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Underground Railroad

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Underground Railroad no yɛ nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔyɛeɛ sɛ wɔde ahintawee akwan ne afie a ahofadi hwehwɛfo de guan kɔ United States Atifi fam[1] ne Canada Apuei fam. Abibifoɔ a wɔyɛ nkoa ne Amerikafoɔ a wɔyɛ nkoa dwane firii nkoasom mu wɔ afeha a ɛto so 16 no mu, na wɔn mu pii guanee a na obiara mmoa wɔn[2][3][4]. Nanso, afie a ahobammɔ wom a wɔtaa frɛ no Underground Railroad no firii ase yɛɛ wɔn ho nhyehyɛe wɔ 1780 mfe no mu wɔ Abolitionist Societies wɔ Atifi fam[5][6]. Ɛkɔɔ atifi fam na ɛkɔɔ so yɛɛ kɛse kɔsii sɛ Ɔmanpanin Abraham Lincoln de ne nsa hyɛɛ Amanamanmu Ahotɔ Nkɔmhyɛ no ase wɔ afe 1863 mu[7]. Wɔn a woguanee no bɔɔ mmɔden sɛ wobeguan akɔ aman a wɔn ho nni asɛm mu, na ebia afi hɔ akɔ Canada[8].

Baabi a edin no firi

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Eric Foner twerɛɛ sɛ ebia " Washington koowaa krataa bi na edii kan de asɛm yi dii dwuma wɔ afe 1839 mu, berɛ a na ɔreka akoa bi a ɔretwɛn sɛ ɔbɛdwane afiri nkoasom mu denam keteke kwan a 'ɛkɔ asase ase kosi Boston so' no so"[9][10]. Dr. Robert Clemens Smedley kyerɛwee sɛ, bere a nkoa kyerefo no hwehwɛɛ wɔn akyi na wɔanhu wɔn akyi kwan kosii Columbia, Pennsylvania no, wɔkae wɔ wɔn adwenem sɛ "ɛwɔ sɛ asase ase keteke kwan wɔ baabi", na ɛno na ɛde asɛm no bae[11]. Scott Shane kyerɛwee sɛ asɛmfua no a edi kan a wɔde dii dwuma wɔ kyerɛwtohɔ mu no yɛ asɛm bi a Thomas Smallwood kyerɛwee wɔ August 10, 1842 no, wɔ Tocsin of Liberty, kratawa bi a na ɛkasa tia nnommumyɛ a wotintim wɔ Albany. Ɔkyerɛwee nso sɛ 1879 nhoma Sketches in the History of the Underground Railroad no kae sɛ wɔkaa asɛm no wɔ 1839 Washington atesɛm krataa mu asɛm bi mu, na nhoma no kyerɛwfo kae mfe 40 akyi sɛ ɔfaa asɛm no fii ne tirim sɛnea ɔbɛtumi[12][13].

Amanyɔsɛm

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David Ruggles between two men confronting John P. Darg

Wɔ nkoa a wɔdwane a "wɔtraa" Asase ase Keteke kwan no so fam no, wɔn mu pii buu Canada sɛ wɔn baabi a etwa to. Wobu akontaa sɛ wɔn mu bɛyɛ 30,000 kosi 40,000 kɔtraa Canada, na wɔn mu fa bae wɔ 1850 ne 1860 ntam hɔ.Afoforo nso kɔtraa aman a wɔde wɔn ho mu wɔ atifi fam[14]. Wɔkyerɛw asɛnnibea nsɛm mpempem pii a ɛfa nkoa a wɔaguan a woguan ho wɔ Ɔman Anidan Ko ne Ɔmanko no ntam[15]. Wɔ mfitiase Nkoa a Wɔadwane Mmara a wɔyɛe wɔ 1793 mu no ase no, na ɛsɛ sɛ mpanyimfo a wofi aman a wɔde wɔn ho mu boa nkoa wuranom anaa wɔn ananmusifo a wɔsan kyere wɔn a wɔaguan no, nanso aman no mmarahyɛ bagua ahorow bi baraa eyi. Mmara no maa ɛyɛɛ mmerɛw maa nkoa wuranom ne wɔn a wɔkyere nkoa sɛ wɔbɛkyere Amerikafo a wɔyɛ abibifo na wɔasan de wɔn akɔ nkoasom mu, na wɔ nsɛm bi mu no, ɛmaa wɔn kwan ma wɔde abibifo a wɔde wɔn ho no yɛɛ nkoa. Ɛsan nso maa wɔn a wɔpɛ sɛ wotu nkoa ase no ho pere wɔn sɛ wɔbɛboa nnipa a wɔde wɔn ayɛ nkoa, na ɛde aman a wɔsɔre tia nkoasom ne Asase ase Keteke kwan no nyaa nkɔsoɔ.

Akwan ne akwanhyia a wotumi fa guare

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Mmerɛ a agyanka nkoa no redwane fi nkoa mu, na wɔfaa akwan a ɛkɔ anafo de kɔ Canada, Caribbean nsupɔw so man, atɔe fam mantam a ɛwɔ United States, ne Indian man nsase so. Ebinom de, wokɔɔ anafo kɔɔ Mexico mu hwehwɛɛ wɔn ho ahofadi.[16][17] Nkɔmɔɔ pii gyinaa po so na woguaree, te sɛ Ona Judge a na ɔyɛ ɔnkoa wɔ President George Washington nkyɛn.[18]

Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ

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  1. ↑ Dr. Simon Hudson, Louise Hudson (2015-09), Winter Sport Tourism, Goodfellow Publishers, ISBN 978-1-910158-39-5, retrieved 2025-06-17 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  2. ↑ Special Resource Study, Management Concepts: Underground Railroad (in English), U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Denver Service Center, 1995, retrieved 2025-06-17
  3. ↑ What is the Underground Railroad? - Underground Railroad (U.S. National Park Service) (in English), retrieved 2025-06-17
  4. ↑ Abigail Perkiss (2022-07-15), "Epilogue", Hurricane Sandy on New Jersey's Forgotten Shore, Cornell University Press, pp. 77–86, ISBN 978-1-5017-0985-2, retrieved 2025-06-17
  5. ↑ Loren Schweninger (2020-02-26), "Underground Railroad", African American Studies, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-028002-4, retrieved 2025-06-17
  6. ↑ CRAIG MINER (2024-07-26), A Most Magnificent Machine, University Press of Kansas, ISBN 978-0-7006-3849-9, retrieved 2025-06-17
  7. ↑ J. Young (2011-11-29), "Slavery, Civil War, and Salvation: African American Slaves and Christianity, 1830-1870", Journal of American History, vol. 98, no. 3, pp. 831–832, doi:10.1093/jahist/jar425, ISSN 0021-8723, retrieved 2025-06-17
  8. ↑ L. D. Cross (2010), The Underground Railroad: the long journey to freedom in Canada, Amazing stories, Toronto: J. Lorimer & Co, ISBN 978-1-55277-581-3, OCLC 612720940, retrieved 2025-06-17
  9. ↑ "Underground Railroad", Wikipedia (in English), 2025-06-13, retrieved 2025-06-17
  10. ↑ Eber M. Pettit (1999), Sketches in the history of the underground railroad, Internet Archive, Westfield, N.Y. : Chautauqua Region Press, ISBN 978-0-9658955-3-8, retrieved 2025-06-17
  11. ↑ R. C. Smedley (2005), History of the Underground Railroad in Chester and the neighboring counties of Pennsylvania (1st ed ed.), Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, ISBN 978-0-8117-3189-8 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |edition= has extra text (help)
  12. ↑ New York Times New York City Poll, September 2003, 2004-04-21, retrieved 2025-06-17
  13. ↑ Angela F Murphy (2024-12-01), "Flee North: A Forgotten Hero and the Fight for Freedom in Slavery's Borderland", Journal of American History, vol. 111, no. 3, pp. 585–586, doi:10.1093/jahist/jaae206, ISSN 0021-8723, retrieved 2025-06-17
  14. ↑ Diane Miller (2022-10-19), "The Underground Railroad", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-932917-5, retrieved 2025-06-17
  15. ↑ Loren Schweninger (2018), Appealing for liberty: freedom suits in the South, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-066429-9 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  16. ↑ Wayback Machine, retrieved 2025-06-21
  17. ↑ J. Blaine Hudson (2015-01-09), Encyclopedia of the Underground Railroad (in English), McFarland, ISBN 978-1-4766-0230-1, retrieved 2025-06-21
  18. ↑ Tonya Russell, Nicole Dungca, Claire Healy, Julie Weil, Adrián Blanco Ramos, Leo Dominguez, Gillian Brockell (2023-10-15), "Underground Railroad's forgotten route: Thousands fled slavery by sea", The Washington Post (in American English), ISSN 0190-8286, retrieved 2025-06-21{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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