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Menemu kokoram

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Diagram showing the parts of the pharynx CRUK 334

Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei ɛwɔ Asante kasa mu

Menenemu kokoram yɛ asɛmfua bi a wɔde di dwuma wɔ kokoram ahodoɔ pii a ɛtumi ba tiri ne kɔn mu no ho. Ɛbinom yɛ anum, tɛkrɛma, nsono ne ano (anom kokoram), ɛnne kotokuo (n'anom), menewa (n'anom, ano, ne nsono), nsuboɔ, ne nsono[1]. Menemu kokoram bɛtumi akyerɛ nsɛnkyerɛnne pii a ɛgyina baabi a kokoram no asi so. Eyinom mu bi ne ano a ɛwoɔ, ɛnne a ɛsakra, ano a ɛyɛ den, ntini kɔkɔɔ anaa fitaa wɔ ano mu, ne kɔn mu kuru[2][3].

Nsɛnkyerɛnne[sesa]

Menemu kokoram tumi de nsɛnkyerɛnne pii ba, a emu pii ba berɛ korɔ no ara mu. Yie bɛtumi akyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ biribi a ɛwɔ baabi (nea ɛfa menemu kokoram ho), ne nea ɛfa yafunu ne adidie mu ho. Nsɛnkyerɛnne a ɛwɔ hɔ no bi ne anwenneɛ ne nne a ɛsakra, ano anaa mene a ɛrehyehye (mucositis), ano a akyen (xerostomia), ne ano a ɛrehye (dysphagia). Nneɛma a ɛtaa ba no bi ne ɔbrɛ, nna a wontumi nna yie, adwenemu-haw, atenka mu haw (peripheral neuropathy). Mpɛn pii no, nneɛma a ɛda adi no yɛ abofono ne feɛ[4].

Deɛ ɛde ba[sesa]

Nsa ne tawa[sesa]

Nsa ne tawa a wɔnom no yɛ biribi titirie a ɛma wɔnya menemu kokoram. Nsa ne tawa a wɔnom no nyinaa na ɛde menemu kokoram ba ɔha mu nkyem 72[5]. Eyi kɔ soro kɔduru 89% berɛ a yɛhwɛ ntini mu kokoram yie no[6].

Wɔsusu sɛ nsonsonoeɛ bi wɔ nsa nom ne menemu kokoram ho, na nsa nom a ɛboro so no ma obi nya menemu kokoram ho asiane kɛseɛ[7][8]. Nsa a obi nom berɛ a wɔasa no menemu kokoram no nso de ɔhaw afoforɔ ba. Eyinom bi ne honam mu nsunsuansoɔ te sɛ kokoram a ɛto so abien anaa nsunsuansoɔ bɔne foforɔ a ɛbɛba[9][10], kokoram a ɛbɛsan aba[11], ne nsunsuansoɔ bɔne a ɛbɛba daakye[12] ka ho. Sɛ obi nom nsa berɛ tenteenten wɔ berɛ a wɔahunu sɛ yareɛ no afi ne mu akyi a, ɛma n'abrabɔ sɛe, a nea ɛka ho ne sɛ ɔrennya adwuma nyɛ na ɔrentumi nyɛ adwuma[13][14].

Nsɔano[sesa]

Kwan a wɔfa so si yareɛ no ano ne sɛ wɔbɛkwati nneɛma bi te sɛ sigaretnom ne nsanom bebrebe[15]. Akwanhwɛ a wɔtaa yɛ wɔ ɛse ho no bɛtumi ama wɔahunu sɛ yareɛ bi a edi kan wɔ ɛse mu no yɛ kokoram[16]. Berɛ a nhwehwɛmu wɔ nnipa nyinaa mu no nyɛ nea mfasoɔ wɔ so, nhwehwɛmu wɔ nnipa a wɔn yareɛ no yɛ kɛseɛ mu denam wɔn menemu nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ no so bɛtumi ayɛ nea mfasoɔ wɔ so[17]. Menemu kokoram taa yɛ yareɛ a wotumi sa sɛ wɔhunu no ntɛm a; nanso, sɛ wɔanhunu no ntɛm a, nea ɛbɛfiri mu aba no yɛ bɔne[17].Sɛ wɔhunu yareɛ no ntɛm a, ɛyɛ mmerɛ sɛ wɔbɛsɔ ano, tiri, ne menemu kokoram, na wɔn a wɔbɛnya wɔn tiri adidi mu no nya wɔn ho[16]. Aduro HPV vaccine a wɔde si ano no boa ma wɔkwati HPV mu kokoram.[18]

Nhwehwɛmu[sesa]

Wɔrehwehwɛ sɛdea wɔde nkwammoaa a ɛko tia kokoram a ɛwɔ menemu no yɛ adwuma no mu[19].

Beaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ[sesa]

  1. ↑ Anne Aupérin (2020-05), "Epidemiology of head and neck cancers: an update", Current Opinion in Oncology (in English), vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 178–186, doi:10.1097/CCO.0000000000000629, ISSN 1040-8746, retrieved 2024-06-17 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  2. ↑ Asha Mathew, Amit Jiwan Tirkey, Hongjin Li, Alana Steffen, Mark B. Lockwood, Crystal L. Patil, Ardith Z. Doorenbos (2021-10), "Symptom Clusters in Head and Neck Cancer: A Systematic Review and Conceptual Model", Seminars in Oncology Nursing (in English), vol. 37, no. 5, p. 151215, doi:10.1016/j.soncn.2021.151215, retrieved 2024-06-17 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ↑ JSM Head and Neck Cancer Cases and Reviews, vol. 4, no. 1, 2024-01-10, doi:10.47739/2573-1610.headneck4.1, ISSN 2573-1610 http://dx.doi.org/10.47739/2573-1610.headneck4.1, retrieved 2024-06-17 {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  4. ↑ Asha Mathew, Amit Jiwan Tirkey, Hongjin Li, Alana Steffen, Mark B. Lockwood, Crystal L. Patil, Ardith Z. Doorenbos (2021-10), "Symptom Clusters in Head and Neck Cancer: A Systematic Review and Conceptual Model", Seminars in Oncology Nursing (in English), vol. 37, no. 5, p. 151215, doi:10.1016/j.soncn.2021.151215, retrieved 2024-06-17 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ↑ Mark Gormley, Grant Creaney, Andrew Schache, Kate Ingarfield, David I. Conway (2022-11-11), "Reviewing the epidemiology of head and neck cancer: definitions, trends and risk factors", British Dental Journal (in English), vol. 233, no. 9, pp. 780–786, doi:10.1038/s41415-022-5166-x, ISSN 0007-0610, retrieved 2024-06-17{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ↑ Mia Hashibe, Paul Brennan, Shu-chun Chuang, Stefania Boccia, Xavier Castellsague, Chu Chen, Maria Paula Curado, Luigino Dal Maso, Alexander W. Daudt, Eleonora Fabianova, Leticia Fernandez, Victor Wünsch-Filho, Silvia Franceschi, Richard B. Hayes, Rolando Herrero, Karl Kelsey, Sergio Koifman, Carlo La Vecchia, Philip Lazarus, Fabio Levi, Juan J. Lence, Dana Mates, Elena Matos, Ana Menezes, Michael D. McClean, Joshua Muscat, Jose Eluf-Neto, Andrew F. Olshan, Mark Purdue, Peter Rudnai, Stephen M. Schwartz, Elaine Smith, Erich M. Sturgis, Neonilia Szeszenia-Dabrowska, Renato Talamini, Qingyi Wei, Deborah M. Winn, Oxana Shangina, Agnieszka Pilarska, Zuo-Feng Zhang, Gilles Ferro, Julien Berthiller, Paolo Boffetta (2009-02-01), "Interaction between Tobacco and Alcohol Use and the Risk of Head and Neck Cancer: Pooled Analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium", Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention (in English), vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 541–550, doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0347, ISSN 1055-9965, retrieved 2024-06-17{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ↑ Irene Tramacere, Eva Negri, Vincenzo Bagnardi, Werner Garavello, Matteo Rota, Lorenza Scotti, Farhad Islami, Giovanni Corrao, Paolo Boffetta, Carlo La Vecchia (2010-07), "A meta-analysis of alcohol drinking and oral and pharyngeal cancers. Part 1: Overall results and dose-risk relation", Oral Oncology (in English), vol. 46, no. 7, pp. 497–503, doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.03.024, retrieved 2024-06-17 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ↑ V Bagnardi, M Rota, E Botteri, I Tramacere, F Islami, V Fedirko, L Scotti, M Jenab, F Turati, E Pasquali, C Pelucchi, C Galeone, R Bellocco, E Negri, G Corrao, P Boffetta, C La Vecchia (2015-02), "Alcohol consumption and site-specific cancer risk: a comprehensive dose–response meta-analysis", British Journal of Cancer (in English), vol. 112, no. 3, pp. 580–593, doi:10.1038/bjc.2014.579, ISSN 0007-0920, retrieved 2024-06-17 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ↑ Emanuele Leoncini, Vladimir Vukovic, Gabriella Cadoni, Luca Giraldi, Roberta Pastorino, Dario Arzani, Livia Petrelli, Victor Wünsch-Filho, Tatiana Natasha Toporcov, Raquel Ayub Moyses, Keitaro Matsuo, Cristina Bosetti, Carlo La Vecchia, Diego Serraino, Lorenzo Simonato, Franco Merletti, Paolo Boffetta, Mia Hashibe, Yuan-Chin Amy Lee, Stefania Boccia (2018-12), "Tumour stage and gender predict recurrence and second primary malignancies in head and neck cancer: a multicentre study within the INHANCE consortium", European Journal of Epidemiology (in English), vol. 33, no. 12, pp. 1205–1218, doi:10.1007/s10654-018-0409-5, ISSN 0393-2990, retrieved 2024-06-17 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ↑ Shu‐Chun Chuang, Ghislaine Scelo, Jon M. Tonita, Sharon Tamaro, Jon G. Jonasson, Erich V. Kliewer, Kari Hemminki, Elisabete Weiderpass, Eero Pukkala, Elizabeth Tracey, Soren Friis, Vera Pompe‐Kirn, David H. Brewster, Carmen Martos, Kee‐Seng Chia, Paolo Boffetta, Paul Brennan, Mia Hashibe (2008-11-15), "Risk of second primary cancer among patients with head and neck cancers: A pooled analysis of 13 cancer registries", International Journal of Cancer (in English), vol. 123, no. 10, pp. 2390–2396, doi:10.1002/ijc.23798, ISSN 0020-7136, retrieved 2024-06-17{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ↑ G. Cadoni, L. Giraldi, L. Petrelli, M. Pandolfini, M. Giuliani, G. Paludetti, R. Pastorino, E. Leoncini, D. Arzani, G. Almadori, S. Boccia (2017-12), "Prognostic factors in head and neck cancer: a 10-year retrospective analysis in a single-institution in Italy" (PDF), Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica, vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 458–466, doi:10.14639/0392-100X-1246, ISSN 0392-100X, retrieved 2024-06-17 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ↑ Michi Sawabe, Hidemi Ito, Isao Oze, Satoyo Hosono, Daisuke Kawakita, Hideo Tanaka, Yasuhisa Hasegawa, Shingo Murakami, Keitaro Matsuo (2017-01), "Heterogeneous impact of alcohol consumption according to treatment method on survival in head and neck cancer: A prospective study", Cancer Science (in English), vol. 108, no. 1, pp. 91–100, doi:10.1111/cas.13115, ISSN 1347-9032, retrieved 2024-06-17 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ↑ Allison Marziliano, Sewit Teckie, Michael A. Diefenbach (2020-04), "Alcohol‐related head and neck cancer: Summary of the literature", Head & Neck (in English), vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 732–738, doi:10.1002/hed.26023, ISSN 1043-3074, retrieved 2024-06-17 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ↑ R. Simcock, R. Simo (2016-07), "Follow-up and Survivorship in Head and Neck Cancer", Clinical Oncology (in English), vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 451–458, doi:10.1016/j.clon.2016.03.004, retrieved 2024-06-17 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  15. ↑ Adam Barsouk, John Sukumar Aluru, Prashanth Rawla, Kalyan Saginala, Alexander Barsouk (2023-06-13), "Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Prevention of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma", Medical Sciences (in English), vol. 11, no. 2, p. 42, doi:10.3390/medsci11020042, ISSN 2076-3271, retrieved 2024-06-17{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "November", Definitions, Qeios, 2020-02-02, retrieved 2024-06-17
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Bernard W. Stewart, Christopher P. Wild (2014), World cancer report 2014, Centre international de recherche sur le cancer, Organisation mondiale de la santé, Lyon: International agency for research on cancer, ISBN 978-92-832-0429-9 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  18. ↑ Philip Macilwraith, Eve Malsem, Sathana Dushyanthen (2023-04-24), "The effectiveness of HPV vaccination on the incidence of oropharyngeal cancers in men: a review", Infectious Agents and Cancer (in English), vol. 18, no. 1, doi:10.1186/s13027-022-00479-3, ISSN 1750-9378, retrieved 2024-06-17{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ↑ Nicholas L Syn, Michele W L Teng, Tony S K Mok, Ross A Soo (2017-12), "De-novo and acquired resistance to immune checkpoint targeting", The Lancet Oncology (in English), vol. 18, no. 12, pp. e731–e741, doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30607-1, retrieved 2024-06-17 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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