Luxmanda
| country | Tanzania  |
|---|---|
| coordinate location | 4°15′24″S 35°18′38″E |
| time of discovery or invention | 2012 |
- Wɔakyerɛw nsɛm yi wɔ Akuapem kasa mu
Luxmanda yɛ beae a wotutu fam hwehwɛ tetefo nneɛma mu a ɛwɔ Babati Mantam a ɛwɔ Tanzania atifi fam mfinimfini . Wohuu no wɔ afe 2012 mu. Tutuo a wɔatu wɔ mpɔtam hɔ no ama wɔahu sɛ ɛyɛ beaeɛ a ɛso sen biara na ɛwɔ anafoɔ fam paa wɔ Savanna Pastoral Neolithic (SPN) mu,[1] a ɛyɛ mmoayɛn amammerɛ a wɔgye tom wɔ fam tutu mu a ɛwɔ Afrika apueeɛ fam wɔ berɛ bi a wɔfrɛ no Pastoral Neolithic (bɛyɛ 5000– 1200 BP).[1] Radiocarbon a ɛkyerɛ bere a fango, nnipa collagen, ne nneɛma a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ dɔte nneɛma mu no kyerɛ sɛ na nnipa te Luxmanda mfe 3,200 kosi 2,900 a atwam ni.[1] Wɔanya dɔte (a ɛyɛ Narosura su), abo a wɔde ayɛ, nnompe a wɔayɛ adwuma, asonse, ne ostrich nkesua a wɔaboaboa ano a ɛka mmoa ne nnipa nnompe ho afi Luxmanda beae no.[2] Na Luxmandafo yɛ mmoahwɛfo a wɔn ho akokwaw kɛse, na na wɔde wɔn ho to anantwi, nguan, mpapo, ne mfurum so de di wɔn asetrade.[1] Wonnim wɔn kasa mu abusuabɔ, nanso abakɔsɛm mu kasa ho abenfo binom asusuw sɛ na nnipa a wɔwɔ SPN no ka Kushi kasa ahorow. Pastoral Neolithic no akyi no Pastoral Iron Age ne Bantufo Ntrɛwmu.[3]
Tete DNA nhwehwɛmu[sesa]
Admixture clustering analysis a wɔyɛe wɔ nkokoaa nnompe a wadi mfe 3,100 a wotutuu wɔ Luxmanda no hui sɛ onipa no kura ne nananom bɛyɛ 38±1% a ɛfa Pre-Pottery Neolithic amammerɛ a ɛwɔ Levant ho.[4] Awosu mu nsɛm foforo a efi Luxmanda kyerɛ sɛ ɛbɛyɛ sɛ saa abusuabɔ yi fi akuafo a wofi Levant ansa na wɔreyɛ nkuku no asefo a wotu kɔɔ Afrika, anaasɛ abusua a wɔtaa fi nananom a wɔnyɛ Afrikafo a wɔtraa Afrika anaa Apuei Fam a Ɛbɛn mfirihyia mpempem pii a atwam no mu. Mmarima no nyinaa yɛɛ nhwehwɛmu sɛ Y chromosomal DNA a E1b1b subclades ayɛ akuwakuw, a abien maa A1b subclades a ɛyɛ ambivalent bae esiane collagen a ɛnnɔɔso nti.[1]
Na Afrika fa a ɛwɔ Luxmanda ankorankoro abusua mu no fata sɛ ɛne abɔmmɔfo-aboaboafo dodow bi a wɔte Ethiopia ca. 4,500 BP (wɔ nnipa mmienu a wɔde afrafra tebea ase, a wɔsusu sɛ nananom dodoɔ yɛ 62.2–62.8% ma hunter-gather fa no ne 37.2-37.8% ma Pre-Pottery Neolithic B fa no) anaasɛ ɛfiri nnipa dodoɔ bi a wɔne Dinka wɔ abusuabɔ nso ( wɔ nnipa mmiɛnsa afrafra tebea ase, a wɔsusu sɛ nananom dodoɔ yɛ 39% ± 1% nananom a ɛfa Levantine ho).[4] Bio nso, haplogroup nhwehwɛmu kyerɛe sɛ Luxmanda nhwɛsode no kura haplogroup L2a1 (mtDNA). Na nyansahufo adi kan akyerɛ sɛ sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, nananom a wɔne Eurasia Atɔe Fam wɔ abusuabɔ wɔ Afrika apuei fam a mprempren abu so wɔ ɔmantam no mu no baa bɛyɛ afe 3000 BP. Awosu mu nsɛm foforo no kyerɛ sɛ wɔn a wɔyɛɛ Savanna Pastoral Neolithic no na ɛyɛ wɔn asɛyɛde sɛ wɔtrɛw tete nananom a ɛfa Levant ho no mu wɔ ɔtare mantam no mu, faako a na wɔasisi atrae foforo no. Ɛbɛyɛ sɛ Luxmanda ankorankoro no dodow nso na ɛde mmoayɛn baa Afrika kesee fam, efisɛ wohui sɛ ankorankoro bi a wadi mfe 1,200 a ɔyɛ mmoahwɛfo a ofi Western Cape no ne Luxmanda nhwɛsode no wɔ abusuabɔ.[4]
Nsɛm a wɔde gyinaa so[sesa]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Grillo, Katherine; Prendergast, Mary; et al. (2018). "Pastoral Neolithic settlement at Luxmanda, Tanzania" (PDF). Journal of Field Archaeology. 43 (2): 102–120. doi:10.1080/00934690.2018.1431476. S2CID 135287460.
- ↑ Langley, Michelle C., Mary E. Prendergast, and Katherine M. Grillo (2017). "Organic technology in the Pastoral Neolithic: osseous and eggshell artefacts from Luxmanda, Tanzania". Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. 11: 1–14. doi:10.1007/s12520-017-0528-z. S2CID 134057537.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Alison Crowther, Mary E. Prendergast, Dorian Q. Fuller, Nicole Boivin (2017). "Subsistence mosaics, forager-farmer interactions, and the transition to food production in eastern Africa". Quaternary International. xxx: 5. Bibcode:2018QuInt.489..101C. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2017.01.014.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Skoglund; et al. (September 21, 2017). "Reconstructing Prehistoric African Population Structure". Cell. 171 (1): 59–71. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.049. PMC 5679310. PMID 28938123.
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