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Abofono - (Nausea)

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Abofono yɛ atenka a ɛma obi ho yera no, na ɛtɔ mmerɛ bi a ɛma obi yɛ sɛ ɔbɛfe.[1] Ɛwom sɛ ɛnyɛ ya deɛ, nanso sɛ ɛtena hɔ kyɛ a, ɛtumi yɛ ɔhaw kɛseɛ ma obi, na wɔkyerɛ sɛ ɛma obi te nka sɛ ne koko, ne yafunu, anaa ne mene ase nyinaa yera no.[2]

Wɔkyerɛkyerɛɛ abofono mu wɔkwan a ɛboro 30 wɔ nwoma bi a wɔtintimii wɔ afe 2011 mu a ɛfa asɛm yi ho mu.[3]

Abofono yɛ yareɛ a ɛnni nsɛnkyenne pɔtee bi, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ nnoɔma pii na ɛbɛtumi ama obi bo afono no. Nnoɔma a ɛtaa de ɔyare yi ba no bi ne ɔyafunu mu yare ne ɔyafunu mu haw afoforɔ, aduane mu awuduru, akwantuo mu yareɛ, aniso biri, ɔtwa, mogya morosoɔ, adwenemhaw, adwennwene, ɔhyew a ano yɛ den, nsu a wɔtwe firi nipadua mu ne nna wontumi nna. Abofono yɛ nnuru pii a wɔde ma obi a wɔde nnuru a ano yɛ den ma no bi ho haw, anaa ɔyare a ɛma obi bo fono no anɔpa wɔ nyinsɛn a mfitiaseɛ no mu. Nnoɔma a ɛma obi bo fono ne adwenemhaw ne ade.[1]

Nnuru wɔde sɔ ano na wɔde sa abofono ne ɛfeɛ no wɔfrɛ no antiemetics. Antiemetics a wɔtaa twerɛ ma obi wɔ US ne promethazine,metoclopramide, ne foforɔ bi a wɔfrɛ no ondansetron. [4][5]

Deɛ ɛde ba[sesa]

Ɔyare a ɛka ɔyafunu mu (37%) ne aduane mu awuduru ne nnoɔma mmienu a ɛtaa ma obi bo fono no na ɔfe.[1] Haw ahodoɔ a ɛfiri nnurunom mu (3%) ne nyinsɛn nso taa de abofono ba.[1] Nnoɔma pii na ɛde abofono ba[1]. Wɔ nnipa no mu ɔha mu nkyem 10 mu no, wonhunu sɛ wɔate abofono so anaa ɛfeɛ so. Ɛmfa ho anɔpa mu ɔyareɛ no, ɛsono ɔbarima ne ɔbaa a wɔn mu biara bɔ mu. Wɔ mmofraberem akyi no, dɔkotafo a wɔkɔsra wɔn no so tew nkakrankakra bere a wɔrenyin no. Wɔn a wɔadi boro mfe 65 a wɔkɔ dɔkota hɔ no mu ɔha mu nkyekyɛmu baako pɛ na ɛde abofono ba[6].

Akwahosan (Pathophysiology)[sesa]

Abofono ne feɛ ho nhwehwɛmu a wɔayɛ no gyina mmoa a wɔde wɔn gyina nnipa anatomy ne neuropharmacologic anam mu yɛ ho [7]. Fisiɔlɔgyik a ɛma obi nya abofono no yɛ adeɛ a emu yɛ den a wɔnnya nhunuu mu yie. Akwan nnan bi wɔ hɔ a biribi pɔtee bi a ɛwɔ nipadua no mu ma ɛyɛ adwuma, na ɛno na ɛma obi bo fono no na ɔfe[8]

  • Central nervous system (CNS): Nneɛma a ɛha CNS no bi ne amemene mu ntini ne nkwammoaa a ɛwɔ saa mmeaeɛ no mu. Saa mmeaeɛ yi tumi keka ne ho berɛ a ahoɔden pii ɛboro so rekɔ obi ntini so, ne awosoɔ a ɛba obi ntini no mu (te sɛ mogya anaa nsanyareɛ), ne atenka a emu yɛ den te sɛ adwennwene no[3].
  • Chemoreceptor trigger zone(CTZ): CTZ no wɔ postrema ntini a ɛto so nnan no ase wɔ amemene no mu. Saa beaeɛ yi da mogya ne amemene ano kwan ho, enti nneɛma a etwam wɔ mogya ne amemene mu ne nsuo mu no tumi fa hɔ ntɛm. Nneɛma a ɛtaa de CTZ ba no bi ne nneɛma a ɛresɛe wɔ nipadua mu, awuduru, ne nnuru ahodoɔ. Dopamine (D2), serotonin (5HT3), ne neurokinin (NK1) na ɛma CTZ yɛ adwuma.
  • Vestibular system: Sɛ obi ma n'aso a ɛwɔ mfinimfini no mu yɛ basabasa a, ɛma saa honam akwaa yi keka ne ho. Yienom bi ne nneɛma a ɛma obi ani so biri no. Saa kwan yi nam histamine (H1) ne acetylcholine (ACh) nkwammoaa so na ɛba.
  • Aso mu kwan a ɛkɔ w'akyiri: Kwan yi kanyan ne ho wɔ chemoreceptors ne mechanoreceptors a ɛwɔ ɔyafunu mu, ne akwaa afoforɔ te sɛ akoma ne sawa mu. Nneɛma a ɛtaa ma akwan yi yɛ keka no bi ne awuduru a ɛwɔ ɔyafunu mu ne ɔyafunu mu ntini a apaapae a ɛfiri ntini mu a ayɛ den anaa ntini mu a ayɛ basaa mu. Nsɛnkyerɛnne a ɛfiri akwaa yi so no fa ntini pii mu a emu bi ne ntini a ɛtwetwe adwene, ntini a ɛtwe adwene.

Nhwehwɛmu[sesa]

Awofoɔ abakɔsɛm[sesa]

Sɛ wofa yarefoɔ abakɔsɛm a ɛbɛtu mi ada adi wɔ nneɛma ɛhia paa ara a ɛde abofono ne ɛfeɛ ba. Sɛ ɔyarefoɔ no ho nsɛnkyerɛnne no firi aseɛ ntɛmntɛm a, na ɛbɛtumi aba sɛ nnuru, awuduru, ne nsanyareɛ bi wɔ hɔ. Nea ɛne yie bɔ abira no, sɛ obi nya abofono berɛ tenten a, ɛbɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ yareɛ bi a wontumi nsa. Berɛ a abofono ne feɛ ba wɔ adidie akyi no yɛ ade titire a ɛsɛ sɛ yɛma yɛn ani ku ho. Sɛ obi didi wie dɔnhwere baako a, ɛbɛtumi akyerɛ sɛ biribi ato no a ɛbɛn ne nsono mu, te sɛ gastroparesis anaa pyloric stenosis[9].

Ayaresa[sesa]

Sɛ nsuo a ɛwɔ nipadua no wo mu twe ɛsane ɛfeɛ dodoɔ nti a, oral electrolyte solutions na ɛsɛ sɛ wonom na ɛma wo nsuo bio[1]. Sɛ yie anyɛ adwuma anaa antumi no a, wobɛtumi aboa ne ntini mu rehydration [1]. Sɛ yie mu biara ammoa na sɛ yareɛ no ho nsɛnkyerɛnne no tena hɔ boro nnafua 2 a, sɛ ɔyɛ mmerɛ, ɔwɔ atiridii, ne yafunu yɛ no ya, ɔfe bɛboro mprenu da koro anaa wannwonsɔ bɛboro nnɔnhwere 8 a, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde no kɔ ayaresabea.

Ɛpidɛmiɔlɔgyi[sesa]

Wɔ Australia no, abofono ne anaa ɛfeɛ yɛ ade titire a nnipa a wɔkɔ ayaresabea kɔhwɛ wɔn no mu ɔha mu nkyem 1.6 ka ho. Nanso, nnipa a wɔnya abofono no mu ɔha mu nkyem 25 pɛ na wɔkɔ wɔn abusua dɔkota hɔ.[1] Wɔ Australia no, abofono ɛrekame ayɛ sɛ feɛ, taa ba ne nnipa a wɔadi firi mfeɛ 15 kɔsi 24 mu, na ɛntaa mma nnipa a wɔadi mfeɛ foforɔ mu.[10]

Hwɛ nso[sesa]

Beaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ[sesa]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Katharine A. Wallis (2020), "Welcome to The Lucky Country: the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners deters overseas-trained academic general practitioners", Australian Health Review, vol. 44, no. 5, p. 782, doi:10.1071/ah19276, ISSN 0156-5788, retrieved 2024-06-09
  2. ↑ Supplemental Information 2: Number of original research articles retrieved in the Web of Science search engine, from 2015 to 2019., retrieved 2024-06-09
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Carey D. Balaban, Bill J. Yates (2017-01), "What is nausea? A historical analysis of changing views", Autonomic Neuroscience (in English), vol. 202, pp. 5–17, doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2016.07.003, retrieved 2024-06-09 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. ↑ G. M. Bolling, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott (1926-06), "A Greek-English Lexicon", Language, vol. 2, no. 2, p. 134, doi:10.2307/408938, ISSN 0097-8507, retrieved 2024-06-12 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ↑ G. M. Bolling, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott (1926-06), "A Greek-English Lexicon", Language, vol. 2, no. 2, p. 134, doi:10.2307/408938, ISSN 0097-8507, retrieved 2024-06-12 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ↑ Muhammad Tahir, Muhammad Abbas Khokhar, Sadaf Ilyas, Samina Qamar (2019-03-10), "CHEMOTHERAPY INDUCED NAUSEA AND VOMITING;", The Professional Medical Journal, vol. 26, no. 03, doi:10.29309/tpmj/2019.26.03.3276, ISSN 2071-7733, retrieved 2024-06-12{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ↑ Paul L.R. Andrews, Charles C. Horn (2006-04), "Signals for nausea and emesis: Implications for models of upper gastrointestinal diseases", Autonomic Neuroscience (in English), vol. 125, no. 1–2, pp. 100–115, doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2006.01.008, retrieved 2024-06-12 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ↑ H. Gerlach (1998-06), "Tobin, M.J.: Principles and Practice of Intensive Care Monitoring", Intensive Care Medicine, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 647–647, doi:10.1007/bf03035543, ISSN 0342-4642, retrieved 2024-06-12 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  9. ↑ Barry R. Masters (2012-05-25), "Harrisons's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th Edition, two volumes and DVD. Eds: Dan L. Longo, Anthony S. Fauci, Dennis L. Kasper, Stephen L. Hauser, J. Larry Jameson and Joseph Loscalzo, ISBN-13: 9780071748896 McGraw Hill", Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, vol. 250, no. 9, pp. 1407–1408, doi:10.1007/s00417-012-1940-9, ISSN 0721-832X, retrieved 2024-06-12
  10. ↑ Muhammad Tahir, Muhammad Abbas Khokhar, Sadaf Ilyas, Samina Qamar (2019-03-10), "CHEMOTHERAPY INDUCED NAUSEA AND VOMITING;", The Professional Medical Journal, vol. 26, no. 03, doi:10.29309/tpmj/2019.26.03.3276, ISSN 2071-7733, retrieved 2024-06-12{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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