmanthatisi ne mmarima, mmea ne mmofra mpem aduanan rebɛn; na ɛyɛ Ɔpɛpɔn 1823, afe no mu bere a na nnɔbae abere na na aduan taa dɔɔso." Nanso wɔhyɛɛ Manthatisifo no ma wɔtraa ase yiye, efisɛ na basabasayɛ a Difaqane de bae wɔ ɔkwan a ɛkɔ akyiri so ne Mmanthatisi, Mpangazitha ne Matiwane a wɔfow wɔn titiriw no ayɛ kɛse araa ma mmusuakuw mũ nyinaa ayera afi wɔn atrae ansa na wɔrefuw wɔn mfuw de asiesie wɔn ho mpo de dua dua. Nokwarem no, na nnipa a wɔakɔ akyi a ɔkɔm de wɔn ne adwowtwafo akuw nketewa a wɔatew wɔn ho ahyɛ Mfinimfini Asasetaw no so ma. Sɛ ntini, bulb ne nnuaba da nkyɛn a, na aduan kakraa bi na wobetumi ahu wɔ veld no mu, akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ na ɛnnɔɔso sɛ ɛbɛma nnipadɔm kɛse bi aduan te sɛ Manthatisi de no.
Dithakong Ko no da a ɛtɔ so 23, afe 1823. Ne man yɛ [United States of America].
[sesa]Wɔde Griquafo mmoa na ɛkoe Dithakong ko no wɔ Manthatisi dɔm ne Batlhaping ntam . Ɔko a ɛyɛ nwonwa a ɛkame ayɛ sɛ egyee nnɔnhwerew ason no, Robbet Moffatt na ɔkyerɛw too hɔ wɔ 23 June 1823 baabi a BaThlapingfo huu wɔn ho sɛ Batlokwa/Basotho mpempem pii a wofi Mmanthatisi – Phutingfo ne Hlakwanafo de wɔn ho to asiane mu. Mmusuakuw no ko tiaa wɔn ho wɔn ho de hwehwɛɛ anantwi ne atoko a na ɛrekɔ fam no. Na wokurakura akode, ɔkɔm de wɔn na na wɔayɛ wɔn adwene sɛ wɔbɛtow ahyɛ BaThlaping anantwi so. Na ogyaframa yi rehuruhuruw akɔ atɔe fam – wɔ Kuruman kwan so . Ɔsɔfo Moffat de ahopere fii Kuruman kɔɔ Griquatown sɛ ɔrekɔdaadaa Griquafo no ma wɔaboa BaThlapingfo no. Ɔsɔfo Waterboer a ɔwɔ Griquatown, a Griqua akannifo afoforo (Barend Barends a ofi Danielskuil ne Adam Kok II a ofi Campbell) boaa no no ne mmarima bɛyɛ 200 traa pɔnkɔ so kɔɔ atifi fam. Na BaTlhaping akofoɔ ka wɔn ho.
Griqua apɔnkɔsotefo bɛyɛ 200 a Barend Barends di wɔn anim a wokurakura atuo hyiaa Basothofo akuwakuw a wokurakura peaw ne anantwi nhoma kyɛm no. Wɔde BaTlhaping mfeɛ asraafoɔ a wɔakora soɔ no too afiase berɛ a Griquafoɔ no hyɛɛ wɔn ntua ase no.
Basothofo hweree nneɛma a ɛyɛ hu wɔhyɛɛ wɔn ma woguan, adehwere a ɛyɛ hu na edi kan ma Mmanthatisi bere a ɛkame ayɛ sɛ wɔsɛee mmusuakuw 29 fi bere a wofii Harrismith wɔ Difaqane mfiase no akyi. Ne nyinaa mu no, Bechuana mpanyimfo no mu a odi yiye sen biara, Makaba a ofi Bangwaketsi, sii gyinae sɛ ɔne Manthatisi bɛko atia wɔn ti. Peter Becker kae sɛ:
"Saa bere yi mu no, na Ɔpanyin dedaw no asi gyinae sɛ ɔremfa ne ho mma Mmanthatisi a ɔko nnim." Ɔfrɛɛ ɔkofo biara a ɔwɔ hɔ, ɔwɛn kwan biara a ɛkɔ n’ahenkurow mu, na ɔde nnaadaa a na wagye din no siesiee afiri a ɔyɛɛ nhyehyɛe sɛ obedi n’atuatewfo anim akɔ mu.
Ɔko bi sii na wokunkum ntuafo ɔhaha pii. Afei Mmanthatisi sii gyinae sɛ obeyi n’asraafo no afi ne ho na ɔne n’asraafodɔm san n’akyi kɔɔ apuei fam. Eyi maa Makaba bɛyɛɛ Tswanafo panyin a odi kan a ɔpam Mmanthatisi asraafo a wɔn ho yɛ hu no.
Britania Asraafo a ɛbɛn Aliwal North siw no kwan sɛ ɔnkɔ Cape Colony no mu .
Wɔ ne nantew a ɔsan kɔɔ nnɛyi Free State mu no, Mmanthatisi hyɛɛ Bataung ne Bafokeng ma wɔtwaa Lekwa (Vaal) Asubɔnten no. Saa bere yi de, na ɔrehwehwɛ baabi a obegye n’ahome efisɛ na ne man no abrɛ wɔ ɔko mu. Wɔkɔɔ Butha-Buthe, a Moshoeshoe ne ne nkurɔfoɔ te mu no, na wɔhyɛɛ wɔn ma wɔfirii adi. Eyi ne bere a Moshoeshoe kɔtraa Thaba-Bosiu, guan fii Mmanthatisi. Ɛwom sɛ Europafo binom a na wɔwɔ hɔ saa bere no yɛɛ ne ho mfonini sɛ ɔbea bɔne de, nanso na Mmanthatisi yɛ ɔkannifo a ne ho yɛ den, otumi yɛ adwuma na nkurɔfo ani gye ne ho; wɔ ɔko ne asomdwoe mu nyinaa. Nea ɛnte sɛ atitire afoforo a wɔhwee ase wɔ Difaqane Akodi ahorow no mu no, otumi maa ne nkurɔfo yɛɛ biako wɔ Nguni akuw a wɔtaa tow hyɛ wɔn so wɔ anafo fam no mu. Wɔ afe 1824 mu bere a Mmanthatisi tee nka sɛ Sekonyela adu ne mpanyin afe so no, ogyaee adwuma na Sekonyela faa adwuma no yiye sɛ Batlokwa asetra nhyehyɛe ne asraafo sodifo koro pɛ. [3]
Ɔkɔ pɛnhyen
[sesa]Afei Botlokwafoɔ no kɔtenaa baabi a Senqu ne Mahlakeng Asubɔnten no hyia. Mmanthatisi kɔtraa Marabeng mmepɔw so abannennen so, bere a ne babarima ne ɔdedifo no kɔtraa abankɛse foforo a ɛbɛn hɔ, wɔ Jwala-Boholo . [21] Jwala-Boholo – Majestic Mountain – a ɛwɔ Ficksburg Apuei fam wɔ Free State no, Bakoena abusuakuw no baa dwumadibea bi dii kan, a wɔfrɛ no Marabe . Akyiri yi, Batlokwafo a wɔhyɛɛ Mmanthatisi ase no gyee no fii wɔn hɔ. Saa abɔde mu abankɛse yi yɛɛ n’ahenkurow mfe pii. Ɛha na wɔyɛɛ nhyehyɛe sɛ wobedi nkonim pii.
Wɔde ɔpanyin Mmanthatisi siee Jwala-Boholo wɔ afe 1836 mu. Na ɔyɛ mmea asraafo ne amammui akannifo a wonim wɔn yiye, na wosuro wɔn kɛse wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 mfiase no mu biako.
Hwɛ nso
[sesa]Nsɛm a wɔde gyinaa so
[sesa]- ↑ Setumu, Tlou (2014). Until Lions Document Their Heritage: Southern Africa's Fighters Against Colonial Plunder. Makgabeng Heritage Research & publishing. p. 165.
- ↑ Etherington, Norman (2013). The great treks: the transformation of Southern Africa 1815-1854. London: Routleg. p. 77.
- ↑ Rosenberg, Scott (2013). Historical Dictionary of Lesotho. UK: Scarecrow Press. p. 48.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Smith, Bonnie G., ed. (2008). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History. Oxford University Press. p. 253. ISBN 978-0195148909.
- ↑ Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates, Henry Louis, eds. (2012). Dictionary of African Biography, Volume 6. Oxford University Press. p. 233. ISBN 978-0195382075.
- ↑ Eldredge, Elizabeth (2015). Kingdoms and Chiefdoms of South Eastern Africa: Oral Traditions and History, 1400-1830. New York: University of Rochester Press. p. 260.
- ↑ Boon, Mike (1996). The Power of Interactive Leadership. Cape Town: Zebra Press. p. 19.
- ↑ Gasa, Nomboniso (2007). Women in South African History: They Remove Boulders and Cross Rivers. Cape Town: HSRC. p. 260.