Ɔman ba (Citizenship)

Ɔman ba yɛ twaka bi a ɛda nnipa ne ɔman bi ntam a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɔyɛ ɔman no dehyeɛ.

Ɔman biara wɔ akwan a wɔfa so de kyerɛ obi a ɔyɛ ɔman no dehyeɛ, ne nnoɔma ahodoɔ a wɔbɛtumi agyina so agye saa akwannya no afiri wo nsa mu. Mpɛn pii no, ansa na ɔman bi bɛgye obi sɛ ɔyɛ ne dehyeɛ no, ɛbɛgyina akwannya ahodoɔ a onipa no bɛnya wɔ ɔman no nhyehyɛeɛ a obi a ɔnyɛ ɔman no dehyeɛ nni.

Ne nyinaa mu no, asetena mu akwannya a obi bɛnya a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɔyɛ man ba ne sɛ, ɔbɛnya ɔman no akwantuo tumi krataa mekyerɛ Passport, akwannya a ɔwɔ sɛ ɔbɛtena ne man mu anaa ɔbɛtu kwan na wasane aba mu bio, akwannya a ɔwɔ sɛ ɔbɛtena ɔman no mu na wayɛ adwuma. Aman bi ma wɔn adehyeɛ akwannya sɛ wɔtumi kɔfa aman foforɔ yɛ wɔn man, ɛnna ɛbinom nso hyɛ sɛ ɔman a ɔfiri mu no nko ara na ɛyɛ wɔn man.

Nneɛma a ɛkyerɛ nneɛma a ɛwɔ hɔ ne

Wobetumi agye obi atom anaasɛ wɔama no ɔman ba wɔ nneɛma ahorow bi so. Mpɛn pii no, ɔman ba a egyina awo tebea so no yɛ nea ɛba ara kwa, nanso ebia wɔbɛhwehwɛ sɛ wɔde akwammisa krataa kɔma obi. Ɔman ba a abusua (jus sanguinis) yɛ. Sɛ obi awofo no mu biako anaa wɔn baanu nyinaa yɛ ɔman bi mufo a, ɛnde onipa no betumi anya hokwan sɛ ɔyɛ saa ɔman no muni nso.[a] Kan no na eyi betumi afa agya abusua no nkutoo so, nanso ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna pɛyɛ bɛyɛɛ abu so fi afeha a ɛto so aduonu awiei. Wogyina nananom anaa abusuakuw a wofi mu so na ɛma ɔman bayɛ na ɛne adwene a ɛne sɛ ɔman man a abu so wɔ Europa no wɔ abusuabɔ.

Baabi a jus sanguinis kura no, obi a wɔwoo no wɔ ɔman bi akyi, a n’awofo mu biako anaa wɔn baanu nyinaa yɛ ɔman no mufo nso yɛ ɔman ba. Aman binom (United Kingdom, Canada) de hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ ɔyɛ ɔman ba denam abusua mu no to awo ntoatoaso dodow bi a wɔwoo wɔn wɔ ɔman no akyi nkutoo; afoforo (Germany, Ireland, Switzerland[3]) ma ɔman bayɛ sɛ awo ntoatoaso foforo biara akyerɛw wɔn din wɔ amannɔne asɛmpatrɛw adwuma a ɛfa ho no mu wɔ bere pɔtee bi mu nkutoo a; bere a afoforo ( sɛ nhwɛso no Italy[citation needed]) nni anohyeto biara wɔ awo ntoatoaso dodow a wɔwoo wɔn wɔ amannɔne a wobetumi aka sɛ wɔyɛ wɔn nananom man mu ɔman ba no ho. Saa ɔman bayɛ kwan yi abu so wɔ aman a ɔman mmara wom mu.ɔman ba a obi yɛ fi awo mu (jus soli). Nnipa binom yɛ ɔman a wɔwoo wɔn wom no mufo ara kwa. Saa ɔman bayɛ kwan yi fii ase wɔ England, faako a na wɔn a wɔwoo wɔn wɔ ahemman no mu no yɛ ɔhene no asefo (adwene a edii kan bae ansa na ɔman ba a wɔyɛ wɔ England no reba) na abu so wɔ aman a wɔtaa di mmara mu no mu. Aman dodow no ara a ɛwɔ Amerika no ma ɔman ba a wɔmfa hwee nto mu, bere a ɛkame ayɛ sɛ wɔahyɛ no ano hye anaasɛ wɔayi afi hɔ wɔ aman afoforo nyinaa mu no.

Mpɛn pii no, jus soli ne jus sanguinis nyinaa kura ɔman bayɛ denam beae anaa awofo (anaa n’abien nyinaa) so.

ɔman ba a obi yɛ denam aware so (jus matrimonii). Aman pii gyina obi ne ɔman ba aware so na ɛyɛ ntɛm. Aman a wɔyɛ mmeae a atubrafo a ɛte saa kɔ no taa nya mmara a wɔde bɔ mmɔden sɛ wobehu atoro aware, baabi a ɔman ba bi ware obi a ɔnyɛ ɔman ba a mpɛn pii no wotua no ka, a wonni adwene sɛ wɔbɛbom atra.[4] Aman pii (United Kingdom, Germany, United States, Canada) ma kwan ma obi yɛ ɔman ba denam aware so sɛ ɔhokafo a ɔyɛ ɔhɔho no yɛ ɔman a wɔrehwehwɛ ɔman ba no mufo daa nkutoo a; afoforo (Switzerland, Luxembourg) ma kwan ma amannɔne ahokafoɔ a wɔyɛ ɔman mma a wɔfiri amannɔne no nya ɔman mma wɔ awareɛ berɛ pɔtee bi akyi, na ɛtɔ da bi nso a wɔde kasa ho nimdeɛ ne adanseɛ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔde amammerɛ abɔ mu (e.g. nsrahwɛ a wɔkɔ daa wɔ ɔhokafoɔ no ɔman a ɔyɛ ɔman ba mu).

abɔde mu nneɛma a wɔde yɛ ade. Mpɛn pii no, aman ma nnipa a wɔahyɛne ɔman no mu wɔ mmara kwan so na wɔama wɔn tumi krataa sɛ wɔntra hɔ, anaasɛ wɔama wɔn amammui mu guankɔbea, na wɔtraa hɔ bere pɔtee bi nso nya ɔman ba. Wɔ aman bi mu no, wɔde tebea horow bi a ebia nea ɛka ho ne sɛ obi bɛtwa sɔhwɛ bi a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɔwɔ nimdeɛ a ntease wom wɔ ɔman a wɔagye no no kasa anaa asetra kwan ho, abrabɔ pa (nsɛmmɔnedi ho kyerɛwtohɔ a anibere wom biara nni hɔ), ne abrabɔ pa (te sɛ asabow, anaa kyakyatow, . anaasɛ ntease a wɔwɔ wɔ sɛnea asabow, anaa kyakyatow te ho) a wɔhyɛ bɔ sɛ wobedi wɔn man foforo anaa ne sodifo no nokware na wɔapow wɔn ɔman ba a na wɔwɔ kan no. Aman binom ma kwan ma wɔyɛ ɔman mma abien na ɛnhwehwɛ sɛ ɔman mma a wɔagye wɔn atom no pow ɔman mma foforo biara wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so.

ɔman bayɛ denam sika a wɔde asie anaa sikasɛm mu ɔman bayɛ so. Adefo de sika hyɛ agyapade anaa nnwuma mu, tɔ aban nkrataa anaasɛ wɔde sika ma tẽẽ kɛkɛ, de sesa ɔman ba ne akwantu tumi krataa. Bere a ɛfata na mpɛn pii no ɛyɛ kakraa bi wɔ nhyehyɛe ahorow no mu no, akyinnyegye wɔ nhyehyɛe ahorow no mu. Ɛka a wɔbɔ wɔ ɔman bayɛ ho denam sika a wɔde asie so no fi $100,000 (£74,900) kosi €2.5m (£2.19m)[5]

Ɔman ba a obi yɛ denam nidi mu. Wɔde ɔman bayɛ a ɛte sɛɛ ma ankorankoro bi sɛ nidi ho sɛnkyerɛnne.[6]

akuw ahorow a wɔayi afi mu. Bere bi a atwam no, wɔayi nnipa afi mu wɔ hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ ɔyɛ ɔman ba ho esiane nneɛma te sɛ honam ani kɔla, abusuakuw, ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna, ne ahofadi (a ɔnyɛ akoa) nti. Saa nneɛma a wɔayi afi mu yi mu dodow no ara mfa ho bio wɔ mmeae dodow no ara. Nnɛyi nhwɛsoɔ bi ne Arab aman bi a wɔntaa mma ɔman mma mma wɔn a wɔnyɛ Nkramofoɔ, s.e. Wonim Qatar sɛ ɛma amannɔne agu onmadifo nya ɔman ba, nanso ɛsɛ sɛ wɔn nyinaa ka sɛ wɔwɔ Nkramofo gyidi na ama wɔanya ɔman ba. United States ma wɔn a wɔwoo wɔn esiane awo ho mfiridwuma nti no ɔman ba, ne mmofra a wɔagye wɔn ayɛ wɔn mma wɔ amanaman ntam a wɔwoo wɔn wɔ February 27, 1983 akyi no.

ɔman ba bi asɛyɛde ahorow so

ɔman ba biara wɔ asɛdeɛ a mmara hwehwɛ ne asɛdeɛ bi a ɛboa ɔmanfoɔ. Ɔman bi mmara sodi ne towtua yɛ asɛyɛde ahorow a mmara hwehwɛ sɛ ɔman mma no bi. Abatoɔ ne mpɔtam hɔ dwumadie yɛ ɔman ba asɛdeɛ fa a ɛboa mpɔtam hɔfoɔ.[7]

Ghana Amanyɔ Mmara (1992), Ahyɛdeɛ 41, hyɛ ɔman mma sɛ wɔhyɛ Ghana anuonyam ne din pa ho nkuran na wɔdi Ghana agyiraeɛhyɛdeɛ. Ɔman agyiraehyɛde ho nhwɛso bi ne Ghana frankaa, ahyɛnsode, sika, ne ɔman nkrante. Ɛsɛ sɛ ɔman mma de obuo ne obuo kɛseɛ di saa ɔman agyiraeɛhyɛdeɛ yi ho dwuma ɛfiri sɛ ɛgyina hɔ ma Ghanafoɔ yie.[8]

Sɛ asɛyɛde ahorow da nkyɛn a, ɔman mma nso wɔ hokwan ahorow. Hokwan ahorow no bi ne hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ odi asetra akyi, ahofadi ne anigye, hokwan a ɔwɔ sɛ ɔsom, hokwan a ɔwɔ sɛ osi akan kɔ dibea a wɔpaw no ne hokwan a ɔwɔ sɛ ɔda n’adwene adi.

Polis a wɔde yɛ adwuma

Adwenkyerɛfo pii te sɛ Giorgio Agamben wɔ n’adwuma a ɛtrɛw biopolitical nhyehyɛe a ɛwɔ “Foucault History of Sexuality” mu wɔ nhoma, Homo Sacer,[9] mu no twe adwene si ɔman ba ho adwene a efii ase wɔ tete Hela nkurow-aman a edi kan no mu, ɛwom sɛ afoforo hu no sɛ ɛyɛ nnɛyi adeyɛ titiriw a efii ase mfe ɔhaha kakraa bi pɛ na, wɔ adesamma fam no, adwene a ɛfa ɔman ba ho no so ɔman bayɛ de mmara ahorow a edi kan no sɔree. Polis kyerɛ kurow-man no amammui nhyiam ne ɔmanfo nyinaa nso.[10] Wɔakyerɛ sɛ ɔman ba ho adwene no yɛ atɔe fam adeyɛ.[11] Adwene bi wɔ hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ na ɔman bayɛ wɔ tete mmere mu no yɛ abusuabɔ a ɛyɛ mmerɛw sen nnɛyi ɔman bayɛ ahorow, ɛwom sɛ wɔahwehwɛ saa adwene yi mu yiye de.[12] Abusuabɔ a ɛda ɔman bayɛ ntam no anyɛ abusuabɔ a ɛyɛ pintinn anaasɛ ɛgyina hɔ pintinn na mmom ɛsakra bere nyinaa wɔ ɔman biara mu, na sɛnea adwene biako kyerɛ no, ebia na ɔman bayɛ "ayɛ adwuma ankasa" wɔ mmere bi a wɔapaw mu nkutoo wɔ mmere bi mu, te sɛ bere a Atene amammuifo Solon yɛɛ nsakrae wɔ Atene man a edi kan no mu. Na ɔman bayɛ nso gyina abɔde a nkwa wom amammui nhyiam ahorow so, te sɛ Theo-Nyansapɛ atetesɛm a ɛreba no abɔde mu abrabɔ pa. Na ɛho hia sɛ ɛne Aristotle nkyerɛase a ɛfa ɔkra (nea ɔte ase) ho no hyia na ama wɔanya ɔman ba: ngodua kronkron no anaa ahohuru bere mu biara rennya hokwan biara. te sɛ bere a Atene ɔmanyɛfo Solon yɛɛ nsakrae wɔ Atene man a edi kan no mu.[13] Na ɔman bayɛ nso gyina abɔde a nkwa wom amammui nhyiam ahorow so, te sɛ Theo-Nyansapɛ atetesɛm a ɛreba no abɔde mu abrabɔ pa. Na ɛho hia sɛ ɛne Aristotle nkyerɛase a ɛfa ɔkra (nea ɔte ase) ho no hyia na ama wɔanya ɔman ba: ngodua kronkron no anaa ahohuru bere mu biara rennya hokwan biara.

Helafo ne Romafo abrabɔ pa nhyehyɛe no fa titiriw ne Homo Sacer mfonini anaa asetra a ɛda hɔ kwa.

Abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo Geoffrey Hosking wɔ ne 2005 Modern Scholar ɔkasa adesua mu no kyerɛe sɛ ɔman ba a obi yɛ wɔ tete Hela no fi anisɔ a wonyae wɔ hia a ahofadi ho hia ho.[14] Hosking kyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ:

wobetumi aka sɛ nkoasom a ɛrenya nkɔanim yi ne nea ɛmaa Helafo huu mfaso a ɛwɔ ahofadi so titiriw. Ne nyinaa akyi no, Helani okuafo biara betumi atɔ ɛka mu ma enti obetumi abɛyɛ akoa, ɛkame ayɛ sɛ bere biara ... Bere a Helafo no boom ko no, wɔko sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔrenkɔyɛ nkoa wɔ akodi mu, sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔn a wobetumi agye no anni wɔn so nkonim wɔn kɔ nkoasom mu. Na wɔhyehyɛɛ wɔn amammui ahyehyɛde ahorow nso sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛkɔ so ayɛ nnipa a wɔde wɔn ho.

— Geoffrey Hosking, afe 2005[14] Ɔde ne nsa kyerɛɛ ne so.

nkoasom maa nkoa wuranom nyaa ahomegye bere pii na ɛmaa wotumi de wɔn ho hyɛɛ ɔmanfo asetra mu.[14] Ná Polis ɔman ba a obi yɛ no yɛ nea ɛyɛ soronko. Ná pɛyɛ a enni gyinabea mu abu so; na ɔman mma (πολίτης politēs < πόλις ‘kurow’) wɔ dibea a ɛkorɔn sen wɔn a wɔnyɛ ɔman mma, te sɛ mmea, nkoa, ne ahɔho a wɔte hɔ (metics).[15][16] Na ɔman ba a edi kan no gyina ɔkwan a nkurɔfo fa so traa ase wɔ tete Helafo bere so, wɔ polis mpɔtam nketewa a wɔmfa nnuru nni dwuma wom mu. Wɔanhu ɔman bayɛ sɛ adeyɛ a ɛda nsow wɔ onipa ankorankoro no kokoam asetra ho, wɔ ntease a ɛne sɛ na nsonsonoe biara nni ɔmanfo ne ankorankoro asetra ntam.[citation needed] Na ɔman bayɛ ho asɛyɛde ahorow no ne obi da biara da asetra wɔ polis no wɔ abusuabɔ kɛse . Mpɛn pii no, na wobu saa abɔde a nkwa wom akuw nketewa yi sɛ nkɔso foforo wɔ wiase abakɔsɛm mu, a ɛne tete anibuei ahorow a wɔde asi hɔ wɔ Misraim anaa Persia, anaa abɔmmɔfo-aboaboafo akuw a ɛwɔ mmeae afoforo no bɔ abira. Wɔ tete Helafo adwene mu no, na obi baguam asetra ntetew ne kokoam asetra ho, na Helafo ankyerɛ nsonsonoe a ɛda wiase abien no ntam sɛnea nnɛyi atɔe famfo adwene kyerɛ no. Ná ɔman ba asɛyɛde ahorow ne da biara da asetra wɔ abusuabɔ kɛse. Sɛ obi bɛyɛ onipa ankasa a, na ɛsɛ sɛ ɔyɛ ɔman ba a ɔyɛ nnam ma ɔmanfo, a Aristotle daa no adi agye din sɛ: "Sɛ́ obi rennya kyɛfa biara wɔ mpɔtam hɔ nsɛm a wɔde di dwuma no mu no kyerɛ sɛ ɔbɛyɛ aboa anaa onyame!" Na saa ɔman bayɛ kwan yi gyina asɛdeɛ a ɔman mma wɔ wɔ mpɔtam hɔfoɔ ho so, sene hokwan a wɔde ma mpɔtam hɔfoɔ. Ná eyi nyɛ ɔhaw efisɛ na wɔn nyinaa ne polis no wɔ abusuabɔ a emu yɛ den; na wɔn ankasa nkrabea ne ɔmanfo nkrabea wɔ abusuabɔ a emu yɛ den. Afei nso, polis manfo huu asɛyɛde ahorow a wɔwɔ wɔ mpɔtam hɔfo ho sɛ hokwan a wɔde bɛyɛ suban pa, na ɛyɛ nidi ne obu fibea. Wɔ Athens no, na ɔman mma yɛ sodifo na wodi so, .

Roman adwene

Wɔ Roma Ahemman no mu no, ɔman bayɛ trɛw fii nkurow nketewa mu kɔɔ ahemman no nyinaa mu. Romafo hui sɛ ɔman mma a wɔde ma nnipa a wofi ahemman no mu nyinaa ma Romafo tumidi wɔ mmeae a wɔadi so nkonim no yɛ nea ɛfata. Na Roma ɔman bayɛ nyɛ amammui mu dwumadibea gyinabea bio, efisɛ na wɔatew so ayɛ no atemmu ahobammɔ ne nniso ne mmara a wɔda no adi.[17] Roma de Helafo adwene a ɛfa ɔman bayɛ ho te sɛ nnyinasosɛm ahorow a ɛfa pɛyɛ ho wɔ mmara ase, ɔmanfo kyɛfa a wonya wɔ aban mu, ne adwene a ɛne sɛ "ɛnsɛ sɛ ɔman ba biara nya tumi pii dodo bere tenten dodo" bae,[18] nanso Roma de nsɛm a ɛyɛ ayamye kakra mae maa ne nnommum, a hokwan a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ wobenya ɔman ba a wɔyɛ kakraa bi ka ho.[18] Sɛ Helafo ɔman bayɛ yɛ "ahofadi a wonya fi nneɛma wiase" mu a,[19] Romafo ntease no daa nokwasɛm a ɛyɛ sɛ ɔman mma betumi ayɛ honam fam nneɛma ho adwuma te sɛ ɔman mma afoforo nso adi kɛse, wɔ ntease a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛtɔ anaa wɔbɛtɔn agyapade, agyapade, abodin ahorow, . nneɛma. Abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo bi kyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ:

Wɔnam ne nneyɛe so kyerɛkyerɛɛ onipa no mu na wogyinaa hɔ maa no; bere kɔɔ so no, asɛmfua agyapade no bɛkyerɛɛ, nea edi kan no, onipa anaa onipa foforo su a ɛkyerɛkyerɛ mu; nea ɛto so abien, abusuabɔ a obi ne ade bi wɔ; na nea ɛto so abiɛsa no, ade a wɔkyerɛ ase sɛ obi a ɔwɔ.

— J. G. A. Pocock, 1998[20] Ɔde ne nsa kyerɛɛ ne so.

Roma ɔman ba a obi yɛ no daa apereperedi a ɛda agyanom mpanyimfo anigyede ahorow ntam a ɛne adwumayɛfo akuw a wɔba fam a wonim wɔn sɛ plebeian kuw no ntam adi.[18] Wɔtee ɔman ba ase sɛ obi a "ɔde ne ho sɛ ɔde mmara yɛ ade, ɔde ne ho sɛ ɔbɛsrɛ na ɔhwɛ kwan sɛ mmara no bɛbɔ ne ho ban, ɔman ba a ɔwɔ mmara kwan so kuw a ɛte saa ne nea ɛte saa, a ɔwɔ mmara kwan so gyinabea a ɛte saa wɔ saa mpɔtam hɔ Ɔman bayɛ kyerɛ sɛ ɔwɔ hokwan sɛ ɔwɔ agyapadeɛ, ahobammɔ, akwanhwɛ, a "ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ ahodoɔ ne gyinabea ahodoɔ pii mu, ɛwɔ hɔ anaasɛ ɛnni hɔ mma nnipa ahodoɔ pii ɛnam nteaseɛ ahodoɔ pii nti Na mmara no ankasa yɛ hama bi a ɛka nnipa bom.[22] Na Roma ɔman bayɛ yɛ nea enni nipasu kɛse, amansan nyinaa de, ɛwɔ ahorow pii, na ɛsono sɛnea wɔde di dwuma ne sɛnea wɔde di dwuma.[22]

Mfinimfini Mmere no

wɔ Europa Mfinimfini Mmere no mu no, na wɔtaa de ɔman bayɛ bata nkurow akɛse ne nkurow akɛse ho (hwɛ mfinimfini mmere mu akuw), na na ɛfa mfinimfini mpanyimfo ho titiriw. Ná abodin ahorow te sɛ burgher, grand burgher (German Großbürger) ne bourgeoisie kyerɛ amammui mu abusuabɔ ne nipasu a ɛfa mpɔtam pɔtee bi ho, ne aguadifo anaa aguadi kuw bi muni a obi yɛ; enti na ankorankoro a wɔwɔ sika a wobu ne asetra mu sikasɛm mu gyinabea ne ɔmanfo tumi sesa wɔn ho wɔn ho.

Wɔ saa bere yi mu no, na adehye no mufo wɔ hokwan ahorow a ɛboro nnipa mpapahwekwa so (hwɛ adehye), ɛwom sɛ amammui mu basabasayɛ ne nsakrae ahorow a efii ase titiriw wɔ Franse Ɔman Anidan no mu no yii hokwan ahorow fii hɔ na ɛde ɔman ba ho adwene a ɛma nnipa yɛ pɛ bae de.

Renaissance

Wɔ Asesɛw bere mu no, nkurɔfo dan fii ɔhene anaa ɔhemmaa bi asefo so kɔɔ kurow bi mufo na akyiri yi wɔbɛyɛɛ ɔman bi mufo.[23]: kr.161 Ná kurow biara wɔ n’ankasa mmara, asennibea, ne nniso a ɛde ne ho. Na ɔman ba a obi bɛyɛ no taa kyerɛ sɛ ɔbɛhyɛ kurow no mmara ase de aka tumi a obenya wɔ nsɛm bi mu de aboa ma wɔapaw mpanyimfo ho.[24] Nkurow akɛse mufo a na wɔne atitiriw ako wɔ akodi ahorow mu de abɔ wɔn nkurow ho ban no ani nnye asetra mu dibea a ɛba fam a wobenya ho bio na mmom na wɔhwehwɛ sɛ wodi dwuma kɛse wɔ ɔman bayɛ kwan so.[25] Na guilds mufo yɛ ɔman bayɛ kwan a ɛnteɛ efisɛ ɛboaa wɔn asɔremma ma wodi yiye wɔ sikasɛm mu.[26] Sɛnea kyerɛwtohɔ bi kyerɛ no, na ɔman mma a ɛkɔɔ soro no ne republicanism a ɛkɔɔ soro no wɔ abusuabɔ, efisɛ na ɔman mma a wɔde wɔn ho kyerɛ sɛ ahene nni tumi kɛse. [27] Ɔman ba bɛyɛɛ adwene a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ, ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ɛnyɛ nea enni adwene,[13] na ɛnkyerɛ abusuabɔ a ɛbrɛ ne ho ase ne owura anaa ɔkanfo bi, na mmom ɛkyerɛ abusuabɔ a ɛda obi ne ɔman no ntam wɔ ntease a ɛnyɛ adwene mmom a ɛne sɛ ɔwɔ hokwan ne asɛyɛde ahorow mu .[13] .

Nnɛyi mmere

Nnɛyi adwene a ɛfa ɔman ba ho no da so ara bu adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ amammuisɛm mu, nanso wɔtaa yɛ denam "nhyehyɛe a ɛyɛ nwonwa a ɛfa amammui ananmusifo a wɔwɔ akyirikyiri" te sɛ ananmusifo demokrase so.[12] Nnɛyi ɔman bayɛ yɛ nea ɛnyɛ hwee koraa; wɔde adeyɛ hyɛ afoforo nsa; ɔman bayɛ taa yɛ anohyeto a ɛma obi yɛ ade, na ɛnyɛ nea ɛkanyan obi ma ɔyɛ ade.[12] Ne nyinaa mu no, ɔman mma taa nim wɔn asɛyɛde wɔ atumfoɔ ho na wonim sɛ saa nkrataa yi taa to nea wobetumi ayɛ ano hye.[12]

United States a ɛwɔ ɔman no mu

Efi 1790 kosi afeha a ɛto so aduonu mfinimfini no, United States mmara de mmusuakuw mu gyinapɛn ahorow dii dwuma de hyehyɛɛ ɔman ba hokwan ahorow na ɛkyerɛɛ onii a ɔfata sɛ ɔyɛ ɔman ba a wɔagye no atom. Naturalization Act a wɔyɛe wɔ 1790 mu, mmara a edi kan wɔ U.S. abakɔsɛm mu a ɛde mmara a ɛfa ɔman ba ne ɔman ba ho mmara sii hɔ no baraa ɔman mma mma nnipa a wɔnyɛ Europa abusua mufo nyinaa, na ɛkae sɛ “ɔhɔho biara a ɔyɛ aborɔfo a ɔde ne ho, a ɛsɛ sɛ ɔtraa anohyeto no mu.” na wɔ United States tumidi ase mfe abien, ebia wagye atom sɛ wabɛyɛ ɔman ba."

Wɔ U.S. mmara a edi kan ase no, na Amerikafo a wɔyɛ abibifo mfata sɛ wɔyɛ ɔman ba. Wɔ 1857 mu no, wodii saa mmara ahorow yi so wɔ U.S. Asɛnnibea Kunini asɛm Dred Scott v. Sandford asɛm no mu, na ebuu atɛn sɛ “abibifo a ɔde ne ho a ofi Afrika abusua mu, a wɔde ne nananom baa ɔman yi mu na wɔtɔn no sɛ nkoa no nyɛ ‘ɔman ba’ wɔ ne mu.” nea United States Amanyɔ Mmara no kyerɛ," ne sɛ "hokwan titiriw ne ahobammɔ a wɔde ama ɔmanfo no mfa wɔn ho."

Ɛyɛ bere a woyii nkoasom fii hɔ wɔ Amerika Ɔmanko no akyi ansa na wɔmaa Amerikafo a wɔyɛ abibifo hokwan sɛ wɔyɛ ɔman mma. U.S. Amanyɔ Mmara mu Nsakrae a Ɛto so 14 a wogye toom wɔ July 9, 1868 mu no kae sɛ “nnipa a wɔwoo wɔn anaasɛ wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ United States mu nyinaa, na wɔhyɛ ne tumidi ase no yɛ United States ne Ɔman a wɔte mu no mufo.” Mfeɛ mmienu akyi no, Naturalization Act a ɛbaa afe 1870 no bɛtrɛw hokwan a ɔwɔ sɛ ɔbɛyɛ ɔman ba a wɔagye no atom no mu ma ɛka "ahɔho a wɔwoo wɔn wɔ Afrika ne nnipa a wofi Afrika" ho.

Ɛmfa ho mfaso a Amerikafo a wɔyɛ abibifo nyae wɔ Ɔmanko no akyi no, na wɔda so ara pow Amerikafo Ankasa, Asiafo, ne afoforo a wommu wɔn sɛ "aborɔfo a wɔde wɔn ho" sɛ wobetumi abɛyɛ ɔman mma. 1882 Chinafo a Wɔayi Wɔn Afi Mu Mmara no powee pefee sɛ nnipa a wofi China nyinaa nya hokwan a wɔde yɛ ɔman ba, bere a mmara a edii hɔ a U.S. Mmarahyɛ Bagua no penee so, te sɛ mmara ahorow a wɔhyɛe wɔ 1906, 1917, ne 1924 mu no bɛka nsɛm a ɛpow atubrafo ne ɔman a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu hokwan ahorow a egyina so wɔ ɔkwan a ɛtrɛw so bɛka ho akyerɛkyerɛ mmusuakuw ahorow mu. Asɛnnibea Kunini no nsɛm te sɛ Ozawa v. United States (1922) ne U.S. v. Bhagat Singh Thind (1923), bɛma akyiri yi nea kasasin “aborɔfo a wɔde wɔn ho” kyerɛ mu ada hɔ, na wobuu atɛn sɛ mmusuakuw mu Japanfo, Indiafo, ne afoforo a wɔnyɛ . Na Europafoɔ nyɛ "aborɔfoɔ", na ɛno nti na wɔnfata sɛ wɔde wɔn kɔ ɔman mu wɔ U.S. mmara ase.

Wɔamma Amerikafo Ankasa U.S. ɔman ba a edi mũ kosii sɛ wɔhyehyɛɛ Indiafo Ɔman ba Mmara no wɔ 1924. Nanso, ɛde besi 1960 mfe no mu tɔnn mpo no, ɔman no mmara ahorow bi amma Amerikafo Ankasa amfa hokwan ahorow a wɔwɔ sɛ ɔman mma te sɛ hokwan a wɔwɔ sɛ wɔtow aba nyinaa nni dwuma. Wɔ 1962 mu no, New Mexico bɛyɛɛ ɔman a etwa to a ɛmaa Amerikafo Ankasa hokwan.

Ɛyɛ bere a wɔhyehyɛɛ Atubrafo ne Ɔman a Wɔyɛ Ho Mmara a wɔyɛe wɔ 1952 mu no ansa na woyii mmusuakuw ne ɔbarima ne ɔbea ntam anohyeto ahorow a wɔde mae sɛ wɔmfa wɔn ho nhyɛ ɔman mu no fii hɔ pefee. Nanso, na anohyeto ahorow da so ara wɔ mmara no mu a ɛfa nea ɔfata sɛ ɔyɛ U.S. ɔman ba ho na ɛkuraa ɔman no mu kyɛfa nhyehyɛe a ɛto visa dodow a wɔde ma atubrafo a egyina wɔn ɔman a wofi mu so ano hye, a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde si hɔ “wɔ ɔha biara mu nkyem asia mu biako mu.” ɔman biara mu nnipa dodow a wɔwɔ United States wɔ afe 1920 mu". Ɛyɛ bere a wɔhyɛɛ Atubrafo ne Ɔman a Wɔyɛ Mmara a wɔyɛe wɔ 1965 mu no mu ansa na wɔsesaa nhyehyɛe ahorow a wɔde ma atubrafo yi kɛse de gyinaa nhyehyɛe a nyiyim nnim so.

Soviet Sohyialist Republics nkabom

1918 mmarahyɛ bagua a ɛfa ɔman anidan Russia ho no maa ahɔho biara a na wɔte Russia Soviet Federative Socialist Republic mu no ɔman ba, bere tenten a na "wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ adwuma mu na [wɔyɛ] adwumayɛfo kuw no mufo."[36] Egyee "hokwan ahorow a ɛyɛ pɛ no toom ɔman mma nyinaa mu, a wɔn abusuakuw anaa ɔman abusuabɔ mfa ho" na ɔpaee mu kae sɛ nhyɛso a wɔde hyɛ kuw anaa abusuakuw ketewaa biara so "ne Republic no mmara atitiriw bɔ abira." 1918 amansan mmara no nso de hokwan a mmarima ne mmea nyinaa wɔ sɛ wɔtow aba na wɔpaw wɔn sɛ sovietfo "a ɔsom, ɔman, baabi a wɔte, ne nea ɛkeka ho mfa ho [...] a ebedu da a wɔbɛpaw wɔn no awie wɔn afe a ɛto so dunwɔtwe no sii hɔ. [37] USSR amansan mmara a ɛbaa akyiri yi no bɛma amansan amansan a wɔyɛ aman a wɔka ho no nyinaa mufo anya Soviet ɔman ba amansan nyinaa[38][39] a ɛne nnyinasosɛm ahorow a ɛfa nyiyim a wɔnyɛ ho a wɔde too gua wɔ mfitiase 1918 mmarahyɛ bagua a ɛwɔ Russia no mu no hyia.

Nasi GermanyEdit

Nasisom, afeha a ɛto so aduonu mu fasist nniso a Germanyfo yɛ no kyekyɛɛ ɔman no mufo mu akuw atitiriw abiɛsa a wɔahyehyɛ wɔn wɔ nniso ahorow mu, na ɛsono hokwan ahorow a emu biara wɔ wɔ ɔman no ho: ɔman mma, wɔn a wɔhyɛ wɔn ase, ne ahɔho. Na ɛsɛ sɛ ɔfa a edi kan, ɔman mma, nya ɔmanfo hokwan ne asɛyɛde ahorow a edi mũ. Wɔde ɔman bayɛ maa mmarima a wɔwɔ Germany (anaasɛ wɔfrɛ no "Aryan") agyapade a wɔawie sraadi nkutoo, na ɔman no betumi atwa mu bere biara. Reich Ɔman Ba ​​Mmara a ɛbaa afe 1935 mu no de mmusuakuw mu gyinapɛn ahorow a ɛkyerɛ sɛ obi yɛ ɔman ba sii hɔ wɔ German Reich no mu, na esiane saa mmara yi nti wogyee Yudafo ne afoforo a wɔantumi "ankyerɛ sɛ wɔyɛ Germanfo abusuakuw agyapade" no fii wɔn man mu.

Ɔfa a ɛto so abien, asɛmti ahorow, kyerɛ afoforo a wɔwoo wɔn wɔ ɔman no ahye mu a wɔne mmusuakuw mu gyinapɛn ahorow a wɔde hwehwɛ ɔman ba no nyinaa. Anka wɔn a wɔhyɛ wɔn ase no rennya hokwan biara sɛ wɔtow aba, wɔrentumi nnya dibea biara wɔ ɔman no mu, na wonni hokwan ne ɔmanfo asɛyɛde afoforo a wɔde ma ɔman mma no mu biara. Na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔma mmea nyinaa "subject" dibea bere a wɔawo wɔn, na sɛ wɔyɛ adwuma a wɔde wɔn ho anaasɛ wɔware German ɔman ba nkutoo a na wobetumi anya "ɔman ba" dibea (hwɛ mmea a wɔwɔ Nasi Germany).

Ná ɔfa a etwa to, ahɔho, kyerɛ wɔn a wɔyɛ ɔman foforo mufo, a wɔn nso nni hokwan biara.

Wɔ afe 2021 mu no, Germany aban no too Mmara Mfitiaseɛ no Ahyɛdeɛ 116 (2) a ɛma hokwan sɛ wɔsan de ɔman bayɛ ma ankorankoro a wɔtwaa wɔn Germany ɔman ba "wɔ amammuisɛm, abusuakuo, anaa nyamesom mu" wɔ Ɔbɛnem 30, 1933 ne May 8, 1945 ntam. Eyi nso ma wɔn asefo nya hokwan yɛ Germany ɔman ba.[41]

IsraelEdit

Asɛm titiriw: Israel ɔman ba ho mmara

Nnyinasosɛm titiriw a ɛfa Israel ɔman bayɛ ho ne jus sanguinis (ɔman ba a obi fi abusua mu) ma Yudafo ne jus soli (ɔman ba a obi fi baabi a wɔwoo no) ma afoforo.

Nsusuwii ho animdefo pii kyerɛ sɛ adwene abien na ɛbɔ abira wɔ ɔman ba ho: sikasɛm mu de, ne amammuisɛm. Sɛ wopɛ nsɛm pii a, hwɛ Ɔman ba ho abakɔsɛm. Ɔman ba gyinabea, wɔ asetra mu apam nsusuwii ase no, de hokwan ne nnwuma nyinaa ka ho. Wɔ saa ntease yi mu no, wɔkaa ɔman bayɛ ho asɛm sɛ "hokwan ahorow a wɔaboaboa ano -- titiriw no, amammui mu kyɛfa a wonya wɔ ɔmanfo asetra mu, hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ ɔtow aba, ne hokwan a ɔwɔ sɛ onya ahobammɔ bi fi ɔmanfo hɔ, ne asɛyɛde ahorow nso ] Nhomanimfo dodow no ara bu ɔman bayɛ sɛ ɛfa amammerɛ pɔtee bi ho, wɔ ntease a ɛne sɛ ɛsono sɛnea asɛmfua no kyerɛ no gu ahorow kɛse wɔ amammerɛ biara mu, ne bere kɔ so no.[12] Sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, wɔ China no, amammerɛ mu amammuisɛm bi wɔ hɔ a ɛfa ɔman ba a wɔbɛtumi afrɛ no "nnipa" ho, a adesua asɛm bi gye ho akyinnyeɛ.

Sɛnea wɔte ɔman bayɛ ase no gyina onipa a osi gyinae no so. Abusuabɔ a ɛda ɔman ba ntam no nsii hɔ anaasɛ ɛnna baabiara da, na mmom ɛsakra bere nyinaa wɔ ɔman biara mu. Bere a ɔman bayɛ ayɛ soronko kɛse wɔ abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu, ne amanfo mu bere tenten no, nneɛma bi wɔ hɔ a ɛtaa ba nanso ɛsono kɛse nso. Sɛ́ abusuabɔ no, ɔman bayɛ trɛw kɔ akyiri sen abusuafo abusuabɔ atitiriw na ɛka nnipa a ɛsono awosu mu nkwaadɔm bom. Mpɛn pii no ɛkyerɛ sɛ obi yɛ amammui kuw bi muni. Mpɛn pii no egyina sraadi bi anaa daakye adwuma a wɔhwɛ kwan so anaasɛ efii mu bae. Mpɛn pii no, ɛfa amammui mu kyɛfa a wonya wɔ ɔkwan bi so ho, nanso eyi betumi ayɛ soronko afi nneyɛe a wɔde kyerɛ ade so kosi ɔsom adwuma a ɛyɛ nnam wɔ aban mu so.

Ɔman ba yɛ dibea wɔ ɔmanfo mu. Ɛyɛ tebea a eye sen biara nso. Mpɛn pii no, ɛka obi a ɔwɔ mmara kwan so hokwan ahorow wɔ amammui nhyehyɛe bi mu ho asɛm. Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ bere nyinaa ɛwɔ ade bi a ɛma wɔayi wɔn afi nnipa mu, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ nnipa binom nyɛ ɔman mma na ɛtɔ mmere bi a saa nsonsonoe yi betumi ayɛ nea ɛho hia kɛse, anaasɛ ɛho nhia, a egyina ɔman pɔtee bi so. Mpɛn pii no ɛyɛ den sɛ wɔbɛtew ɔman bayɛ sɛ adwene ho wɔ adwene mu na wɔde atoto amammuisɛm ho adwene a ɛfa ho ho efisɛ ɛfa ɔmanfo afa afoforo pii te sɛ abusua, asraafo adwuma, ankorankoro, ahofadi, nyamesom, papa, ne bɔne ho adwene, mmusuakuw, ne nhwɛso ahorow a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea ɛsɛ sɛ obi yɛ n’ade wɔ ɔmanfo mu.[23] Sɛ akuw ahorow pii wɔ ɔman bi mu a, ebia ɔman bayɛ nkutoo ne abusuabɔ ankasa a ɛka obiara bom sɛ ɔyɛ pɛ a nyiyim biara nni ho —ɛyɛ "abusuabɔ a ɛtrɛw" a ɛde "onipa ne ɔman" bata ho na ɛma nkurɔfo nya amansan nyinaa nipasu sɛ mmara kwan so muni ɔman pɔtee bi ho.[45]

Wɔtaa hwɛ nnɛyi ɔman bayɛ sɛ nsusuwii abien a ɛhyɛ ase a ɛne ne ho di akan

Adwene a ɛwɔ ahofadi-ankorankoro anaa ɛtɔ mmere bi a ahofadi a ɛfa ɔman ba ho no kyerɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ ɔman mma nya hokwan ahorow a ɛho hia ma nnipa nidi.[47] Ɛfa no sɛ nkurɔfo yɛ ade de hwehwɛ wɔn ankasa yiyedi a wɔanya nimdeɛ. Sɛnea saa adwene yi kyerɛ no, ɔman mma yɛ nnipa a wodi tumi, abrabɔ fam ahofadi a wɔwɔ asɛyɛde sɛ wotua tow, di mmara so, de wɔn ho hyɛ aguadi mu, na sɛ wɔtow hyɛ ɔman no so a, wɔbɔ ɔman no ho ban,[47] nanso ne titiriw no, wɔyɛ nnipa a wɔnyɛ hwee wɔ amammuisɛm mu,[46] ne wɔn adwene titiriw ne sikasɛm mu nkɔso. Saa adwene yi fii ase puei bɛyɛ afeha a ɛto so dunwɔtwe ne dunwɔtwe no mu na bere kɔɔ so no, ɛbɛyɛɛ den kɛse, sɛnea adwene bi kyerɛ no.[13] Sɛnea saa nhyehyeɛ yi kyerɛ no, ɔman no wɔ hɔ ma ɔman mma mfasoɔ na ɛwɔ asɛdeɛ sɛ ɛbu ɔman mma hokwan na ɛbɔ ho ban, a ɔmanfoɔ hokwan ne amammui mu hokwan ka ho.[13] Akyiri yi na nea wɔfrɛ no asetra mu hokwan ahorow bɛyɛɛ asɛyɛde a ɛwɔ ɔman no so no fa.[13]

Civic-republican anaa ɛtɔ da bi a classical anaa civic humanist adwene a ɛfa ɔman ba ho no si onipa amammui su so dua na ɛhu ɔman bayɛ sɛ adeyɛ a ɛyɛ nnam, ɛnyɛ ɔman a ɛnyɛ adwuma anaa mmara mu agyiraehyɛde. Ɛhaw adwene kɛse sɛ aban de ne ho bɛhyɛ mmeae a agye din a wɔde bɛyɛ ɔman bayɛ wɔ ɔmanfo mu no mu. Ɔman bayɛ kyerɛ sɛ wobɛyɛ nnam wɔ aban nsɛm mu.[47] Sɛnea adwene bi kyerɛ no, nnipa dodow no ara te ase sɛ ɔman mma nnɛ sɛnea ahofadi-ankorankoro adwene te nanso wɔpɛe sɛ wɔtra ase kɛse sɛnea ɔmanfo-manyɔkuw adwene te.[46] Ɔman ba a ɔfata ne obi a ɔda "ɔmanfoɔ suban pa" adi.[13] Ɔman mma a wɔde wɔn ho ne republic aban "wɔ wɔn ho wɔn ho abusuabɔ."[13] Ɔman mma hyɛɛ nyansa sɛ wɔmfa wɔn ho nhyɛ "asɛyɛde ne ɔmanfo su pa" mu.

ɔman mma asɛyɛde ahorow

Asɛyɛde yɛ adeyɛ a ɛsɛ sɛ ɔman anaa ɔman bi mu ankorankoro hyɛ no nsow de hwehwɛ nnipa nyinaa yiyedi. Wobetumi akyekyɛ saa asɛdeɛ yi mu ayɛ no ankorankoro ne ɔmanfoɔ asɛdeɛ.

Nhomanimfo kyerɛ sɛ ɔman ba ho adwene no kura nsɛm pii a wontumi nsiesie, a ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔfrɛ no nhyɛso, a ɛwɔ abusuabɔ no mu, a ɛkɔ so da adwenem naayɛ adi wɔ nea wɔkyerɛ sɛ ɔman bayɛ kyerɛ ho.[13] Nsɛm bi a wɔansiesie a ɛfa ɔman bayɛ ho no bi ne nsɛmmisa a ɛfa nea ɛkari pɛ a ɛfata wɔ nnwuma ne hokwan ahorow ntam.[13] Foforo nso ne asɛmmisa a ɛfa nea ɛkari pɛ a ɛfata wɔ amammui mu ɔman ba ne asetra mu ɔman ba ntam.[13] Adwenkyerɛfoɔ binom hu mfasoɔ a ɛwɔ so sɛ nnipa nni ɔmanfoɔ nsɛm mu, ɛfiri sɛ kyɛfa dodoɔ te sɛ ɔman anidan tumi sɛe, nanso kyɛfa kakraa bi te sɛ anibiannasoɔ koraa nso bɛtumi ayɛ ɔhaw.[13] Wobetumi ahu ɔman bayɛ sɛ dibea titiriw a ɛwɔ nnipa atitiriw mu, na wobetumi ahu no nso sɛ tumi a ɛma demokrase ne biribi a obiara wɔ; adwene no betumi aka nkate abien no nyinaa ho.[13] Sɛnea asetra ho ɔbenfo Arthur Stinchcombe kyerɛ no, ɔman bayɛ gyina baabi a obi betumi adi n’ankasa nkrabea so wɔ kuw no mu wɔ ntease a ɛne sɛ obetumi anya kuw no nniso so nkɛntɛnso.: kr.150 Nsonsonoe biako a etwa to wɔ ɔman bayɛ mu ne nea wɔfrɛ no pene a wɔpene so abusua mu nsonsonoe, na saa asɛm yi di sɛ ebia ɔman bayɛ yɛ asɛm titiriw a obi a ɔpaw sɛ ɔbɛyɛ ɔman pɔtee bi muni na ɔkyerɛ––ɛnam wɔn pene so––anaasɛ ɔman bayɛ yɛ asɛm a ɛfa baabi a wɔwoo obi ho––ɛno yɛ, denam wɔn abusua a wofi mu so.

Amanaman ntamEdit

Hwɛ nso: Wiase nyinaa ɔman ba a obi yɛ

Aban ntam ahyehyɛde ahorow bi atrɛw adwene ne nsɛmfua a ɛfa ɔman bayɛ ho no mu akɔ amanaman ntam, baabi a wɔde di dwuma wɔ aman a wɔhyehyɛ wɔn no mufo nyinaa a wɔaka abom no ho. Ɔman bayɛ wɔ saa gyinabea yi yɛ adwene a ɛto so abien, a hokwan ahorow fi ɔman bayɛ mu.

Europafo Nkabom Kuw

Asɛm titiriw: Europa Aman Nkabom no ɔman ba

Maastricht Apam no na ɛde Europa Aman Nkabom no ɔman ba ho adwene bae. Europa Aman Nkabom Apam no Ahyɛde 17 (1)[50] kae sɛ:

Wɔnam eyi so de Kabom no ɔman bayɛ asi hɔ. Obiara a ɔwɔ Ɔman a ɛka ho no ɔman ba no bɛyɛ Kabom no muni. Nkabom no ɔman ba a obi yɛ no bɛka ɔman ba a ɔyɛ ho na ɛnyɛ nea ɛbɛsi ananmu.[51]

Wɔfrɛ apam bi sɛ EC Apam a wɔayɛ mu nsakrae[51] a ɛde hokwan ahorow bi a ɛba fam koraa sii hɔ maa Europa Aman Nkabom no mufo. EC Apam a wɔayɛ mu nsakrae no Ahyɛde 12 maa hokwan a ɛwɔ hɔ nyinaa sɛ wɔnyɛ nyiyim wɔ Apam no mu. Ahyɛde 18 no de hokwan a anohyeto wom mae sɛ obi tumi tu ne ho tra Aman a wɔka ho no mu a ɛnyɛ nea Europa Aman Nkabom no muni no yɛ ɔman ba no. Ahyɛde 18-21 ne 225 de amammui mu hokwan ahorow bi ma.

Nkabom manfoɔ nso wɔ hokwan kɛseɛ sɛ wɔtu kɔ baabi foforɔ sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛtumi ayɛ sikasɛm mu dwumadiɛ wɔ Aman a wɔka ho no mu biara mu[52] a ɛdi kan ansa na wɔde Kabom no manfoɔ reba.[53]

MercosurEdit a wɔde kyerɛw nsɛm

Asɛm titiriw: Mercosur ɔman ba a obi yɛ

Wɔma Mercosur ɔman ba a wɔfata a wɔwɔ Southern Common Market aman a wɔka ho no mu. Wɔnam Ɔman Ba ​​Mmara so na ɛpenee so wɔ afe 2010 mu na ɛsɛ sɛ aman a wɔka ho no de di dwuma koraa wɔ afe 2021 mu bere a wɔbɛsakra nhyehyɛe no ayɛ no amanaman ntam apam a wɔde ahyɛ aman no ɔman mmara nhyehyɛe mu, wɔ adwene a ɛne "Mercosur Ɔman ba citation ho hia].

Aman a wɔka bom yɛ adwuma

Adwene a ɛne sɛ "Commonwealth Citizenship" no wɔ hɔ fi bere a wɔde Amanaman Nkabom Kuw no sii hɔ no. Sɛnea ɛte wɔ EU ho no, obi nya Amanaman Nkabom no ɔman ba denam Amanaman Nkabom man bi a ɔyɛ ɔman ba nkutoo so. Saa ɔman bayɛ kwan yi ma wonya hokwan ahorow bi wɔ Amanaman Nkabom aman bi mu:

Aman a ɛtete saa no bi nhwehwɛ sɛ Amanaman Nkabom aman afoforo mufo nya nsrahwɛfo tumi krataa anaasɛ wɔma Amanaman Nkabom no mufo binom kwan ma wɔtra ɔman no mu de kɔsrasra a wonni tumi krataa bere tenten nsen aman afoforo mufo.

Wɔ Amanaman Nkabom aman bi mu no, ɔman mma a wɔte Amanaman Nkabom aman afoforo mu no wɔ hokwan sɛ wonya amammui mu hokwan ahorow, s.e., hokwan a wɔwɔ sɛ wɔtow aba wɔ mpɔtam ne ɔman abatow mu na wɔ nsɛm bi mu mpo hokwan a wɔwɔ sɛ wogyina hɔ ma abatow.

Wɔ nsɛm bi mu no, wɔma hokwan sɛ wɔyɛ adwuma wɔ dibea biara mu (a ɔman adwumayɛfoɔ ka ho), gye dibea pɔtee bi, te sɛ wɔ aban banbɔ dwumadibea ahorow, Amrado Panyin anaa Ɔmampanyin anaa Ɔmanpanyin.

Wɔ United Kingdom no, Commonwealth man mma a wɔte ɔman no mu wɔ mmara kwan so nyinaa betumi ato aba na wɔagyina hɔ ama dibea wɔ abatow nyinaa mu.

Ɛwom sɛ wɔayi Ireland anhyɛ Amanaman Nkabom no mu wɔ 1949 mu esiane sɛ ɛkaa ne ho sɛ ɔman no de, nanso wɔtaa ne Ireland di te sɛ nea ɛda so ara yɛ ɔman no muni. Mmara taa kyerɛ pɔtee sɛ Amanaman Nkabom aman ne Ireland bɛyɛ pɛ na ɛkyerɛ "Aman a wɔka bom yɛ aman ne Ireland".[1] Wɔmfa Ireland man mma sɛ amannɔnefo wɔ United Kingdom.

Canada twee ne ho fii nnyinasosɛm a ɛne sɛ wɔkyerɛkyerɛ ɔman a obi fi mu wɔ nokwaredi mu no ho wɔ 1921. Wɔ 1935 mu no, Ireland Free State na edii kan de n’ankasa ɔman bayɛ bae. Nanso, na wɔda so ara ne Ireland manfo di sɛ Ahemman no asefo, na wɔda so ara mmu wɔn sɛ wɔyɛ ahɔho, ɛwom mpo sɛ Ireland nyɛ Amanaman Nkabom no muni de.[2] Canada Ɔman Ba ​​Mmara a wɔyɛe wɔ 1946 mu no maa Canada Ɔman ba a ɛda nsow, a wɔde ma ankorankoro dodow no ara a wɔwoo wɔn wɔ Canada no ara kwa, gye ebinom, na ɛkyerɛkyerɛɛ tebea horow a obi betumi afa so abɛyɛ ɔman ba a wɔagye no atom. Wɔde adwene a ɛne sɛ obi yɛ Amanaman Nkabom no bae wɔ afe 1948 mu wɔ Britania Ɔman Mmara 1948. Ahemman afoforo gyee nnyinasosɛm yi toom te sɛ New Zealand, denam Britania Ɔman Ba ​​ne New Zealand Ɔman Ba ​​Mmara 1948 so.

ɔman bayɛ taa fa ɔman-man no muni a obi yɛ ho kɛse, nanso asɛmfua no betumi afa ɔman no ase nso. Aman nketewa mu nnwumakuw betumi de ahwehwɛde ahorow, a ɛfa tenabea anaa ɔkwan foforo so, a ɛma ɔman mma kwan ma wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ saa adwumakuw no amammui asetra mu anaasɛ wonya mfaso horow a saa adwumakuw no aban de ma no. Nanso wɔ nsɛm a ɛtete saa mu no, ɛtɔ mmere bi a wohu wɔn a wɔfata no nso sɛ "ɔman mma" a wɔwɔ ɔman, ɔmantam, anaa ɔmantam a ɛfa ho no mu. Eyi ho nhwɛso ne sɛnea Switzerland ɔman bayɛ nnyinaso titiriw ne ankorankoro mpɔtam bi ɔman bayɛ, a efi mu ba ɔman ba a wɔyɛ wɔ mantam bi ne Apam no mu. Nhwɛso foforo ne Åland baabi a ɛhɔfo no nya ɔmantam ɔman ba titiriw wɔ Finland mu, hembygdsrätt.

United States wɔ aban nhyehyɛe bi a obi yɛ ɔman ba a ɔwɔ ɔman pɔtee a ɔte mu, te sɛ New York anaa California, ne United States ɔman ba nso. Aman amanyɔ mmara betumi ama hokwan ahorow bi a ɛboro nea wɔde ma wɔ United States Amanyɔ Mmara ase no so na wobetumi de wɔn ankasa asɛyɛde ahorow a nea ɛka ho ne hokwan a ɛwɔ tumi sɛ wotua tow ne sraadi; anyɛ yiye koraa no, ɔman biara kura asraafo dɔm biako a ɛhyɛ ɔman no asraafo a wɔde wɔn kɔ baabi foforo adwuma ase, ɔman no ɔman awɛmfo, na aman binom kura asraafo dɔm a ɛto so abien a wɔmfa wɔn ho nhyɛ ɔman mu.

Nhomasua

Asɛm titiriw: Ɔman ba ho adesua (asɛmti) .

"Ɔman mma a wɔyɛ nnam" yɛ nyansapɛ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ ɔman mma yɛ adwuma de boa wɔn mpɔtam yiye denam sikasɛm mu kyɛfa a wobenya, ɔmanfo, atuhoama adwuma, ne mmɔdenbɔ afoforo a ɛte saa a wɔde bɛma asetra atu mpɔn ama ɔman mma nyinaa so. Wɔ saa kwan yi so no, wɔkyerɛkyerɛ ɔman ba ho adesua wɔ sukuu ahorow mu, sɛ adesua adesua wɔ aman bi mu. Edu bere a mmofra bedu ntoaso sukuu no, wosi nsɛm a ɛtete saa a ɛnyɛ nea wɔtaa yɛ so dua a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde ka adesua nhyehyɛe bi ho. Bere a mfonini a ɛfa ɔman bayɛ ho wɔ nifa so no yɛ mmerɛw mmom na emu dɔ no, wɔayɛ no mmerɛw sɛ wɔbɛkyerɛkyerɛ ɔman bayɛ ho nhwɛso a ɛkɔ akyiri a wɔkyerɛkyerɛ ntoaso sukuufo pii no mu. Adwene a ɛwɔ saa nhwɛsoɔ yi akyi wɔ nwomasua mu ne sɛ wɔde bɛhyɛ asuafoɔ nkumaa mu sɛ wɔn nneyɛeɛ (i.e. wɔn abatoɔ) ka ɔman mma a wɔbom yɛ na ɛnam so ka wɔn nso.

Ireland ƆmanpanyinEdit

Wɔkyerɛ wɔ Republic of Ireland sɛ sɔhwɛ adesua a wɔde yɛ Junior Certificate. Wɔfrɛ no Ɔmanfo, Asetra ne Amanyɔsɛm Nhomasua (CSPE). Ɔman Bagua a ɛhwɛ Adesua ne Nhwehwɛmu so (NCCA) reyɛ Leaving Certificate sɔhwɛ adesua foforo a adwuma asɛmti ne ‘Politics & Society’ na wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ wɔde bɛba adesua nhyehyɛe no mu bere bi wɔ afe 2012 akyi.