Fɔɔso
| Fɔɔso | |
|---|---|
|
|
Ahyɛnsodeɛ Ahodoɔ
|
, F, F |
| SI unit | newton (N) |
Unite a ɛkeka ho
|
dyne, pound-force, poundal, kip, kilopond |
| Wɔ SI base units | kg·m·s−2 |
Dɛribahyin a ɛfiri ade dodoɔ a aka mu
|
F = ma |
| Ɛfa a ɔka serise wɔ | |
| Classical mechanics | |
Wɔ abɔdeɛ mu nneɛma ho adesua mu no, fɔɔso (force) yɛ nkɛntɛnsoɔ a ebetumi ama adeɛ bi asesa n'ahoɔhare kyerɛ sɛ, ayɛ ntɛmntɛm, gye sɛ fɔɔso (force) afoforo kari pɛ. Adwene a ɛne sɛ ahoɔden wɔ hɔ no ma da biara da adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛpia anaasɛ wɔbɛtwe no yɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ wɔ akontaabuo mu. Ɛsiane sɛ fɔɔso kɛseɛ ne n'akwankyerɛ nyinaa ho hia nti, fɔɔso yɛ vɛketa(vector) dodow. Wɔ susu no wɔ newton (N) SI unit mu na wɔtaa de agyiraehyɛdeɛ F na ɛgyina hɔ ma no.
Fɔɔso di dwuma titire wɔ tete mfidie nnwuma mu, na ɛkyerɛ wɔ Newton mmara abiɛsa a ɛfa moohyin ho no nyinaa mu, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ fɔɔso a ɛwɔ adeɛ bi so no ne adeɛ no kɛseɛ ne mmrikatuo a ɛfa mu no aba yɛ pɛ. Fɔɔso ahodoɔ a wɔtaa hyia wɔ tete mfidie nnwuma mu no bi ne elastic, frictional, contact anaa "normal" fɔɔso, ne gravitational . Fɔɔso (force) a ɛkyinkyini twa ne ho ne torque, a ɛma nsakrae ba ahoɔhare a adeɛ bi de twa ne ho no mu. Wɔ adeɛ bi a ne kɛseɛ no damɛhyin (dimension) yɛ baako anaa deɛ ɛboro saa mu no, ɔfa biara taa de fɔɔso di afa ahodoɔ a ɛbɛn ho no so; tumi a ɛtete saa a wɔkyekyɛ fa adeɛ no mu no ne internal mechanical stress ɛwɔ adeɛ no mu no. Saa internal mechanical stress a ɛte saa no mma saa adeɛ no nkɔ ntɛmntɛm berɛ a tumi ahodoɔ no kari pɛ no. Prɛhya(Pressure), tumi nketenkete pii a wɔde di dwuma wɔ adeɛ bi fa bi a wɔkyekyɛ no yɛ nhyɛsoɔ a ɛnyɛ den a sɛ ankari pɛ a ebetumi ama adeɛ no atu mmrika. Mpɛn pii no, nhyɛsoɔ ma nneɛma a ɛyɛ den no sɛe, anaasɛ ɛsene kɔ yɔɔ wɔ nneɛma a ɛnyɛ den fam. Wɔ nnɛ yi abɔdeɛ mu nneɛma ho nimdeɛ mu no, a relativity ne quantum mfiridie dwuma ho nimdeɛ ka ho mu no, wɔayɛ nsakraeɛ wɔ mmara a ɛfa moohyin ho no mu ma wɔde wɔn ho to fundamental interactions so sɛ ɛno ne baabi a fɔɔso firi baeɛ, nanso fɔɔso ho ntease a tete mfidedwuma de ma no da so ara yɛ deɛ mfasoɔ wɔ so koraa sɛ wɔde di dwuma ankasa.
Nkɔso a ɛba wɔ adwene no mu[sesa]
Nyansapɛfo a wɔtraa ase tete no de tumi ho adwene dii dwuma wɔ nneɛma a egyina hɔ na ɛkeka ne mfiri a ɛnyɛ den ho adesua mu, nanso adwenkyerɛfo te sɛ Aristotle ne Archimedes kuraa mfomso atitiriw a ɛwɔ tumi ntease mu no mu. Wɔ ɔfa bi mu no, na eyi fi ntease a enni mũ a na wɔwɔ wɔ tumi a ɛtɔ mmere bi a ɛnyɛ nea ɛda adi wɔ apereperedi mu no ho na nea efi mu ba ne adwene a ɛnsɛ a wonyae wɔ sɛnea abɔde mu kankyee te ho.[1] Mfomso titiriw bi ne gyidi a ɛne sɛ ahoɔden bi ho hia na ama watumi akɔ so akanyan, wɔ ahoɔhare a ɛkɔ so daa mpo mu. Awiei koraa no Galileo Galilei ne Sir Isaac Newton na wosiesiee ntease a ɛnteɛ a na wɔwɔ kan wɔ kankyee ne ahoɔden ho no mu dodow no ara . Newton nam ne akontaabu mu nhumu so hyehyɛɛ kankyee ho mmara a wɔantu mpɔn bɛboro mfe ahanu.[2]
Eduu afeha a ɛto so 20 mfiase no, Einstein yɛɛ nsusuwii bi a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea tumi ahorow no bɛyɛ adwuma wɔ nneɛma a ahoɔden a ɛkɔ soro a ɛbɛn hann ahoɔhare so no ho nkɔm yiye na ɛmaa wohuu tumi a tumi a ɛtwe ade ba fam ne nea entumi nyɛ adwuma no nso de ba no ho nhumu . Esiane sɛ wɔanya nnɛyi nhumu wɔ quantum mfiridwuma ne mfiridwuma a ebetumi ama nneɛma nketenkete a ɛbɛn hann ahoɔhare ayɛ ntɛmntɛm nti, abɔde mu nneɛma nketenkete ayɛ Standard Model a wɔde bɛkyerɛkyerɛ tumi ahorow a ɛda nneɛma nketenkete a ɛsua sen atɔm ntam. Standard Model no hyɛ nkɔm sɛ nneɛma nketenkete a wɔasesa a wɔfrɛ no gauge bosons ne akwan titiriw a wɔfa so yi tumi ahorow fi mu na wɔtwetwe. Nkitahodi atitiriw anan pɛ na wonim: sɛnea ahoɔden so tew no, ɛne: ahoɔden, anyinam ahoɔden, mmerɛw, ne tumi a ɛtwe ade ba fam .[3] : 1 . 2-10 na ɛwɔ hɔ [4] : 1 . 79. Nkyekyɛm Ahoɔden kɛse mu nneɛma nketenkete abɔde mu nneɛma a wɔhwɛɛ wɔ 1970 ne 1980 mfe no mu no sii so dua sɛ tumi a ɛyɛ mmerɛw ne anyinam ahoɔden a ɛyɛ mmerɛw no yɛ nkitahodi a ɛyɛ mmerɛw kɛse a ɛda adi.[5]
Nsusuwii ahorow a na ɛwɔ hɔ ansa na Newton reba[sesa]
Efi tete no wɔagye tumi ho adwene atom sɛ ade titiriw a ɛma mfiri a ɛnyɛ den no mu biara yɛ adwuma . Mfiridwuma mu mfaso a afiri a ɛnyɛ den de mae no maa wotumi de ahoɔden kakraa bi dii dwuma de sesaa saa tumi a ɛyɛ adwuma wɔ akyirikyiri kɛse ma adwuma dodow koro no ara . Awiei koraa no tumi ahorow su ho nhwehwɛmu kowiee Archimedes a ogyee din titiriw sɛ ɔyɛɛ tumi ahorow a ɛsensɛn nsu a ɛwɔ nsu mu no ho aduruyɛ mu no adwuma mu .[1] Aristotle de nyansapɛ mu nkɔmmɔbɔ bi mae wɔ adwene a ɛne sɛ tumi bi yɛ Aristotle amansan ho adesua fa titiriw no ho . Wɔ Aristotle adwene mu no, na nneɛma anan a ɛba sɛ ɛbɛhome wɔ "abɔde mu mmeae" ahorow wɔ mu wɔ asase so kurukuruwa no mu. Ná Aristotle gye di sɛ nneɛma a enhinhim wɔ Asase so, nea nneɛma a ɛyɛ asase ne nsu na ɛwom no mu dodow no ara wɔ wɔn abɔde mu baabi bere a ɛwɔ fam no, na sɛ wogyaw wɔn nkutoo a, ɛtra hɔ saa. Ɔkyerɛɛ nsonsonoeɛ a ɛda awosu mu su a nneɛma wɔ sɛ wɔbɛhunu wɔn "abɔdeɛ mu beaeɛ" (sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, sɛ nipadua a emu yɛ duru bɛhwe ase), a ɛde "abɔdeɛ mu kankyee" ba, ne kankyee a ɛnyɛ abɔdeɛ mu anaasɛ wɔhyɛ, a ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wɔkɔ so de tumi bi di dwuma no ntam.[6] Saa nsusuwii yi a egyina da biara da osuahu a ɛfa sɛnea nneɛma tu ho, te sɛ tumi bi a ehia a wɔde di dwuma bere nyinaa na ama teaseɛnam akɔ so akɔ so no, nyaa adwene mu ɔhaw wɔ akontaabu mu wɔ sɛnea agyan, te sɛ agyan a ɛtu no yɛ adwuma ho. Obi a ɔtow agyan ma agyan no tu wɔ wimhyɛn no mfiase, na afei ɛde po so hyɛn fa wim ɛwom mpo sɛ ade a etu mpɔn biara a wotumi hu nyɛ adwuma wɔ so de. Ná Aristotle nim ɔhaw yi na ɔhyɛɛ nyansa sɛ mframa a ɛtu fa ɔtopae no kwan so no de ɔtopae no kɔ nea ɛrekɔ so no so. Saa nkyerɛkyerɛmu yi hwehwɛ sɛ wɔde ade a ɛkɔ so te sɛ mframa di dwuma na ama kankyee no akɔ so.[7] Ɛwom sɛ wɔkasa tiaa Aristotle abɔde mu nneɛma ho nimdeɛ wɔ afeha a ɛto so 6 mu tɔnn de, nanso [8][9] na wɔrensiesie ne sintɔ ahorow no kosii afeha a ɛto so 17 adwuma a Galileo Galilei, a mfinimfini mmere no awiei adwene a ɛne sɛ nneɛma a ɛhyɛ obi so no kura tumi bi a efi awosu mu no nyaa no so nkɛntɛnso no a ɛkanyan obi . Galileo yɛɛ sɔhwɛ bi a wɔde abo ne aprɛm nyinaa guu baabi a ɛkɔ fam de kyerɛe sɛ Aristotle nkyerɛkyerɛ a ɛfa kankyee ho no nyɛ nokware . Ɔkyerɛe sɛ tumi a ɛtwe ade ba fam na ɛma nipadua ahorow no yɛ ntɛmntɛm kodu baabi a ɛnyɛ wɔn kɛse na ɔkyerɛe sɛ nneɛma kura wɔn ahoɔhare mu gye sɛ tumi bi na ɛyɛ adwuma, sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, friction .[10] Galileo adwene a ɛne sɛ ahoɔden ho hia na ama wɔasesa kankyee mmom sen sɛ ɛbɛkɔ so akura mu, a Isaac Beeckman, René Descartes, ne Pierre Gassendi, maa no nyaa nkɔso kɛse no bɛyɛɛ Newton abɔde mu nneɛma ho adesua nnyinasosɛm titiriw.[11] Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 17 mfiase, ansa na Newton Principia reba no, asɛmfua "tumi" ( Latin: vis ) no dii dwuma wɔ honam fam ne nea ɛnyɛ honam fam nneɛma pii ho, s.e., sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a asɛm bi bɛkɔ ntɛmntɛm. Wɔtoo nea efi point mass ne ne ahoɔhare ahinanan mu ba no din vis (ahoɔden a ɛte ase) a Leibniz kyerɛwee . Nnɛyi adwene a ɛfa tumi ho no ne Newton vis motrix no hyia</link> (ahoɔden a ɛma ɛyɛ ntɛmntɛm).[12]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Heath, Thomas L. (1897). The Works of Archimedes. Retrieved 2007-10-14 – via Internet Archive.
- ↑ Sears, Francis W.; Zemansky, Mark W.; Young, Hugh D. (1982). University Physics (6th ed.). Addison-Wesley. pp. 18–38. ISBN 0-201-07199-1.
- ↑ Nhwɛsoɔ:Harvnb
- ↑ Nhwɛsoɔ:Harvnb
- ↑ Weinberg, S. (1994). Dreams of a Final Theory. Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-679-74408-5.
- ↑ Lang, Helen S. (1998). The order of nature in Aristotle's physics : place and the elements. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0521624534.
- ↑ Hetherington, Norriss S. (1993). Cosmology: Historical, Literary, Philosophical, Religious, and Scientific Perspectives. Garland Reference Library of the Humanities. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-8153-1085-3.
- ↑ Sorabji, Richard (2010). "John Philoponus". Philoponus and the Rejection of Aristotelian Science (2nd ed.). Institute of Classical Studies, University of London. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-905-67018-5. JSTOR 44216227. OCLC 878730683.
- ↑ Maier, Anneliese (1982). Sargent, Steven D. (ed.). On the Threshold of Exact Science. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-812-27831-6. OCLC 495305340.
- ↑ Drake, Stillman (1978). Galileo At Work. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-16226-5.
- ↑ LoLordo, Antonia (2007). Pierre Gassendi and the Birth of Early Modern Philosophy. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 175–180. ISBN 978-0-511-34982-9. OCLC 182818133.
- ↑ Arnold, V. I.; Kozlov, V. V.; Neĩshtadt, A. I. (1988). "Mathematical aspects of classical and celestial mechanics". Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences, Dynamical Systems III. Vol. 3. Anosov, D. V. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-17002-2. OCLC 16404140.