Bonini
- Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei ɛwɔ Asante kasa mu
| subclass of | infertility  |
|---|---|
| health specialty | gynaecology |
| ICD-9-CM | 628.9, 628.8 |
| ICPC 2 ID | W15 |
| opposite of | male infertility |
Bonini ( borɔfo: Female infertility) kyerɛ ɔbaa ɔntumi nwo.[1]Nhwehwɛmu kyerɛ sɛ, wiase afanan nyinaa, ɛha mmaa bɛyɛ nnipa ɔpepepem aduɔwɔtwe( 48 million). Mmaa a wɔwɔ mmeaeɛ bi te sɛ Asia Anaafoɔ fam, Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa/Middle East, ne Central/Eastern Europe ne Central Asia na ɛtaa ha wɔn kɛse pa ara. Nneɛma pii na ɛtumi ma obi yɛ bonini. [2]Ɛnonom bi ne nyarewa, nipadua mu sintɔ ahodoɔ, awodeɛ mu sintɔ, ne deɛ ɛkɛka ho. Wiase afaanan nyinaa, meammea nyinaa, nkorɔfoɔ tumi yɛ abonifoɔ. Mmom nyɛ baabiaa na wɔha wɔn a wɔwɔ saa haw yi.
Deɛ Ɛde Ba
[sesa]Deɛ ɛbɛtumi ama obi ayɛ bonini nyinaa gyina nneɛma mmienu pɛ so. Ɛtumi yɛ adeɛ a yɛde awo obi anaasɛ deɛ obi abɛfa wɔ asase so.
Ɛwom sɛ deɛ ɛma obi yɛ bonini no tumi firi awoeɛ deɛ, nanso mpɛn pii no, ɛyɛ a nneɛma bebree na ɛkeka bom ma obi yɛ bonini. Nyɛ adeɛ baako pɛ. Afei, ɛwom sɛ nneyɔeɛ bi te sɛ tawanom a ɛnyɛ mma wɔn a wɔnyem, nanso, nyɛ ɛno na ɛbɛma obi ayɛ bonini. lso, the presence of any single risk factor of female infertility (such as smoking, mentioned further below) does not necessarily cause infertility, and even if a woman is definitely infertile, the infertility cannot definitely be blamed on any single risk factor even if the risk factor is (or has been) present.
Deɛ Ɛfiri Awoɔ Ntoatoasoɔ Mu
[sesa]Awoɔ ntoatoasoɔ abakɔsɛm mu no, yɛwɔ genes bi a wɔtumi ma obi yɛ bonini. Wɔyɛ nhwehwɛmu a, wɔtumi hunu saa genes no. Ebi nso wɔ hɔ a wɔntumi nhunu, nanso wɔkɔ so Wɔkyerɛ sɛ saa boniniyɛ no firi awoɔ ntoatoasoɔ mu anaasɛ ɛyɛ adeɛ a ɛfiri abusua mu. Genes no bebree tumi brɛ ase.[3] Na ɛnam so ma ɛdi kan no, awoɔ ho yɛ den. Ɛtumi tɔ kɔ so duru mpɛnpɛnsoɔ a nipa ntumi mfa yafunu koraa. Yei firi awoɔ ntoatoasoɔ mu deɛ, nanso abodeɛ mu nneɛma aatwa yɛn ho ahyia dwumadie ahodoɔ bi tumi hyɛ mu kena. [4]Nneɛma nketenkete bi a wwɔkeka bom ma yɛn nipadua no wie pɛyɛ no sintɔ taa de boniniyɛ ba. Nbɔdeɛ mu Nyansapɛ mu no, yɛfrɛ wɔn " chromosomes". Sintɔ yeinom taa de nna mu haw bi te sɛ androgen insensitivity syndrome ba. Ne nyinaa mmoa mma ɔbaa mfa yafunu.[5]
| Gene | Encoded protein | Effect of deficiency |
|---|---|---|
| BMP15 | Bone morphogenetic protein 15 | Hypergonadotrophic ovarian failure (POF4) |
| BMPR1B | Bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1B | Ovarian dysfunction, hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism and acromesomelic chondrodysplasia |
| CBX2; M33 | Chromobox protein homolog 2; Drosophila polycomb class | Autosomal 46,XY, male-to-female sex reversal (phenotypically perfect females) |
| CHD7 | Chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 7 | CHARGE syndrome and Kallmann syndrome (KAL5) |
| DIAPH2 | Diaphanous homolog 2 | Hypergonadotrophic, premature ovarian failure (POF2A) |
| FGF8 | Fibroblast growth factor 8 | Normosmic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and Kallmann syndrome (KAL6) |
| FGFR1 | Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 | Kallmann syndrome (KAL2) |
| HFM1 | Primary ovarian failure | |
| FSHR | FSH receptor | Hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome |
| FSHB | Follitropin subunit beta | Deficiency of follicle-stimulating hormone, primary amenorrhoea and infertility |
| FOXL2 | Forkhead box L2 | Isolated premature ovarian failure (POF3) associated with BPES type I; FOXL2
402C → G mutations associated with human granulosa cell tumours |
| FMR1 | Fragile X mental retardation | Premature ovarian failure (POF1) associated with premutations |
| GNRH1 | Gonadotropin releasing hormone | Normosmic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism |
| GNRHR | GnRH receptor | Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism |
| KAL1 | Kallmann syndrome | Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and insomnia, X-linked Kallmann syndrome (KAL1) |
| KISS1R; GPR54 | KISS1 receptor | Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism |
| LHB | Luteinizing hormone beta polypeptide | Hypogonadism and pseudohermaphroditism |
| LHCGR | LH/choriogonadotrophin receptor | Hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism (luteinizing hormone resistance) |
| DAX1 | Dosage-sensitive sex reversal, adrenal hypoplasia critical region, on chromosome X, gene 1 | X-linked congenital adrenal hypoplasia with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism; dosage-sensitive male-to-female sex reversal |
| NR5A1; SF1 | Steroidogenic factor 1 | 46,XY male-to-female sex reversal and streak gonads and congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia; 46,XX gonadal dysgenesis and 46,XX primary ovarian insufficiency |
| POF1B | Premature ovarian failure 1B | Hypergonadotrophic, primary amenorrhea (POF2B) |
| PROK2 | Prokineticin | Normosmic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and Kallmann syndrome (KAL4) |
| PROKR2 | Prokineticin receptor 2 | Kallmann syndrome (KAL3) |
| RSPO1 | R-spondin family, member 1 | 46,XX, female-to-male sex reversal (individuals contain testes) |
| SRY | Sex-determining region Y | Mutations lead to 46,XY females; translocations lead to 46,XX males |
| SCNN1A | Alpha subunit of Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) | Nonsense mutation leads to defective expression of ENaC in the female reproductive tract |
| SOX9 | SRY-related HMB-box gene 9 | |
| STAG3 | Stromal antigen 3 | Premature ovarian failure |
| TAC3 | Tachykinin 3 | Normosmic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism |
| TACR3 | Tachykinin receptor 3 | Normosmic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism |
| ZP1 | zona pellucida glycoprotein 1 | Dysfunctional zona pellucida formation |
Deɛ Ɛmfiri Awoɔ Ntoatoasoɔ Mu
[sesa]American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) kyerɛ mu a enyini, tawanom, nna mu yareɛ, ne kɛseyɛ mmorosoɔ tumi ma awoɔ ho yɛ den ma, mmaa.
Yɛhwɛ mu yie a, yeinom nyɛ nneɛma a ɛfiri awoɔ ntoatoasoɔ mu. Mmom, wɔfiri nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu.
Beaeɛ A Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ
[sesa]- ↑ Maya N. Mascarenhas, Seth R. Flaxman, Ties Boerma, Sheryl Vanderpoel, Gretchen A. Stevens (2012-12-18), "National, Regional, and Global Trends in Infertility Prevalence Since 1990: A Systematic Analysis of 277 Health Surveys", PLoS Medicine, vol. 9, no. 12, pp. e1001356, doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001356, ISSN 1549-1277, PMC 3525527, PMID 23271957, retrieved 2024-06-09
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Maya N. Mascarenhas, Seth R. Flaxman, Ties Boerma, Sheryl Vanderpoel, Gretchen A. Stevens (2012-12-18), "National, Regional, and Global Trends in Infertility Prevalence Since 1990: A Systematic Analysis of 277 Health Surveys", PLoS Medicine, vol. 9, no. 12, pp. e1001356, doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001356, ISSN 1549-1277, PMC 3525527, PMID 23271957, retrieved 2024-06-09
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Mayer%E2%80%93Rokitansky%E2%80%93Kuster%E2%80%93Hauser-syndrome:-Recent-and-Sultan-Biason-Lauber/92d254c636673fce728b38b4aaf1f7ecedcfd700, retrieved 2024-06-09
{{citation}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ↑ https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Mayer%E2%80%93Rokitansky%E2%80%93Kuster%E2%80%93Hauser-syndrome:-Recent-and-Sultan-Biason-Lauber/92d254c636673fce728b38b4aaf1f7ecedcfd700, retrieved 2024-06-09
{{citation}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ↑ https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article-abstract/111/4/844/63143/Relative-Weight-and-Race-Influence-Average-Age-at?redirectedFrom=fulltext?autologincheck=redirected, retrieved 2024-06-09
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