Emum

Wɔakyerɛw nsɛm yi wɔ Akuapem kasa mu

Wɔkyerɛkyerɛ mum anaasɛ mumism(pronounciation of "Emum" ) (a efi Latin mu mutus ‘komm’) mu sɛ kasa a enni hɔ bere a wɔkora anaa wɔkora tumi a wɔde te afoforo kasa so no so.[1] Wɔtaa te mutism ase sɛ obi a ontumi nkasa, na wɔn abusua mufo, wɔn a wɔhwɛ wɔn, akyerɛkyerɛfo, nnuruyɛfo anaa kasa ne kasa ho animdefo taa hu. Ebia ɛnyɛ tebea a ɛtra hɔ daa, a egyina nea ɛde ba so, a ebetumi ayɛ nipadua, aduruyɛ, abɔde mu nneɛma, adwene mu, nkɔso, ntini mu anaa adwenemhaw.[2] Wobetumi ahu nipadua mu dɛmdi pɔtee bi anaa nkitahodi mu ɔhaw bi. Ɔkasa a kan no na ɛsɛ sɛ obi hwere (aphasia) no betumi afi akwanhyia, yare, anaa oprehyɛn mu nsɛnnennen; ɛntaa mma esiane adwene mu nneɛma nti.

Organic nneɛma a ɛde ba

Ebia nneɛma a ɛde mutism ba a nkwa wom no fi mmeae ahorow pii. Ade biako a ɛma obi yɛ mum no betumi ayɛ ɔhaw ahorow a ɛwɔ nipadua no mu nneɛma a ɛka kasa mu, sɛ nhwɛso no, ano anaa tɛkrɛma.[4] Ebia mutism fi apraxia, kyerɛ sɛ, ɔhaw ahorow a ɛfa ntini ahorow a ɛka kasa mu no yɛ biako ho.[5] Ade foforo a ɛde ba no betumi ayɛ aduruyɛ mu tebea bi a ɛka nipadua mu nhyehyɛe ahorow a ɛka kasa ho, sɛ nhwɛso no, ɛnne a ɛyera esiane opira, obubuafo, anaa anom a ɛyɛ yare nti.[6] Anarthria yɛ dysarthria a emu yɛ den. Ano ne tɛkrɛma a ɛkɔ so yɛ biako anaasɛ ahurututu no a ɛyɛ adwuma wɔ adwene mu no sɛe.[7]

Ntini mu ntini a ɛsɛe esiane ɔyare a ɛma obi hwe ase nti no betumi ama ɔkasa ayera anaasɛ wasɛe, a wɔfrɛ no aphasia. Ntini mu yare a ɛsɛe anaa ɔhaw ahorow a ɛba wɔ amemene no fa a ɛka kasa a wɔyɛ mu, Broca fa no nkɔso ho no betumi ama obi ayɛ mum.[8] Apirakuru anaa opira a ɛba Broca fa a ɛwɔ amemene no benkum fam ase no betumi ama ayɛ mum.[9] Ebia obi bɛyɛ mum wɔ amemene mu oprehyɛn akyi. Sɛ nhwɛso no, ntini mu nneyɛe mu sintɔ ahorow bi wɔ hɔ a ebetumi aba wɔ akyi fossa yare no mu wɔ mmofra a wɔyɛ wɔn amemene mu akisikuru oprehyɛn akyi no mu.[10]

Adwene mu nneɛma a ɛde ba

Sɛ mmofra nkasa a, adwene mu haw anaa nkate mu nhyɛso te sɛ dadwen betumi aka ho. Ebia mmofra renkasa esiane mutism a wɔpaw nti. Selective mutism yɛ tebea a abofra no kasa wɔ tebea horow bi mu nkutoo anaasɛ ɔne nnipa bi te sɛ abusua mufo a wɔbɛn wɔn paa kasa.[11] Nhwehwɛmu ho hia na ama wɔayi yare anaa tebea afoforo a ebetumi aba no afi hɔ na wɔahu ayaresa.[12] Nneɛma a abu so no sua, nanso ɛnyɛ nea ɛntaa nsi sɛnea bere bi na wosusuw ho no.[13] Ɛnsɛ sɛ wɔde mutism a wɔpaw no frafra abofra a ɔnkasa na ontumi nkasa esiane nipadua mu dɛmdi nti. Ɛtaa ba sɛ yare no ho sɛnkyerɛnne bɛba ansa na wadi mfe anum. Ɛnyɛ mmofra nyinaa na wɔda yare no ho sɛnkyerɛnne koro adi.

Selective mutism betumi aba bere a ɛne autism spectrum disorder anaa nneɛma afoforo a wɔde hu yare no bɛka ho.[14] Nsonsonoe a ɛda mutism a wɔpaw ne kasa a ɛkyɛ a ɛbata autism anaa ɔhaw afoforo ho no ho hia na ama wɔahu ayaresa a ɛfata.

Ebia mpanyimfo a kan no na wɔka kasa na akyiri yi wogyaee kasa no renkasa esiane adwene anaa nkate fam nneɛma nti, ɛwom sɛ eyi ntaa mma sɛ ade a ɛde ba mpanyimfo de.[15] Mpanyimfo kasa a enni hɔ anaasɛ wontumi nkasa no nso betumi ne adwenemyare pɔtee bi wɔ abusuabɔ.[16]