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Atiridinini

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Causative agent: Salmonella enterica serological variant Typhi (shown under a microscope with flagellar stain)
SalmonellaTyphiFlagellarStain

Atiridinini, a wɔsane frɛ no typhoid, yɛ yareɛ bi a Salmonella enterica Typhi mmoawa, a wɔsan frɛ no Salmonella typhi, na ɛde ba[1][2]. Ɛmu nsɛnkyerɛnne no yɛ soronko firi dea ano nyɛ den kɔsi dea ano yɛ den, na ɛtaa firi aseɛ wɔ nna nsia kɔsi nna aduasa akyi[3][4]. Mpɛn pii no, ɔyare no tumi ba nkakrankakra na yareɛ no mu yɛ den nna pii[3]. Yie taa de mmerɛyɛ, yafunu mu yaw, ayamtim, ti yareɛ, ne ɛfeɛ nkakra na ɛnam[5][4][6]. Ɛbinom nya nsaa a ɛyɛ kɔla kɔkɔɔ[4]. Wɔ dea emu yɛ den mu no, nnipa bɛtumi anya adwene a nta[6]. Sɛ wɔanhwɛ antu aseɛ a, nsɛnkyerɛnne no bɛtumi adi nnawɔtwe anaa bosome pii[4]. Ayamtuo no mu bɛtumi ayɛ den, nanso ɛnyɛ daa[6]. Nnipa bi nso tumi nya yareɛ no bi a wɔn ho nhaw wɔn, nanso na wɔwɔ yareɛ no bi[7]. Atiridinini yɛ yareɛ bi a ɛtaa ba yafunu mu, ɛne paratyphoid fever atiridii[1]. Wɔgye di sɛ Salmonella enterica Typhi nya nnipa nkutoo[8].

Nsɛnkyerɛnne[sesa]

Sɛ obi annya atiridii na wannyɛ aduru a, mpɛn pii no, ɛwɔ tebea mmiɛnsa, na emu biara di bɛyɛ dapɛn baako. Wɔ saa mmerɛ yi mu no, ɔyarefoɔ no brɛ na ne honam yɛ mmerɛ.[9]

  • Wɔ dapɛn a edi kan no mu no, nipadua no hyew kɔ soro nkakrankakra, na atiridii a ɛresesa no kɔ soro ( Faget ho sɛnkyerɛnne), atenka bɔne, ti yaw, ne wa. Wɔhwɛ a, mogya fi (epistaxis) mu ba wɔ nnipa a wɔn mu biara mu baanan mu baako mu, na ɛbɛtumi ama yareɛ no ayɛ no yaw wɔ yafunu mu nso. Sɛ mogya mu nkwammoaa fitaa no dodoɔ so te (leukopenia) a, eosinopenia ne ne nkwammoaa no mu lymphocytosis dodoɔ so te; mogya mu nneɛma a wɔtete no yɛ S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi. Mpɛn pii no, Widal nhwehwɛmu no yɛ nea enni mu.[10]

Deɛ ɛde ba[sesa]

A 1939 conceptual illustration showing various ways that typhoid bacteria can contaminate a water well (center)

Mmoawa[sesa]

Yareɛ mmoawammoawa a Gram-negative a ɛde atiridinini ba no ne Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi. Ɛgyina MLST subtyping nhyehyɛeɛ so no, S mu nnidisoɔ atitire mmienu no. Typhi yɛ ST1 ne ST2, a ɛwɔ wiase nyinaa[11]. Wiase mu "phylogeographical" nhwehwɛmu kyerɛɛ sɛ haplotype 58 (H58) na edi akotene, a ebia ɛfiri India wɔ 1980 mfeɛ no awieiɛ mu, na mprempren ɛretrɛ wɔ wiase nyinaa wɔ nnuru ahodoɔ a ano yɛ den ho[12]. Wɔbɔɔ genotyping nhyehyɛeɛ a emu dɔ ho amanneɛ wɔ afe 2016 mu na seesei wɔde di dwuma wɔ baabiara. Saa nhyehyɛeɛ yi de H58 din no sesae kɔ genotype 4.3.1[13].

Yareɛ no trɛ a ɛtrɛ[sesa]

Pathogenesis of typhoid fever

Nea ɛnte sɛ Salmonella mmoawa afoforɔ no, mmoa biara nni hɔ a woɔtumi de atiridinini yareɛ no ba. Nnipa nkutoo na wɔnya yareɛ no bi[14]. S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi nam nnipa a wɔyare no ne wɔn a wɔyare mmoawa no a wonhunu ho nsɛnkyerɛne no so na ɛtrɛ[14]. Onipa bi a ne yareɛ no ho nsɛnkyerɛne nni ne ho no yɛ obi a ɔtoa so yi atiridinini mmoawammoawa adi wɔ ne agyanam mu afe akyi a yareɛ no ano ayɛ den no[14].

Nsɔano[sesa]

Doctor administering a typhoid vaccination at a school in San Augustine County, Texas, 1943

Ahoteɛ ho hia na ama obi atumi akwati atiridinini a wɔfrɛ no. Ɛtumi trɛ wɔ baabi a nnipa agyanan bɛtumi aka aduane anaa nsuo a wɔnom mu nkutoo. Aduane a wɔnoa no yie ne nsa ho a wɔhohoro ho hia paa na ama wɔakwati atiridinini a wɔfrɛ no. Mfididwuma a wɔyɛeɛ no boaa kɛseɛ ma wɔtuu atiridinini ase, efirisɛ ɛkaa nnipa a na wɔgya wɔn anan wɔ mmɔnten so no, na ɛno na ɛpae ntontom bebree[15][16], na ɛno na ɛde yareɛ mmoawa pii ba, a Salmonella spp. ka ho[17]. Sɛnea U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, ama atiridinini ahoɔhye so ate kɛseɛ[18][19].

Beaeɛ menyaa mmoa firiiɛ[sesa]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 John Wain, Rene S Hendriksen, Matthew L Mikoleit, Karen H Keddy, R Leon Ochiai (2015-03), "Typhoid fever", The Lancet (in English), vol. 385, no. 9973, pp. 1136–1145, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62708-7, retrieved 2024-06-17 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ↑ Ramkumar Mathur, Hyunju Oh, Dekai Zhang, Sung-Gyoo Park, Jin Seo, Alicia Koblansky, Matthew S. Hayden, Sankar Ghosh (2012-10), "A Mouse Model of Salmonella Typhi Infection", Cell (in English), vol. 151, no. 3, pp. 590–602, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.08.042, retrieved 2024-06-17 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); no-break space character in |last= at position 92 (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Typhoid & Paratyphoid Fever | CDC Yellow Book 2024, retrieved 2024-06-17
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Hao-Hsin Wu (2016-11-18), Restaurant-associated typhoid fever outbreak, Taiwan, 2015, retrieved 2024-06-17
  5. ↑ World Health Organization (WHO) (in English), retrieved 2024-06-17
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "Pratchett, Sir Terence (David John), (28 April 1948–12 March 2015), author", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, retrieved 2024-06-17
  7. ↑ WHO (2016-01), "Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines: WHO position paper, February 2015 – Recommendations", Vaccine, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 302–303, doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.07.057, ISSN 0264-410X, retrieved 2024-06-17 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ↑ Virginia E Pitzer, James Meiring, Frederick P Martineau, Conall H Watson, Gagandeep Kang, Buddha Basnyat, Stephen Baker (2019-10-15), "The Invisible Burden: Diagnosing and Combatting Typhoid Fever in Asia and Africa", Clinical Infectious Diseases (in English), vol. 69, no. Supplement_5, pp. S395–S401, doi:10.1093/cid/ciz611, ISSN 1058-4838, retrieved 2024-06-17{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ↑ "Lessons in On-Line Reference PublishingMerriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary. Merriam-WebsterMerriam-Webster's Collegiate Thesaurus. Merriam-WebsterMerriam-Webster's Collegiate Encyclopedia. Merriam-Webster", The Library Quarterly, vol. 71, no. 3, pp. 392–399, 2001-07, doi:10.1086/603287, ISSN 0024-2519, retrieved 2024-06-17 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. ↑ Praveen Kumar, Ruchika Kumar (2017-03), "Enteric Fever", The Indian Journal of Pediatrics (in English), vol. 84, no. 3, pp. 227–230, doi:10.1007/s12098-016-2246-4, ISSN 0019-5456, retrieved 2024-06-17 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  11. ↑ Kien-Pong Yap, Wing S. Ho, Han M. Gan, Lay C. Chai, Kwai L. Thong (2016-03-02), "Global MLST of Salmonella Typhi Revisited in Post-genomic Era: Genetic Conservation, Population Structure, and Comparative Genomics of Rare Sequence Types", Frontiers in Microbiology, vol. 7, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00270, ISSN 1664-302X, retrieved 2024-06-17{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ↑ Vanessa K Wong, Stephen Baker, Derek J Pickard, Julian Parkhill, Andrew J Page, Nicholas A Feasey, Robert A Kingsley, Nicholas R Thomson, Jacqueline A Keane, François-Xavier Weill, David J Edwards, Jane Hawkey, Simon R Harris, Alison E Mather, Amy K Cain, James Hadfield, Peter J Hart, Nga Tran Vu Thieu, Elizabeth J Klemm, Dafni A Glinos, Robert F Breiman, Conall H Watson, Samuel Kariuki, Melita A Gordon, Robert S Heyderman, Chinyere Okoro, Jan Jacobs, Octavie Lunguya, W John Edmunds, Chisomo Msefula, Jose A Chabalgoity, Mike Kama, Kylie Jenkins, Shanta Dutta, Florian Marks, Josefina Campos, Corinne Thompson, Stephen Obaro, Calman A MacLennan, Christiane Dolecek, Karen H Keddy, Anthony M Smith, Christopher M Parry, Abhilasha Karkey, E Kim Mulholland, James I Campbell, Sabina Dongol, Buddha Basnyat, Muriel Dufour, Don Bandaranayake, Take Toleafoa Naseri, Shalini Pravin Singh, Mochammad Hatta, Paul Newton, Robert S Onsare, Lupeoletalalei Isaia, David Dance, Viengmon Davong, Guy Thwaites, Lalith Wijedoru, John A Crump, Elizabeth De Pinna, Satheesh Nair, Eric J Nilles, Duy Pham Thanh, Paul Turner, Sona Soeng, Mary Valcanis, Joan Powling, Karolina Dimovski, Geoff Hogg, Jeremy Farrar, Kathryn E Holt, Gordon Dougan (2015-06), "Phylogeographical analysis of the dominant multidrug-resistant H58 clade of Salmonella Typhi identifies inter- and intracontinental transmission events", Nature Genetics (in English), vol. 47, no. 6, pp. 632–639, doi:10.1038/ng.3281, ISSN 1061-4036, retrieved 2024-06-17 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ↑ Vanessa K. Wong, Stephen Baker, Thomas R. Connor, Derek Pickard, Andrew J. Page, Jayshree Dave, Niamh Murphy, Richard Holliman, Armine Sefton, Michael Millar, Zoe A. Dyson, Gordon Dougan, Kathryn E. Holt, International Typhoid Consortium, Julian Parkhill, Nicholas A. Feasey, Robert A. Kingsley, Nicholas R. Thomson, Jacqueline A. Keane, François- Xavier Weill, Simon Le Hello, Jane Hawkey, David J. Edwards, Simon R. Harris, Amy K. Cain, James Hadfield, Peter J. Hart, Nga Tran Vu Thieu, Elizabeth J. Klemm, Robert F. Breiman, Conall H. Watson, W. John Edmunds, Samuel Kariuki, Melita A. Gordon, Robert S. Heyderman, Chinyere Okoro, Jan Jacobs, Octavie Lunguya, Chisomo Msefula, Jose A. Chabalgoity, Mike Kama, Kylie Jenkins, Shanta Dutta, Florian Marks, Josefina Campos, Corinne Thompson, Stephen Obaro, Calman A. MacLennan, Christiane Dolecek, Karen H. Keddy, Anthony M. Smith, Christopher M. Parry, Abhilasha Karkey, Sabina Dongol, Buddha Basnyat, Amit Arjyal, E. Kim Mulholland, James I. Campbell, Muriel Dufour, Don Bandaranayake, Take N. Toleafoa, Shalini Pravin Singh, Mochammad Hatta, Paul N. Newton, David Dance, Viengmon Davong, Robert S. Onsare, Lupeoletalalelei Isaia, Guy Thwaites, Lalith Wijedoru, John A. Crump, Elizabeth De Pinna, Satheesh Nair, Eric J. Nilles, Duy Pham Thanh, Paul Turner, Sona Soeng, Mary Valcanis, Joan Powling, Karolina Dimovski, Geoff Hogg, Jeremy Farrar, Alison E. Mather, Ben Amos (2016-10-05), "An extended genotyping framework for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, the cause of human typhoid", Nature Communications (in English), vol. 7, no. 1, doi:10.1038/ncomms12827, ISSN 2041-1723, retrieved 2024-06-17{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Shu-Kee Eng, Priyia Pusparajah, Nurul-Syakima Ab Mutalib, Hooi-Leng Ser, Kok-Gan Chan, Learn-Han Lee (2015-07-03), "Salmonella : A review on pathogenesis, epidemiology and antibiotic resistance", Frontiers in Life Science (in English), vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 284–293, doi:10.1080/21553769.2015.1051243, ISSN 2155-3769, retrieved 2024-06-17{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ↑ "ORIGINAL ARTICLES.", JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. XXII, no. 25, p. 941, 1894-06-23, doi:10.1001/jama.1894.02421040009002, ISSN 0098-7484, retrieved 2024-06-17
  16. ↑ Kashmira A. Date, Adwoa Bentsi-Enchill, Florian Marks, Kimberley Fox (2015-06), "Typhoid fever vaccination strategies", Vaccine (in English), vol. 33, pp. C55–C61, doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.028, retrieved 2024-06-17 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ↑ Vincent J Cirillo (2006), ""Winged Sponges": Houseflies as Carriers of Typhoid Fever in 19th- and Early 20th-Century Military Camps", Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 52–63, doi:10.1353/pbm.2006.0005, ISSN 1529-8795, retrieved 2024-06-17
  18. ↑ CDC (2024-06-14), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (in American English), retrieved 2024-06-17
  19. ↑ Jason Roscoe, Susan Wilbraham (2024), "'When it goes well, it works fantastically': motivations to train and their impact on the practice of CBT", The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, vol. 17, doi:10.1017/s1754470x24000060, ISSN 1754-470X, retrieved 2024-06-17
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