Togo’s Claims to Traditional Religious Items in German Museums
Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ Asante Twi mu
Togo a ɛrehwehwɛ sɛ wɔde n'asɔre mu nneɛma a ɛwɔ Germany tete akorae no bɛsan aba no ka Afrika amammerɛ ho nnoɔma a wɔde bɛsan aba no ho. Bere a na ɛyɛ Germanfo amammerɛ no, wɔfaa Togo amammerɛ ho nneɛma pii - titire nneɛma a wɔde yɛ ɔsom ho amanne ne amanneɛ ahodoɔ - na wɔde kɔɔ Europa wɔ nnisoɔ ase (1894-1914) mu. Ɛnnɛ, saa nneɛma yi pii da so wɔ Germany amammerɛ ho nneɛma akorae te sɛ Ethnologisches Museum a ɛwɔ Berlin ne Museum Fünf Kontinente a ɛwɔ Munich no.
Nnisoɔ berɛ ne amammerɛ a ayera
[sesa]Germany nnisoɔ a wɔ Togo so no ma wɔfaa amammerɛ mu nneɛma pii wɔ tebea a na emu yɛ den mu. Asɛmpatrɛfoɔ, asraafoɔ mpanimfoɔ, ne wɔn a na wɔhyɛ aman foforo ase no boaboaa tete nneɛma ano bere a na wɔreyɛ asraafoɔ akwantuo ahodoɔ ne nnipa a wɔwɔ hɔ no ho nhwehwɛmu no. Na saa nnoɔma yi pii yɛ kronkron ma Ewefoɔ, Minafoɔ, ne mmusua afoforɔ a wɔwɔ Togo, a ebi ne Vodun afɔremuka, ahoni a wɔde yɛ amanne, nananom nkataanim, ne amanne ho nnoɔma[1]. Ɛnyɛ honhom fam mfasoɔ nko na na saa nneɛma yi wɔ, na mmom na wɔyɛ nneɛma a ɛho hia paa wɔ ɔmanfoɔ amammuo, ayaresa, ne amanneɛ ahodoɔ a wɔyɛ wɔ baabi a wɔrekɔ mu no mu.
Togo afahyɛ a ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wɔsan de asase no ma ne aban a ɛde ne ho hyɛ mu
[sesa]Togo aban no afrɛ Germany sɛ wɔnsan mfa nyamesom ne amammerɛ ho nneɛma bi mma wɔn. Saa mmɔdenbɔ yi nyaa nkɔso bere a wɔyii Sarr-Savoy amanneɛbɔ no adi wɔ afe 2018 mu, a France aban na ɛhyɛɛ no, a ɛkaa sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔsan de Afrika amammerɛ agyapadeɛ a wɔtwaa mu wɔ nnasekyerɛ mu no ma no. Amanneɛbɔ no maa aman pii a ɛwɔ Afrika Atɔe fam, a Togo ka ho, san hwɛɛ wɔn man no mu nneɛma so, na wɔne wɔn a na wɔyɛ wɔn nkoa no yɛɛ nhyehyɛe sɛ wɔne wɔn bedi nkitaho[1].
Togo amammerɛ ne nsrahwɛ som adwuma no ne Germany nnwumakuo ne Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation (SPK) adi nkitaho afa baabi a nneɛma no fi ne ɔkwan a wɔfa so yɛ no ho. Germanfo ahyehyɛde ahorow no ayɛ nhyehyɛe de ayɛ nhwehwɛmu wɔ Afrikafo nneɛma a ɛwɔ wɔn nneɛma mu no fi ho. Sɛ nhwɛso no, Berlin tete nneɛma akorae no akyerɛ Togo nneɛma a ɛwɔ n'ahyehyɛde mu no ho nsɛm na wɔhwehwɛ sɛ ebia wɔhyɛe anaa mmara mmae no wɔ nneɛma a wɔtɔ no ho[2].
Tete nnoɔma no ne ɔsom ne asetra ho mfasoɔ
[sesa]Ɛnyɛ abakɔsɛm mu nneɛma kɛkɛ na wɔaka ho asɛm no; ɛyɛ nyamesom ne honhom fam nneɛma a ɛho hia. Wɔ Togo amammerɛ mu ɔsom ahorow mu no, wɔde Vodun nneɛma te sɛ nkonyaayi (bocio), adehunu nnwinnadeɛ, ne nananom ahoni yɛ nnoɔma a nkwa wom. Sɛ woyi wɔn fi mmeae kronkron ne asɔredan ahorow mu a, ɛkyerɛ honhom fam basabasayɛ kɛse wɔ mpɔtam a wɔwom no mu. Saa kwan yi so no, asesae nyɛ amanyɔsɛm anaa mmara mu asɛm bi kɛkɛ na mmom ɛyɛ ɔsom mu ade a ɛho hia [3].
Togofo asɔfo, atetesɛm sodifo, ne amammerɛ ho adwumayɛfo asi so dua sɛ nnoɔma yi a wɔbɛsan de aba no bɛma ɔsom no akɔ so ayɛ adwuma, na ama wɔne wɔn nananom anya asomdwoe. Nyamesom akannifo no bi kyerɛ sɛ sɛ nneɛma a ɛte saa nni hɔ a, wontumi nyɛ amanne ahorow bi, na nnipa a wɔn ho aka no mu da so ara wɔ honhom fam ɔhaw.
Amanaman ntam afoforɔ a wɔne wɔn bɛyɛ adwuma ne mmara ahyehyɛdeɛ
[sesa]Togo ne amanaman ntam ahyehyɛdeɛ te sɛ UNESCO ne ECOWAS ayɛ adwuma de rehyɛ aman a wɔagye amammerɛ agyapade no ho mmara a ɛwɔ hɔ no ase, a nea ɛka ho ne UNESCO Apam a ɛfa nneɛma a wɔde ba ɔman mu wɔ ɔkwan a ɛmfata so, ne nneɛma a wɔde kɔ amannɔne ne agyapadeɛ a wɔde kɔ aman foforɔ so a wɔagye ato hɔ a wɔmmɔ so ho mmara a wɔhyehyɛe wɔ 1970 no. Nanso, esiane sɛ wɔfaa nneɛma pii ansa na afe 1970 reba nti, wontumi mfa mmara no nni dwuma bio, na ɛma mmara no yɛ basabasa. Eyi nti, nea ɛsɛ sɛ yɛyɛ de gye yɛn sika no gyina ɔpɛ pa a yɛwɔ, abrabɔ pa ho adwene foforo a yebenya, ne apam a yɛne afoforo ayɛ so kɛseɛ[4].
Germany ada ɔpɛ foforo adi sɛ wɔbɛsan de nnwinne a wɔagye no aba ɔman no mu, sɛnea 2021 apam a wɔde bɛsan de Benin Bronzes akɔma Nigeria no kyerɛ no. Togo ani da so sɛ wobenya saa nhwɛso yi so mfasoɔ. Nhyɛsoɔ a efi Afrika aman, adwumayɛfo, ne nhomanimfo hɔ no resesa Europa tete nneɛma akorae ahorow no abrabɔ ho asɛyɛde nkakrankakra.
Ɔhaw ahodoɔ ne anidasoɔ
[sesa]Ɔhaw da so ara wɔ hɔ. Tete nneɛma akorae no bi kyerɛ sɛ wɔtɔɔ nnwinneɛ no wɔ mmara kwan so anaasɛ wɔde mae, na afoforɔ nso kyerɛ sɛ wɔn ani nnye sɛnea wɔkora nnwinneɛ no so ne sɛdeɛ wɔde sie wɔ Togo no ho. Nanso, ahofama a Togo kura wɔ honhom fam ne abrabɔ fam nnoɔma ho no hyɛ ne gyinabea den. Bere a Germany gye toom sɛ wɔadi amammerɛ mu ntɛnkyea na n'amanyɔsɛm a ɛreyɛ kɛseɛ ama nkurɔfoɔ a wɔresan aba wɔn man mu no bɛtumi ama wɔayɛ nsiesie ho nhyehyɛeɛ daakye.
Baabi a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ
[sesa]- 1 2 Mathilde Pavis, Andrea Wallace (2019), "Response to the 2018 Sarr-Savoy Report: Statement on Intellectual Property Rights and Open Access Relevant to the Digitization and Restitution of African Cultural Heritage and Associated Materials", SSRN Electronic Journal, doi:10.2139/ssrn.3378200, ISSN 1556-5068, retrieved 2025-07-30
- ↑ Deutsches Zentrum Kulturgutverluste, ed. (2019-10-08), Provenienzforschung in deutschen Sammlungen, doi:10.1515/9783110619768, retrieved 2025-07-30
- ↑ E.S. ADEWI, K. SESIME, A.D. HOUNSI, K.J.B. AMEWOTEPE, K.A. DONKATA, M.M. DZAGLI, M.A. MOHOU (2024-12-12), "RECENT ADVANCES IN ECO-FRIENDLY SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLEs FROM ECOLOGICAL SOURCES for BIOMEDICAL AND PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS", Romanian Journal of Biophysics, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 161–189, doi:10.59277/rjb.2024.4.01, ISSN 1220-515X, retrieved 2025-07-30
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Patrick J. McKeever, Margarete Patzak (2016-04-26), "UNESCO Global Geoparks - Operational Guidelines", Schriftenreihe der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften, vol. 88, pp. 23–30, doi:10.1127/sdgg/88/2016/23, ISSN 1860-1782, retrieved 2025-07-30