Kɔmputa

Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei ɛwɔ Asante kasa mu

Kɔmputa yɛ afidie a wobɛtumi ayɛ ho nhyehyɛeɛ sɛ ɛbɛtumi ayɛ akontabuo anaa nteaseɛ dwumadie ahodoɔ (akontabuo) nnidisoɔ nnidisoɔ. Ɛnnɛ yi digita ɛlɛtrɔnike kɔmputa ahodoɔ tumi yɛ adwuma ahodoɔ a wɔfrɛ no "program". Saa nhyehyɛeɛ yi nyinaa ma kɔmputa ahodoɔ tumi yɛ nnwuma bebree. Kɔmputa nhyehyɛe(operating systems) yɛ deɛ edi mu a wɔfrɛ no "hardware, operating system" (software) titire, ne mfidie a ɛwɔ akyi a wɔhia na wɔde di dwuma ma ɛyɛ adwuma koraa. Saa asɛmfua yi nso bɛtumi akyerɛ kɔmputa kuo bi a ɛka bom na ɛyɛ adwuma baako, te sɛ kɔmputa ntam nkitahodie anaa kɔmputa akuo.

Mfidinnwuma ne adetɔfoɔ nnoɔma ahodoɔ pii de kɔmputa di dwuma sɛ nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔde di dwuma. Wɔde mfidie a ɛnyɛ den a wɔde di dwuma titire te sɛ "microwave oven ne remote controls" ka ho, na saa ara na mfidie a wɔde yɛ adwumayɛbea te sɛ mfididwuma mu robɔt ne kɔmputa boa adwini, ne mfidie a wɔde di dwuma wɔ ɔkwan a ɛkɔ akyiri so te sɛ ankorankorɛ kɔmputa ne mfidie a wɔde di dwuma wɔ telefon so te sɛ "smartphones" nso ka ho.

Kɔmputa na ɛma Intanɛt a ɛka kɔmputa afoforɔ ɔpepepem pii ne wɔn a wɔde di dwuma bom no nya ahoɔden.Na wɔayɛ sɛ wɔde kɔmputa a edi kan no bɛdi nkontabuo adwuma nkutoo. Nnwinnadeɛ a wɔde nsa yɛ a ɛnyɛ den te sɛ abacus aboa nkurɔfoɔ ma wɔbu akontaa firi tete. Wɔ mfididwuma mu Ɔsesɛ no mfitiaseɛ no, wɔyɛɛ mfidie ahodoɔ bi a wɔde bɛyɛ nnwuma atenten a ɛyɛ den te sɛ nsusuiɛ ahodoɔ a wɔde kyerɛ kwan ma ntamadan. Ɛlektrik mfidie a ɛyɛ nwanwa kɛse yɛɛ analog akontaabuo titire wɔ afeha a ɛtɔ so aduonu Mfitiaseɛ mu hɔ. Wɔyɛɛ dijitaal ɛlɛtrɔnik mfidie a edi kan a wɔde bu akontaa wɔ Wiase Ko II mu. "Semiconductor transistors" a ɛdi kan wɔ afe apem ahankron ne aduanan(1940) awieeɛ no, wɔde silicon-based MOSFET (MOS transistor) ne monolithic integrated circuit chip" mfididwuma dii akyire wɔ afe apem ahankron ne aduonum(1950)mfeɛ no awieeɛ mu, na ɛde microprocessor ne microcomputer nsakraeɛ baeɛ wɔafe apem ahankron ne aduoson 1970) no mu. Ahoɔhare, ahoɔden ne kɔmputa ahodoɔ a wɔde di dwuma wɔ mmeaeɛ ahodoɔ no akɔ soro kɛse firi saa berɛ no, na transistor dodoɔ akɔ soro ntɛmntɛm (sɛnea Moore mmara hyɛ ho nkɔm no), na ɛde Digital Revolution baeɛ wɔ afeha a ɛtɔ so aduonu 20 awieeɛ kɔsi aduonu baako 21 ahyɛaseɛmu hɔ.Sɛnea wɔtaa yɛ no, anyɛ yie koraa no, nnɛyi kɔmputa yɛ ade baako a wɔde yɛ adwuma, a mpɛn pii no ɛyɛ central processing unit (CPU) a ɛyɛ microprocessor, ne kɔmputa memory bi, a mpɛn pii no ɛyɛ semiconductor memory chips. Adeyɛ adeɛ no yɛ akontaabuo ne ntease dwumadie ahodoɔ, na nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔde di dwuma nnidisoɔ nnidisoɔ ne nea wɔde di dwuma no bɛtumi asesa nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔde yɛ adwuma no de abua nsɛm a wɔde asie. Mfidie a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri no bi ne mfidie a wɔde hyɛ mu (keyboard, mice, joystick, ne nea ɛkeka ho), mfidie a wɔde hyɛ abɔntene (monitor screens, printers, ne nea ɛkeka ho), ne mfidie a wɔde hyɛ mu/nea wɔde hyɛ abɔntene ɛyɛ adwuma mmienu no nyinaa ( nhwɛsoɔ ne tɛlɛbihyen bi a ɛbaa so mfeɛ mpem mmienu(2000). Mfidie a ɛho nhia no ma kwan ma wogye nsɛm firi abɔnten na ɛma wotumi sie nea ɛfiri adwumayɛ mu ba no so na wogye.

N'abɔseɛ

Sɛnea Oxford English Dictionary kyerɛ no, nea ɛdi kan a wonim sɛ wɔde kɔmputa dii dwuma ne nwoma bi a Engiresi ɔtwerɛfoɔ Richard Brathwait twerɛɛ wɔ afe apem ahannsia ne du mmiɛnsa (1613 )mu a wɔfrɛ no "The Yong Mans Gleanings mu: "Me haue [sic] akenkan Times kɔmputa a ɛyɛ nokware sene biribiara, ne nkontaabuo ho nimdefoɔ a ɔyɛ sene biribiara a euer [sic] home, na ɔtee wo nna so kɔ dodoɔ tiawa mu." Na asɛmfua a wɔde dii dwuma yi kyerɛ onipa kɔmputa, obi a ɔyɛ nkontaabuo. Asɛmfua no kɔɔ so nyaa nteaseɛ korɔ no ara kɔsii afe ɔha a ɛtɔ so aduonu (20)mfimfini. Wɔ saa berɛ yi fa a ɛtwa toɔ no mu no, na wɔtaa fa mmaa sɛ kɔmputa ɛfiri sɛ na wɔtumi tua wɔn ka a ɛwɔ fam sene wɔn mfɛfoɔ mmarima.^[1] Ɛduruu afe apem ahankron ne aduanan mmiɛnsa (1943) mu no, na nnipa kɔmputa dodoɔ no ara yɛ mmaa.^[2]

"Online Etymology Dictionary" de kɔmputa dii dwuma nea ɛdi kan a wɔadi ho adanseɛ wɔ afe apem ahannsia ne aduanan(1640)mu, a ɛkyerɛ ‘obi a ɔbu akontaa’; wei yɛ "agent noun a ɛfiri compute (v.)". "Online Etymology Dictionary" ka sɛ asɛmfua no a wɔde dii dwuma de kyerɛ "'afidie a wɔde bu akontaa' (a ɛyɛ ɔkwan biara so) no firi afe apem ahannwɔtwe ne aduokron nson (1897)." Online Etymology Dictionary kyerɛ sɛ "nnɛ yi dwumadie" a wɔde asɛmfua no di dwuma, no kyerɛ ‘digyital ɛlɛtrɔnik kɔmputa a wɔtumi yɛ ho nhyehyɛeɛ’ no firi afe apem ahankron ne aduanan nnum"(1945) wɔ saa din yi ase; [wɔ] nsusuiɛ [nteaseɛ mu] ɛfiri afe apem ahankron ne aduasa nson(1937), sɛ Turing afiri".^[3]

Ansana mfeɛ ahanu reba no

Wɔde mfidie adi dwuma de aboa akontaabuo mfeɛ mpempem pii, na ne fa kɛseɛ no ara de nsateaa a wɔde kyerɛ nsɛm a ɛyɛ baako ne baako na ɛdii dwuma. Ɛda adi kɛse sɛ na afidie a ɛdi kan a wɔde yɛ nkontaa no yɛ "tally stick" bi. Akyiri yi mmoa a wɔde sie kyerɛtohɔ wɔ "Fertile Crescent" no nyinaa mu no bi ne calculi (dɔte kurukuruwa, cones, ne nea ɛkeka ho) a ɛgyina hɔ ma nneɛma a wɔkan, ɛbɛyɛ sɛ mmoa anaa aburo, a wɔatoto mu wɔ dɔte nkukuo a tokuru a wɔanto mu.^[4] Nnua a wɔde kan a wɔde di dwuma no yɛ baako.Mfitiaseɛ no na wɔde abacus no yɛ nkontaabu ho nnwuma. Wɔde mfidie a wɔde dii dwuma wɔ Babilon wɔ mfeɛ 2400 BCE. Ɛfiri saa berɛ no, wɔayɛ nkontaabuo twerɛpono anaa apono foforɔ pii. Wɔ mfinimfini mmerɔ mu Europafoɔ nkontaabuo dan bi mu no, na wɔde ntoma a wɔde nsensanee ayɛ si pono so, na na agyinahyɛdeɛ ahodoɔ di akɔneaba wɔ so sɛnea mmara ahodoɔ bi kyerɛ, sɛ mmoa a wɔde bu sika dodoɔ.Antikythera afiri a ɛfiri tete Hela bɛyɛ 150–100 BCE,yɛ analog kɔmputa mfidie a ɛdi kan.^[5]

Wɔgye di sɛ Antikythera afidie no ne mfidie analog kɔmputa a ɛdii kan a wonim, sɛnea Derek J. de Solla Price kyerɛ no.^[6] Wɔyɛɛ no sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobɛbu nsoromma mu hwɛbea ahodoɔ ho nkontaa. Wɔhunuu no wɔ afe apem ahankron ne baako (1901) mu wɔ Antikythera po so hyɛn a asɛe wɔ Hela supɔn Antikythera so, a ɛda Kythera ne Crete ntam no mu, na wɔakyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ bɛyɛ afe 1000 mu. Na mfidie a ɛyɛ den sɛ wɔde toto Antikythera adwinnadeɛ no ho no rensan mma bio kɔsi afe ɔha a ɛtɔ so dunan no mu.^[7]

Wɔyɛɛ mfidie pii a wɔde boa akontaabuo ne susuu de dii dwuma wɔ nsoromma mu hwɛ ne po so hyɛn mu. Na planisphere yɛ nsoromma nhyehyɛeɛ a Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī yɛe wɔ afe ɔha a ɛtɔ so du baako ahyɛaseɛ.^[8] Wɔyɛɛ nsoromma mu hwɛbea no wɔ Helafoɔ wiase no mu wɔ afe ɔha a ɛtɔ so 1 anaa 2 BCE na wɔtaa ka sɛ Hipparchus na ɔkyerɛɛ. Na nsoromma mu hwɛbea no yɛ planisphere ne dioptra a wɔaka abom, na wɔ ɔkwan a ɛtu mpɔn so no, na ɛyɛ kɔmputa a wɔde di dwuma a ɛtumi di ɔhaw ahodoɔ pii ho dwuma wɔ nsoromma mu hwɛ a ɛyɛ kurukuruwa mu. Astrolabe a mfidie kalenda kɔmputa ne gear-wheels ka ho no, Abi Bakr a ɔfiri Isfahan, Persia na ɔyɛɛ no wɔ afe apem ahanu ne aduasa num 1235 mu.Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī na ɔyɛɛ lunisolar kalenda astrolabe a ɛdi kan a wɔde mfidie ayɛ geared, mfidie a ɛdi kan a ɛyɛ nimdeɛ a wɔde nhoma a ɛyɛ pintinn yɛ adwuma a ɛwɔ gya keteke ne gya-ntwahonan,c. 1000AD.Wɔyɛɛ sector, adwinnadeɔ a wɔde bu akontaa a wɔde di ɔhaw ahodoɔ ho dwuma wɔ nsusuiiɛ, trigonometry, dodoɔ ne mpaapaemu, ne dwumadie ahodoɔ te sɛ ahinanan ne kuruwa ntini mu no wɔ afe a ɛtɔ so 16 awieiɛ na wɔde dii dwuma wɔ atuo a wɔde di dwuma, nhwehwɛmu ne po so hyɛn mu.

Kɔmputa a ɛdi kan

Engiresini mfididwuma ho nimdefoɔ ne polymath, na ɔde adwene a ɛne sɛ kɔmputa a wotumi yɛ ho nhyehyɛe no bae.

Beaɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ.

↑ Evans, Claire L. (2018). Broad Band: The Untold Story of the Women Who Made the Internet. New York: Portfolio/Penguin. ISBN 978-0735211759. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
↑ https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/clcweb/vol15/iss1/1/
↑ https://www.etymonline.com/word/computer
↑ : calculi were in use in Iraq for primitive accounting systems as early as 3200–3000 BCE, with commodity-specific counting representation systems. Balanced accounting was in use by 3000–2350 BCE, and a sexagesimal number system was in use 2350–2000 BCE.
↑ Flegg, Graham. (1989). Numbers through the ages. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan Education. ISBN 0-333-49130-0. OCLC 24660570
↑ Archive copy, archived from the original on 2008-04-28, retrieved 2023-08-06{{citation}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
↑ https://www.nature.com/articles/444534a
↑ G. Wiet, V. Elisseeff, P. Wolff, J. Naudu (1975). History of Mankind, Vol 3: The Great medieval Civilisations, p. 649. George Allen & Unwin Ltd, UNESCO

[1] Evans, Claire L. (2018). Broad Band: The Untold Story of the Women Who Made the Internet. New York: Portfolio/Penguin. ISBN 978-0735211759. Retrieved 9 November 2020.

[2] ttps://docs.lib.purdue.edu/clcweb/vol15/iss1/1/

[3] ttps://www.etymonline.com/word/computer

[4] : calculi were in use in Iraq for primitive accounting systems as early as 3200–3000 BCE, with commodity-specific counting representation systems. Balanced accounting was in use by 3000–2350 BCE, and a sexagesimal number system was in use 2350–2000 BCE.

[5] Flegg, Graham. (1989). Numbers through the ages. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan Education. ISBN 0-333-49130-0. OCLC 24660570

[6] Archive copy, archived from the original on 2008-04-28, retrieved 2023-08-06{{citation}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[7] ttps://www.nature.com/articles/444534a

[8] G. Wiet, V. Elisseeff, P. Wolff, J. Naudu (1975). History of Mankind, Vol 3: The Great medieval Civilisations, p. 649. George Allen & Unwin Ltd, UNESCO

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