Kasa mu akwanside
Kasa akwansideɛ yɛ sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so kasasin a wɔde di dwuma titire de kyerɛ kasa mu akwansideɛ a ɛmma nkitahodie, i.e. nkitahodiɛ mu nsɛnnennen a nnipa anaa akuo a mfitiaseɛ no na wɔka kasa ahodoɔ, anaa mpo kasa ahodoɔ a wɔka wɔ nsɛm bi mu no hyia[1][2][3]
Kasa mu akwanside siw nnipa ntam abusuabɔ a wɔbɛhyehyɛ no kwan na ebetumi de ntease a ɛnteɛ a ɛde ntawntawdi, abasamtu, abufuw, basabasayɛ, ahoyeraw, ne bere, mmɔdenbɔ, sika, ne nnipa nkwa a wɔsɛe no ba.[4]
Nkutahodie[sesa]
Mpɛn pii no, nkitahodi kakraa bi na ɛba wɔn a wɔka kasa ahorow ntam gye sɛ wɔn mu biako anaa wɔn baanu nyinaa sua kasa foforo, a egye bere ne mmɔdenbɔ pii. Nnipa a wɔretu kwan akɔ amannɔne taa hyia kasa mu akwanside bi.[1]
Nnipa a wɔba ɔman foforo mu wɔ wɔn mpanyin afe so anaasɛ wonni nsɛmfua pii, bere a kasa sua yɛ adeyɛ a ɛyɛ den no, betumi ayɛ den titiriw sɛ "wobedi kasa akwanside no so" [1]. Nsɛnnennen a ɛte saa ara ba wɔ aman pii nhyiam ahorow ase, baabi a nsɛm asekyerɛ adwuma betumi ayɛ nea ɛho ka yɛ den, ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya, na ɛyɛ mmerɛw sɛ wobedi mfomso.
Wɔ 1995 mu no, sukuufo a wɔawie sukuu afe a edi kan a wɔhyɛn California Ɔman Sukuupɔn nhyehyɛe no mu no mu 24,000 bɔɔ amanneɛ sɛ Borɔfo kasa ne wɔn kasa a ɛto so abien; nanso saa Borɔfo kasa a wɔnyɛ nnam yi mu 1,000 pɛ na wɔsɔɔ hwɛe sɛ wɔn ho akokwaw wɔ kɔlege Borɔfo kasa mu (Kahmi – Stein & Stein, 1999). Akontaabu te sɛ eyinom ma ɛda adi sɛ ɛho hia kɛse sɛ nkyerɛkyerɛ nhomakorabea adwumayɛfo gye nsɛnnennen a kasa betumi de aba no tom. Ɛda adi pefee sɛ Borɔfo kasa a wɔde di dwuma yɛ ade titiriw a ɛma amanaman ntam adesuafo de Amerika sukuupɔn nhomakorabea di dwuma no mu den. Ɛnyɛ nsɛm a wɔboaboa ano nko na kasa mu nsɛnnennen ka, na mmom mmoa a wɔhwehwɛ nso. Borɔfo kasa a wonnim no betumi ayɛ ade titiriw a ɛhaw amanaman ntam asuafo wɔ wɔn nhomakorabea a wɔde di dwuma no mu efisɛ ɛfa mmoa a wɔsrɛ ne nea wogye ho. Lee (1991), a ɔno ankasa yɛ amanaman ntam sukuuni, kyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ amanaman ntam sukuufo taa yɛ nea wɔpene so na wogye di sɛ sukuu ne beae biako pɛ wɔ wiase a wɔka Borɔfo kasa mu a ɛsɛ sɛ wotumi si akan wɔ ɔkwan a ɛyɛ pɛ so. Amanaman ntam adesuafo gye tom na wɔkanyan wɔn denneennen. Wɔ amanaman ntam sukuufo a wodwen kasamu nhyehyɛe a ɛfata ne nsɛmfua a wɔde di dwuma pɛpɛɛpɛ ho fam no, nsɛmfua ne gyinabea mu nsakrae yi betumi ayɛ nea ɛyɛ nwonwa kɛse sen sɛnea ɛte ma wɔn a wɔka Borɔfo kasa ankasa no. Nsɛmfua a ɛne ne ho di nsɛ a wɔde di dwuma, a ɛho hia wɔ nsɛmfua atitiriw a wɔhwehwɛ mu no yɛ den sɛ wobehu no yiye, titiriw ma asuafo a wonni Borɔfo nsɛmfua kakraa bi (F. Jacobson, 1988). Wɔ afe 2012 mu no, The Rosetta Foundation de too gua sɛ April 19 yɛ amanaman ntam "No Language Barrier Day". Adwene a ɛwɔ da no akyi ne sɛ wɔbɛma amanaman ntam nhumu wɔ nokwasɛm a ɛyɛ sɛ ɛnyɛ kasa na egyina hɔ ma akwanside ahorow: ɛnsɛ sɛ woyi kasa ahorow fi hɔ, ɛnyɛ akwanside – nea ɛne no bɔ abira no, ɛsɛ sɛ wodi ho afahyɛ. Ɛyɛ nkyerɛaseɛ dwumadie a wɔbɛnya na ɛyɛ akwansideɛ a ɛsi mpɔtam hɔfoɔ kwan sɛ wɔbɛnya nsɛm na wɔakyɛ wɔ kasa ahodoɔ mu. Afe afe afahyɛ a wodi wɔ saa da yi mu no botae ne sɛ ɛbɛma nkurɔfo ate wiase nyinaa mpɔtam hɔfo nkyerɛase mmɔdenbɔ ahorow ase na ama wɔanya nkɔso. Nsɛm a wɔka no betumi adi kasa mu akwanside so. Adwinni a wɔde da nsɛm adi no boro kasa akwanside ahorow so. Kasa mu akwanside nso betumi ayɛ ade a ɛhaw wɔn a wɔrehwehwɛ akwahosan efisɛ ɔyarefo ne oduruyɛfo ntam nkitahodi betumi asɛe. Ayarefo a wontumi nte wɔn haw ahorow ase anaasɛ wɔne wɔn nnuruyɛfo nka ho asɛm no taa nya akwahosan ho nhyehyɛe a ɛso tew. Wobetumi afa akwan te sɛ nkyerɛaseɛ dwumadie anaa kasa adesua a wɔde ma nnuruyɛfoɔ so adi saa nsonsonoeɛ yi so (Rand, 1998).
Tukɔ a wotu kɔtra mmeae foforo[sesa]
Kasa mu akwanside ahorow nso nya atutra so nkɛntɛnso. Atubrafoɔ a wɔfiri ɔman bi mu no taa tu kɔ ɔman a wɔrekɔ a ɛka kasa korɔ no ara ne ɔman a otubrafoɔ no ka no mu. Enti, Britaniafo atutra dodow no ara akɔ Australia, Canada, United States, anaa New Zealand, Spainfo dodow no ara akɔ Latin Amerika, na Portugalfo atu akɔ Brazil. Sɛ ɔman a wɔrekɔ no nka otubrafo no kasa mpo a, ɛda so ara yɛ mmerɛw sɛ ebenya atubrafo sɛ ɛka kasa bi a ɛne otubrafo no de wɔ abusuabɔ a. Nhwɛso a ɛda adi kɛse ne Europafo atutra kɛse a ɛkɔɔ Amerika no. United States a na Germanfo Engiresi kasa titiriw wom no twetwee atubrafo a wofi Europa Atifi fam, baabi a wɔka German kasa anaasɛ wonim no yiye no titiriw. Nnipa a wɔtaa fi mu wɔ United States ne Germanfo, Irelandfo, ne Engiresifo, na Scandinaviafo atubrafo dodow no ara nso tu kɔɔ United States (anaasɛ Canada a wɔka Borɔfo kasa). Ná Europa Kesee Famfo, te sɛ Italiafo, taa tu kɔ Latin Amerika aman mu; nnɛ, nnipa a wofi Italiafo ne mmusuakuw a ɛto so abien wɔ Argentina, Uruguay, ne Brazil, wɔ Spainfo ne (wɔ Brazil) Portugalfo akyi, nanso wɔto so anan wɔ United States wɔ Europa akuw mu. Wɔ mfe du a atwam no mu no, Romaniafo apaw Italy ne Spain titiriw sɛ mmeae a wotu kɔtra mmeae foforo, na Germany, Europa Atɔe Fam ɔman a ɛso sen biara no di nea ɛto so abiɛsa a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri.
Kasa a ɛboa sɛ ano aduru[sesa]
Efi 1800 mfe no awiei no, kasa horow a ɛboa wɔ hɔ a ɛbɛboa ma wɔadi kasa mu akwanside no so. Wɔ atetesɛm mu no, na obi anaa kuw bi na wɔkyerɛw anaasɛ wɔkyekyee. Mfiase no, na adwene no ne sɛ nnipa baanu a wɔpɛ sɛ wodi nkitaho betumi asua kasa a ɛboa a ɛnyɛ den pii na wobetumi de saa kasa yi akasa anaa akyerɛw wɔn ho wɔn ho.
Wɔ afeha a ɛtɔ so aduonu no fã a ɛdi kan no mu no, ɔkwan a ɛtɔ so mmienu a wɔfa so yɛ kasa a ɛboa no baeɛ: sɛ ɛho nhia sɛ wɔkyekyere kasa a ɛboa, ɛfiri sɛ kasa a wɔka no kɛseɛ no wɔ nsɛmfua pii a ɛyɛ pɛ dedaw. Ná wobetumi ayɛ saa nsɛmfua yi ma ayɛ kasa a ɛnyɛ den. Nnipa a wɔwɔ aman pii mu no, sɛ wɔkenkan anaa wɔte a, na wɔbɛte saa kasa yi ase, efisɛ na emu nsɛm nso pue wɔ wɔn ankasa kasa mu. Saa kwan yi dii anohyeto bi a wosusuw sɛ ɛwɔ kasa a ɛboa a ɛwɔ hɔ no ho dwuma: hia a ehia sɛ wɔma afoforo gye di sɛ wosua ansa na nkitahodi akɔ so. Ná wobetumi de kasa aboafo foforo no nso adi dwuma de asua mmusuakuw kasa ntɛm na wate n’ankasa kasa ase yiye.
Tete kasa a ɛboa, a ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔfrɛ no schematic kasa ahorow no nhwɛso ne Esperanto, Ido, ne Volapük. Ɔkwan foforo a ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔfrɛ no abɔde mu kasa ho nhwɛso ne Interlingua, Interlingue ne Latino Sine Flexione. Esperanto ne Interlingua nkutoo na wɔde di dwuma kɛse nnɛ, ɛwom sɛ wɔde Ido nso di dwuma de.
Ɔkwan a ɛto so abien no, nea wɔfrɛ no zonal kasa ahorow, kasa ahorow a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ ama wɔn a wɔka kasa horow a ɛne wɔn ho wɔn ho bɔ kɛse no titiriw no piapia ɔkwan a ɛto so abien no kɔ akyiri mpo. Esiane sɛ kasa horow a ɛwɔ abusua koro mu no wɔ ntease pɔtee bi dedaw nti, adwene no ne sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ kasa abien a wogye tom ma kwan ma wɔte kasa bi a egyina nea ɛyɛ pɛ so a wonsuaa ade biara. Nhwɛso a wɔde di dwuma kɛse ne Interslavic.
Kasa mu akwanside ma amanaman ntam adesuafo a wɔwɔ United States[sesa]
Seesei, sukuufo pii pɛ sɛ wosua ade wɔ amannɔne. Wɔ amanaman ntam akwantu mu nsɛnnennen afoforo akyi no, kasa mu akwanside abɛyɛ ɔhaw akɛse a ɛwɔ hɔ ma amanaman ntam adesuafo no mu biako, titiriw wɔ United States. Nhwehwɛmu pii wɔ hɔ a ɛkyerɛ nsɛnnennen a kasa mu akwanside ahorow de ba asuafo yi so, a nea ɛka ho ne mmoa a wontumi nyɛ ho hwee ne adwennwen a ɛboro so. Selvadurai kaa kasa mu akwanside ahorow, adesuadan mu tebea a wohu, ne akyerɛkyerɛfo ne sukuufo ntam abusuabɔ mu nsɛnnennen ma amanaman ntam adesuafo ho asɛm wɔ ne nhwehwɛmu a wotintimii wɔ 1998. Wɔ nneɛma no nyinaa mu no, ɔkae sɛ kasa ne “akwanside a edi kan a amanaman ntam adesuafo hyia asuafo” (154) .[5] Sɛnea Chen, afotu ho ɔkyerɛkyerɛfo wɔ British Columbia Sukuupɔn mu kyerɛ no, ɛnyɛ sɛ kasa mu akwanside bi bɛma amanaman ntam sukuufo ahaw nko—kasa a ɛto so abien ho dadwen, nhomasua mu adwennwen, ne asetra mu amammerɛ mu adwennwen na Chen hui sɛ ɛyɛ nsɛnnennen akɛse abiɛsa a ɛwɔ hɔ ma amanaman ntam adesuafo (51- 56). Bio nso, ɛda adi sɛ sukuufo nso benya asetra mu tew a wɔatew wɔn ho, adwemmɔne, ne nyiyim, "Amannɔne sukuufo de adwene a ɛnteɛ ne amammerɛ mu nkate a wonni wɔ U.S. manfo mu no to hɔ sɛ akwanside akɛse a wosusuw sɛ ɛmma wontumi nkɔ akuw ntam abusuabɔ a edi mu."[6] Saa asuafo yi taa hyia adwemmɔne, tew a wɔtew wɔn ho ne nyiyim esiane kasa a ɛto so abien a wonnim nti, na ɛno nso de adwene mu haw ahorow ba saa ankorankoro yi mu. Amanaman ntam adesuafo ka nsɛm a enye a wohyia te sɛ, "anigye, dadwen, ahotɔ, wɔn ho a wɔde bɔ wɔn ho ban, ahobanbɔ, adwenem naayɛ, nitan, ne korɔn" ne nneɛma pa a efi mu ba te sɛ, "anigye, obu, anigye, ahotɔ, ahotoso, anigye, . anigye a wɔde hwehwɛ nneɛma mu ne nhyɛso[6]." Afotu bi wɔ hɔ a nhomanimfo aka ho asɛm, a ɛbɛboa amanaman ntam adesuafo ma wɔayɛ mmerɛw akɔ tebea horow a ɛsono asetra mu. Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a adwennwen a saa asuafo yi hyia no so bɛtew no, nhomanimfo binom ahyɛ nyansa sɛ wɔmfa adwempa nni ɔhaw ahorow no ho dwuma, bere a wɔsan tu asuafo no fo sɛ wɔmfa wɔn nsa nkɔ ɔhaw ahorow ano aduru ho nneɛma, titiriw wɔ wɔn akwankyerɛ bere mu (Olivas ne Li 219-220). Sɛnea ɔbenfo S.G. Nelson kae wɔ afe 1991 mu wɔ ne nhoma,"How Language is Life" mu no, "Kasa boro nsɛmfua a wɔde di dwuma so koraa. Kasa ne sɛnea nkurɔfo da wɔn nkate adi na wɔda wɔn ankorankoro su adi, na sɛ mfe ahorow a wɔadi bom a, nnipa ɛsɛ sɛ wɔn a wɔadi mfe nyinaa sua sɛnea wɔyɛ wɔn ade wɔ akuw afoforo ho."
Kasa tumidi wɔ atubrafo akyi[sesa]
Ná Nigeria yɛ Britania atubraman na wɔhyɛɛ no ma wɔde Engiresi kasa dii dwuma. Ná Nigeriafo ka Borɔfo kasa sen wɔn ankasa kasa, na Engiresi kasa a wɔde di dwuma no atrɛw ntɛmntɛm wɔ Nigeriafo asetra nyinaa mu. Dwuma a Borɔfo di wɔ nhomasua mu no ho hia, na Borɔfo kasa di nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔ a wɔatintim so. Ɛwom sɛ nhomasua a wɔmfa nhyehyɛe mu wɔ Nigeria de Nigeria kasa di dwuma de, nanso Nigeriafo dodow no ara nim Borɔfo kasa yiye.
Wɔayɛ ho nhwɛso nso wɔ Britania Amanaman Nkabom afoforo anaa aman a wɔadi atubrafo bere bi a atwam no nyinaa mu. Nhwɛso afoforo a ɛka Borɔfo kasa ho ne Portugal kasa a ɛwɔ Angola ne Franse kasa a ɛwɔ Mauritius.
Asɛmfua afoforo a wɔde di dwuma[sesa]
- SIL ka "kasa sɛ akwanside titiriw a ɛmma wontumi nkyerɛw akenkan ne akyerɛw" ho asɛm sɛ ɔkasafo bi kasa yɛ nea wɔankyerɛw a[7]
Nsusuwii a ɛnteɛ[sesa]
Ɛtɔ mmere bi a wosusuw sɛ sɛ kasa ahorow pii wɔ tebea bi mu a, enti ɛsɛ sɛ kasa akwanside ahorow pii wɔ hɔ. Mpɛn pii no, aman a wɔka kasa horow pii no wɔ lingua francas ne atetesɛm ahorow a ɛkyerɛ sɛ emufo sua kasa bɛboro biako, kasa a wɔadan no; bere a ɛnnyi ntease akwanside ahorow mfi hɔ koraa no, ɛbɔ adwene a ɛne sɛ kasa mu akwanside ahorow a wontumi mfa so no gu[8]
Sɛ nhwɛso no, wobu akontaa sɛ kasa ahorow bɛyɛ 250 na wɔka wɔ London nkutoo, nanso sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, mmusuakuw biara mufo tumi de wɔn ho hyɛ Britaniafo asetra mu na wɔyɛ emufo a wɔsow aba.[9]
Ɔhaw a ɛbɛtumi aba[sesa]
Kasa mu akwanside betumi aka akwahosan ho nhyehyɛe a wobenya. Sɛ nhwɛso no, nhwehwɛmu bi kyerɛe sɛ Britania-Pakistan mmea a wohyiaa amammerɛ ne kasa mu akwanside ahorow no ntaa nkɔ nufu mu nhwehwɛmu efisɛ na wonnim sɛ ɛkɔ so wɔ baabi a mmea nkutoo na wɔwom.[10][11][12]
Nsɛm a wɔde gyinaa so[sesa]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "language barrier" in the Collins English Dictionary.
- ↑ "language barrier". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press.
- ↑ "Examples of Language Barriers" in The Seven Barriers of Communication. [Accessed 5 March 2017].
- ↑ Buarqoub, I.A.S (2013-05-28). "Language barriers to effective communication". Utopía y Praxis Latinoamericana. 24 (Esp.6): 64–77. Retrieved 2021-08-13.
language barriers are semantic problems that arise during the process of encoding and/ordecoding the message into words and ideas, respectively. They are one of the main barriers that limit effective communication. They are the most common communication barriers which cause misunderstandings and misinterpretations between people.
- ↑ Selvadurai, Ranjani (1992). "Problems faced by international students in American colleges and universities" (PDF). Community Review. 12 (1–2): 27–32.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Spencer-Rodgers, Julie; McGovern, Timothy (November 2002). "Attitudes toward the culturally different: the role of intercultural communication barriers, affective responses, consensual stereotypes, and perceived threat". International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 26 (6): 609–631. doi:10.1016/s0147-1767(02)00038-x.
- ↑ "Mother Tongues: Breaking the language barrier". Sil.org. Retrieved 2012-08-22.
- ↑ Nwaolikpe, Nancy Onyinyechi (October 2013). "Culture and Nigerian Identity in the Print Media". Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review (Oman Chapter). 2 (3): 63–71. ProQuest 1476893534.
- ↑ "Multilingual London". Phon.ucl.ac.uk. 1999-03-29. Retrieved 2012-08-22
- ↑ "Cultural and language barriers need to be addressed for British-Pakistani women to benefit fully from breast screening". NIHR Evidence (Plain English summary). 2020-09-15. doi:10.3310/alert_41135. S2CID 241324844.
- ↑ Woof, Victoria G; Ruane, Helen; Ulph, Fiona; French, David P; Qureshi, Nadeem; Khan, Nasaim; Evans, D Gareth; Donnelly, Louise S (2019-12-02). "Engagement barriers and service inequities in the NHS Breast Screening Programme: Views from British-Pakistani women". Journal of Medical Screening. 27 (3): 130–137. doi:10.1177/0969141319887405. ISSN 0969-1413. PMC 7645618. PMID 31791172
- ↑ Woof, Victoria G.; Ruane, Helen; French, David P.; Ulph, Fiona; Qureshi, Nadeem; Khan, Nasaim; Evans, D. Gareth; Donnelly, Louise S. (2020-05-20). "The introduction of risk stratified screening into the NHS breast screening Programme: views from British-Pakistani women". BMC Cancer. 20 (1): 452. doi:10.1186/s12885-020-06959-2. ISSN 1471-2407. PMC 7240981. PMID 32434564.