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Voting Rights Act of 1965

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Hokwan a Wɔde Tow Aba ho Mmara a wɔyɛe wɔ 1965 mu yɛ mmara bi a ɛwɔ United States a ɛbara nnipa mu nyiyim wɔ abatoɔ mu[1][2][3]. Ɔmanpanin Lyndon B. Johnson berɛ a na ɔmanfoɔ kyɛfa ho nnipakan rekɔ so wɔ Ɔsanaa da ɔtɛ so 6 wɔ afe 1965 mu no, na akyiri yi Congress sesaa mmara no mpɛn anum de trɛɛ ne bammɔ mu. Wɔyɛɛ saa mmara no sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɔman no mu nnipa a ɛsono wɔn amammerɛ benya hokwan akɔ so atena ase, titiriw wɔ Amerika anafo fam. Sɛnea U.S. Wɔ United States Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Atɛntrenee Ho Nsɛm So no, wobu mmara no sɛ ɛyɛ mmara a edi mũ sen biara wɔ ɔman no mu[4]. Ɔman Nneɛmakorabea ne Kyerɛwtohɔ Ho Dwumadibea kaa sɛ: ""Hokwan a Wɔde Tow Aba ho Mmara a wɔyɛe wɔ afe 1965 mu." no yɛ mmara mu nsakraeɛ a ɛsen biara wɔ abusuabɔ a ɛda aban ne ɔmantam nniso ntam wɔ abatoɔ mu fi bere a wɔsan kyekyee Ɔmanko no akyi no"[5].

Mmara no wɔ nnyinasosɛm pii a ɛhwɛ ma wɔyɛ abatow. Mmara no mu "nhyehyɛe ahorow" no ma ɔman mũ no nyinaa nya hokwan sɛ wobedi ade. Ɔfa a ɛtɔ so mmienu no yɛ mmara bi a ɛbara ɔman no ne aban a ɛwɔ hɔ no sɛ wɔremfa mmara biara a "ɛde ɔman ba biara hokwan a ɔwɔ sɛ ɔtow aba esiane ne honam ani hwɛbea anaa ne kɔla anaa sɛ ɔka kasa bi a nnipa kakraa bi pɛ ka ho no mma no"[6]. Nnyinasosɛm afoforɔ a wɔhyɛ no nsow no hyɛ akenkan ne atwerɛ ho sɔhwɛ ne nneɛma a ɛtete saa a na wɔadi kan de abɔ mmusuakuo nketewa ahofadi no ho ban. Mmara no san ka "nneɛma pɔtee" bi ho asɛm a wɔde di dwuma wɔ amammui bi mu nkutoo. Nnyinasosɛm titiriw bi ne Ɔfa a ɛto so 5 a ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wodi kan yɛ nhyiamu no ho nhyehyɛe, a ɛbara aman bi sɛ wɔmmfa nsakraeɛ biara a ɛfa abatoɔ ho nni dwuma bere a U.S. Attorney General anaa U.S. Ɔmantam Asɛnnibea a ɛwɔ D.C. no kae sɛ nsakrae no mfa nyiyim mma nnipa kakraa bi a wɔwɔ ahobammɔ no[7]. Nnyinasosɛm foforo a ɛho hia hwehwɛ sɛ amansin a kasa kakraa bi na wɔka no ma wɔn a wɔtɔ wɔn bo ase no ma wɔn nsa ka nkrataa a wɔde to aba ma wɔtow aba wɔ kasa abien mu ne nneɛma foforo a wɔde yɛ abatoɔ no.

Ɔfa enum ne nhyehyɛɛ soronko afofor pii a wɔdze dzi dwuma wɔ amansɛm mu a "ahoban a wɔdze ma" a wɔakyerɛw no wɔ Ɔfa nnan (b) no ka ho. Mfiase no na wɔhyehyɛɛ mmara no sɛ wɔmfa nyɛ adwuma wɔ amammui a na wodi atirimɔdensɛm wɔ abatow mu wɔ 1965 mu no, na Congress no yɛɛ mmara no foforo wɔ 1970 mu ne 1975 mu. Wɔ Shelby County v. Holder (2013), U.S. Asɛnnibea Kunini no bɔɔ asɛm no gui sɛ mmara no ne mmara no nhyia, na ɔkyerɛe sɛ ne bere atwam[8]. Asɛnnibea no antia Ɔfa a ɛto so enum, nanso sɛ wɔamfa ɔkwan a wɔfa so bɔ ho ban a, Ɔfa a ɛto so enum no ntumi nyɛ adwuma[9]. Asɛnnibea ahodoɔ a na wɔadi kan de wɔn ho ato asɛm no so no maa wɔn a na wɔretwerɛ wɔn din sɛ wɔn a wɔbɛtoɔ wɔn din no dodoɔ kɔɔ soro kɛseɛ wɔ Shelby gyinaesie no akyi[10].

Hwɛ nso

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Amanaman mmara

[sesa]

Wɔbɔɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛhyɛ mmara

[sesa]
  • For the People Act (2019 ne 2021)
  • John Lewis Voting Rights Act (2019 ne 2021)

Ɔman mmara

[sesa]
  • Ɔman Nhyehyɛeɛ a Ɛma Nnipa Hokwan
  • California Abatow Ho Mmara
  • Virginia Mmarahyɛ Mmara
  • John R. Lewis Voting Rights Act a ɛwɔ New York

Nea ɛboro saa

[sesa]

Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ

[sesa]
  1. ↑ "Voting Rights Act (1965)", African American Studies Center, Oxford University Press, 2009-09-30, ISBN 978-0-19-530173-1, retrieved 2025-06-19
  2. ↑ "Voting Rights Act (1965)", African American Studies Center, Oxford University Press, 2009-09-30, ISBN 978-0-19-530173-1, retrieved 2025-06-19
  3. ↑ "Voting Rights Act (1965)", African American Studies Center, Oxford University Press, 2009-09-30, ISBN 978-0-19-530173-1, retrieved 2025-06-19
  4. ↑ Peyton McCrary (2009-02-09), "Voting Rights Act", African American Studies Center, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-530173-1, retrieved 2025-06-19
  5. ↑ "Voting Rights Act", Milestone Documents in American History, Schlager Group Inc., 2020-10-01, ISBN 978-1-935306-52-8, retrieved 2025-06-19
  6. ↑ "États-Unis, Cour suprême des États-Unis, 1 er juin 2021, Brnovich Attorney General of Arizona v Democratic National Committee , n° 19-1257", Revue internationale de droit comparé, vol. 73 e année, no. 4, pp. 984–985, 2021-10-01, doi:10.3917/ridc.734.0257, ISSN 0035-3337, retrieved 2025-06-19
  7. ↑ "Processes and Products of Voting Rights Act Enforcement", Maximization, Whatever the Cost, pp. 141–160, 2000, doi:10.5040/9798400683800.0010, retrieved 2025-06-19
  8. ↑ "Shelby County v. Holder", Wikipedia (in English), 2025-06-09, retrieved 2025-06-19
  9. ↑ Alan Pike (2013-07-10), "Voting Rights and Southern Legislatures Post-Shelby County v. Holder", Southern Spaces, doi:10.18737/m7r31s, ISSN 1551-2754, retrieved 2025-06-19
  10. ↑ Catalina Feder, Michael G. Miller (2020-11), "Voter Purges After Shelby: Part of Special Symposium on Election Sciences", American Politics Research (in English), vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 687–692, doi:10.1177/1532673X20916426, ISSN 1532-673X, retrieved 2025-06-19 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
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