The Role of African Union in Repatriation of Cultural Property
Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ Asante Twi mu
African Union (AU) abɛyɛ ntamgyinafoɔ titire wɔ Afrika amammerɛ mu agyapadeɛ a wɔtwaa no aboɔ no a wɔsan de kɔ wɔn man mu no ho. Sɛ aban ahodoɔ ntam ahyehyɛdeɛ a ɛgyina hɔ ma Afrika aman no, Afrika Aman Nkabom no di dwuma titire wɔ amanyɔsɛm mu, wɔ nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔde bɛsan ama, ne amanaman ntam ayɔnkofa a wɔde bɛsan ama Afrika agyapadeɛ a wɔawia no. Saa kyɛfa yi kyerɛ sɛ AU no asi wɔn bo sɛ wɔbɛhyɛ amammerɛ mu ahosodie, amammerɛ mu ahofadie, ne Pan-Africanism.
Abakɔsɛm
[sesa]Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 ne 20 no mu no, nnisoɔ ahodoɔ a na wɔdi aman so no sisii Afrika nnoɔma a wɔde yɛɛ nnoɔma deda pii, a ɔsom mu nkae, ahemfo agyapadeɛ, nananom a wɔawuwu nkae, ne amammerɛ mu nnoɔma ka ho. Wɔde saa nneɛma yi faa nhyɛsoɔ, akodie, asɛmpatrɛ adwuma, anaa mmusua ho nhwehwɛmu mu. Ɛnnɛ, nnoɔma mpempem pii yi wɔ tete nnoɔma akorae ne ankorɛankorɛ nneɛma a wɔaboaboa ano wɔ Europa ne Amerika Atifi fam, titiriw wɔ mmeae te sɛ British Museum, Musée du quai Branly, ne Ethnological Museum of Berlin[1].
Afrika aman ayɛ mmɔden biara sɛ wɔbɛsan anya wɔn agyapade no, nanso mpɛn pii no, amammuisɛm mu tumi a wonni, mmara mu nsɛnnennen, ne sika a wonni nti, wontumi nnya nkɔso. Bere a Afrika Mmanaman Nkabom no hui sɛ ehia sɛ wɔde biakoyɛ di dwuma wɔ Afrika nyinaa no, wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu de akwankyerɛ, nkitahodi mu mmoa, ne nnipakuo a wɔboa wɔn ho anobaabae maeɛ.
Nnyinasosɛm ahodoɔ ne wiase nyinaa nhyehyɛeɛ
[sesa]Wɔ 2018 mu no, Afrika Amanaman Nkabom no nyaa nkɔsos wɔ Sarr-Savoy amanneɛbɔ a France Ɔmanpanyin Emmanuel Macron hyɛe sɛ wɔmfa Afrika amammerɛ a wɔgye fii hɔ wɔ nnɛɛmmaban mu no mma no. Saa amanneɛbɔ no maa aman pii nyaa nkɔmmɔbɔ, na ɛhyɛɛ AU nkuran ma wɔyɛɛ nhyehyɛe a wɔde bɛhwɛ so.
Wɔ afe 2020 mu no, Afrika Nkabom no gyee "Afirikafoɔ Gyinaeɛ a Wɔfa So Ma Wɔsan De Amammerɛ Ahonyade Ma" no toom, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ Afrika aman nyinaa yɛ nhyehyɛe baako a wɔde bɛsan akɔ wɔn man mu. Saa krataa yi si so dua sɛ amammerɛ agyapadeɛ nyɛ ade bi a wɔtɔn, na mmom ɛyɛ Afrika su ne nidie ho ade bi a wɔrentumi mfa mma obi[2][3].
Yei akyi no, AU no ahyehyɛ adwuma akuw na wɔne aman a wɔwom no ayɛ adwuma wɔ AU Amanneɛbɔ ne Amammerɛ ho Dwumadibea no mu, a wɔama wɔn adwuma sɛ wɔnhwɛ nkabom akwan ne wɔn a wɔhyɛ wɔn ase no ho.
Nkɔmmɔ a ɛfa amanamanmufoɔ ne mmara ho
[sesa]AU adi dwuma a ɛho hia wɔ amanaman ntam no mu denam ɔsan ho asɛm a wɔkae wɔ amanaman ntam nhyiam ahorow te sɛ UNESCO, WTO, ne Amanaman Nkabom Badwa no mu no so. Ɛtaa UNESCO 1970 apam no akyi, na ɛsan nso kyerɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔsan kyerɛ amanaman ntam mmara ase ma wɔde nneɛma a wɔfae ansa na apam no reba mu no san ma wɔn a wɔfae no[4].
Bere a Afrika Mmanaman Nkabom no de nne koro kasa no, ɛma Afrika aman nya tumi a wɔde bɛsesa nsɛm mu wɔ aman a na kan wɔyɛ wɔn nkoa no anim. Amanaman Nkabom no boa ma Afrika ne Europa aban ahorow, titiriw France, Germany, Belgium, ne United Kingdom, ne wɔn bɔ nkɔmmɔ wɔ afa abien ne afa pii, na ama wɔatumi asan de amammerɛ agyapade no ama.
Mpuntudwuma a wɔyɛ wɔ nnoɔma akorae
[sesa]Wɔ amanyɔkuo ne wɔn a wɔtaa wɔn akyi akyi akyi no, AU boa wɔn a wɔhyɛ wɔn ho so ma wotumi siesie wɔn ho ma Afrika aman sɛ wɔbɛsan de nneɛma a wɔasan de aba no asan akɔ wɔn man mu ama wɔn ho atɔ wɔn. Nnoɔma a wɔyɛ no bi ne:
- Nwoma akorae ahorow a wɔyɛ ho nhyehyɛe a wɔne ahyehyɛde te sɛ UNESCO ne ICCROM bom yɛ.
- Wɔyɛ ntetee ma adwinni ho adwumayɛfo a wɔhwɛ wɔn ho so, wɔn a wɔhwɛ nneɛma so, ne wɔn a wɔhwɛ so.
- Mmoa a wɔde ma nnwinnade ho nhwehwɛmu ne baabi a wofi ho nhwehwɛmu wɔ aman a wɔdɔm EU no mu.
- Dwumadie yi hwɛ ma sɛ wɔsan de tete nnoɔma no ba a, wɔbɔ ho ban, wotumi kɔ hɔ, na ɛboa ma nteteeɛ ne nsrahwɛ kɔ so wɔ Afrika nyinaa[5].
Pan-African nsɛnkyerɛnneɛ ne amammerɛ baakoyɛ
[sesa]Dwuma a AU di wɔ ahotɔ a wɔde ma mu no nso wɔ sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so. Ɛhyɛ Pan-Africanfo adwene a ɛne biakoyɛ, ayaresa, ne ahofadi no mu den. Amanne mu nneɛma a wɔatetew no yɛ nea ɛsen adwinni agyapade - ɛyɛ honhom fam, abakɔsɛm, ne amammuisɛm mu agyapade. Enti wɔn a wɔsan ba no ne atɛntenenee a wɔde siesie ade ne nimdeɛ ne nkae a wɔayi afi hɔ[6] wɔ ayɔnkofa mu.
Ɔhaw ahodoɔ ne akwan a wɔsɔ ano
[sesa]Ɛmfa ho nkɔsoɔ a wɔanya no, ɔhaw ahodoɔ da so wɔ hɔ. Mmara mu ahokyerɛ a ɛwɔ aman a wɔde mmoa no kɔ so, baabi a wofi ho kyerɛwtohɔ a emu yɛ mmerɛw, ne sika a wɔde ma no mu a ayɛ mmerɛ no da so ara yɛ akwansideɛ akɛseɛ. Nanso, Afrika Mmanaman Nkabom akanni no ama asɛm no ada adi wɔ wiase nyinaa, na ama Afrika aman anya nhyehyɛe a wɔde bɛbom ayɛ adeɛ.
Sɛ yɛkɔ anim a, AU kɔ so hwehwɛ sɛdeɛ a wɔde continental restitution fund, mmarahyɛ badwam afotuo, ne continental tete nnoɔma akorae anaa akorae bɛkora agyapadeɛ a wɔasan de aba no na wɔada no adi.
Baabi a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ
[sesa]- ↑ Mathilde Pavis, Andrea Wallace (2019), "Response to the 2018 Sarr-Savoy Report: Statement on Intellectual Property Rights and Open Access Relevant to the Digitization and Restitution of African Cultural Heritage and Associated Materials", SSRN Electronic Journal, doi:10.2139/ssrn.3378200, ISSN 1556-5068, retrieved 2025-07-31
- ↑ Robert B. Zoellick (2008-01-31), Remarks at the African Union Summit, Addis Ababa, doi:10.1596/29759, retrieved 2025-07-31
- ↑ Home | African Union, archived from the original on 2024-05-08, retrieved 2025-07-31
- ↑ Patrick J. McKeever, Margarete Patzak (2016-04-26), "UNESCO Global Geoparks - Operational Guidelines", Schriftenreihe der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften, vol. 88, pp. 23–30, doi:10.1127/sdgg/88/2016/23, ISSN 1860-1782, retrieved 2025-07-31
- ↑ International Council of Museums (ICOM), retrieved 2025-07-31
- ↑ "Reclaiming the spirit of culture: Native Americans and cultural restitution", Liberating Culture, Routledge, pp. 95–129, 2013-04-15, ISBN 978-0-203-38998-0, retrieved 2025-07-31