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The 1619 Project

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The 1619 Project yɛ abakɔsɛm mu abakɔsɛm mu nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔ adwuma a ɛtwe adwene si nnipa ne nsɛm a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ Amerika abakɔsɛm mu no so, a nea ɛka ho ne Patriots wɔ Amerika Ahemman no mu, Agyanom a Wɔhyehyɛɛ, ne Abraham Lincoln ne Union wɔ Ɔmanko no mu[1][2][3][4]. Nikole Hannah-Jones, a ɔyɛ The New York Times, ne The New York Times Magazine atwerɛfoɔ na wɔyɛɛ no. Ɛfa nkoayɛ ne United States asefoɔ ho asɛm[5]. Deɛ edi kan a wɔtintimii wɔ adwuma no mu no baa The New York Times Magazine a wɔtintimii wɔ Ɔsanaa bosome mu wɔ afe mpem-abien-na-du-nkron no mu[6]. Adwuma no yɛɛ nwomasua nhyehyɛeɛ, a Pulitzer Center boaa no, a akyiri yi wɔde asɛm bi, nsɛm a ɛresisi, ne podcasts kaa ho[7]. Adwuma yi abɛyɛ Amerika abakɔsɛm akodi mu asɛmti titire[8], na abakɔsɛm atwerɛfoɔ a wɔwɔ amanyɔsɛm mu benkum ne nifa nyinaa kasa tia no, na wɔn adwenem yɛ wɔn naa wɔ abakɔsɛm mu nokware no ho[3][9]. Wɔ krataa bi a wɔtintimii wɔ The New York Times mu wɔ Ɔpɛnimaa bosome wɔ afe mpem-abien-na-du-nkron mu no, abakɔsɛm atwerɛfoɔ Gordon S. Wood, James M. McPherson, Sean Wilentz, Victoria E. Bynum, ne James Oakes gyee "mmɔden biara a wɔabɔ sɛ wɔbɛka nkoasom ne nnipa mu nyiyim ho asɛm wɔ yɛn abakɔsɛm mu" no toom, na wɔkaa ho asɛm sɛ ɛyɛ "ɔmanfo som adwuma a ɛfata ayeyi na ɛho hia", nanso wɔkaa "n'adwene a emu yɛ den" wɔ "nneɛma a ɛho hia" bi a ɛwɔ adwuma no mu ho, na wɔsrɛɛ sɛ wɔnyɛ nsakrae wɔ nsɛm no mu. Nhomanimfo yi poo adwuma no mu asɛm a ɛne sɛ na nkoasom ho hia na ama Amerika Ahemman no adi kan. Bere a Jake Silverstein, The New York Times Nsɛmma Nhoma no so samufo, yii 1619 Adwuma no ano, na wampene sɛ ɔbɛyɛ nsakrae biara[10]. Wɔ Kɔtɔnimaa bosome da mu a ɛtɔ so nnan wɔ afe mpem-abien-na-aduonu mu no, Pulitzer Prize boayikuo no bɔɔ amanneɛ sɛ wɔde mpem-abien-na-aduonu Pulitzer Prize for Commentary no rema Hannah-Jones wɔ ne kyerɛwtohɔ a ɔde fii ase no ho[11][12].

Ɛho asɛm

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A 1901 illustration of the landing of the first enslaved Africans in Virginia in 1619. The White Lion is seen anchored in the background.

Wɔhyɛɛ 1619 Adwuma ase wɔ Ɔpɛnimma mpem-abien-na-du-nkron mu de kae Afrikafoɔ a wɔdii kan yɛɛ wɔn nkoa a

wɔdii kan kɔɔ Britaniafoɔ atenaeɛ a ɛwɔ Virginia no[13][14]. Wɔ afe 1619 mu no, Afrika nneduafoɔ a wɔn dodoɔ yɛ "aduonu ne kakra" baa Virginia Koloni no mu. Engiresi po so hyɛn bi a na ɛreyɛ adwuma wɔ Dutch ahyɛnsode krataa so, White Lion, faa Afrikafo aduonu - aduasa a na wɔakyere wɔn wɔ Afrika-Portugal asraafoɔ a wɔakɔto hyɛɛ Ndongo Ahennie a ɛwɔ nnɛyi Angola so no so, na ɔsii fam wɔ Point Comfort a ɛwɔ Engiresi mantam a wɔfrɛ no Virginia mu[13][15].

Ɛwom sɛ saa adwuma yi de saa bere yi gyina hɔ ma nkoasom wɔ United States amammerɛ mu de, nanso wɔn a wɔkasa tia no bi agye akyinnyeɛ[16]. Wɔde Afrikafoɔ a wodii kan de wɔn yɛɛ nkoa no baa Amerika Atifi fam wɔ afe 1526 mu[17], na wɔde Europefoɔ nkoa a wɔyɛ Native Amerikafoɔ ayɛ wɔn nkoa wɔ Columbus berɛ so wɔ afe 1493 - 1494.

Project ahodoɔ

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Adwuma a wɔyɛeɛ no de nsɛmma nhoma no mu asɛm bi hyɛɛ nkoa a wɔsan de wɔn kɔɔ Amerika no abakɔsɛm mu, wɔ afe 1619 mu bere a nnipa a wodii kan de wɔn kɔɔ Virginia a na wɔyɛ nkoa no duu hɔ no. Saa kwan a wɔfa so ka nsɛm yi kyerɛ sɛ American abakɔsɛm fi ase wɔ 1776 mu, bere a wɔhyɛɛ Independence Declaration ase, a ɛmaa United States bɛyɛɛ ɔman no, anaa bere a Pilgrimfo baa hɔ wɔ 1620 mu no[18].

Adwuma no nyaa nkɔanim ntɛmntɛm[1], na ɛkaa nsɛmma nhoma no mu nsɛm pii, ne nneɛma a ɛfa ho wɔ Times nwoma afoforɔ mu, ne sukuu adesua nhyehyɛe a wɔyɛe wɔ Pulitzer Center no ne mu[2][19]. Smithsonian mmoa so no, wɔfaa abakɔsɛm akyerɛwfo kuw bi ma wɔyɛɛ nhwehwɛmu, de yɛɛ adwuma, na wɔhwɛɛ nsɛm mu[20]. Wɔyɛɛ adwuma no wɔ tebea no mu sɛ emu nsɛm no nyinaa bɛyɛ nea efi Afrika-Amerikafo a wɔboa, na wɔhwɛ sɛ tuntum akyerɛwfo no ani so yɛ asɛm no mu asɛnhia[21].

Hwɛ nso

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Meaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ

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  1. 1 2 Table 3: Number of downloaded tweets from Twitter server by country from January 22 to May 29, 2020., retrieved 2025-06-19
  2. 1 2 Ana Stevenson (2020-10-01), "The 1619 Project, New York Times Magazine", History Australia, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 759–760, doi:10.1080/14490854.2020.1840305, ISSN 1449-0854, retrieved 2025-06-19
  3. 1 2 "Esther Popel Shaw", By Broad Potomac's Shore, University of Virginia Press, pp. 308–312, 2020-10-06, retrieved 2025-06-19
  4. ↑ Robert L. Jenkins (1994-07), "American Slavery, 1619–1877", History: Reviews of New Books, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 14–14, doi:10.1080/03612759.1994.9950874, ISSN 0361-2759, retrieved 2025-06-19 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  5. ↑ CBS News/New York Times September 11th Families Poll, August #3, 2011, 2013-01-08, retrieved 2025-06-19
  6. ↑ Report of the Brooklyn Park Commissioners : from January, 1874, to December 31, 1879, Brooklyn: Printed for the Commissioners, 1880, retrieved 2025-06-19
  7. ↑ "Front Matter", After August, University of Virginia Press, pp. I–VI, 2019-08-08, retrieved 2025-06-19
  8. ↑ "Gottlieb, Robert Adams, (29 April 1931–14 June 2023), dance and book critic; Editor-in-Chief, The New Yorker, 1987–92", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, ISBN 978-0-19-954089-1, retrieved 2025-06-19
  9. ↑ "Letters 23–30: July to December, 1840", Life in Mexico, University of California Press, pp. 229–302, 2019-12-31, retrieved 2025-06-19
  10. ↑ "The Presidency of Ronald Reagan, January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989", The New York Times on the Presidency, 1853-2008, 2300 N Street, NW, Suite 800, Washington DC 20037 United States: CQ Press, pp. 500–527, 2009, retrieved 2025-06-19{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  11. ↑ Bruce J. Evensen (2021-11-25), "Anderson, Dave (6 May 1929–4 Oct. 2018), Pulitzer Prize winning sports columnist", American National Biography Online, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7, retrieved 2025-06-19
  12. ↑ John Hohenberg (2004-12-31), "The Pulitzer Prize Story", Complete Bibliographical Manual of Books about the Pulitzer Prizes 1935-2003, DE GRUYTER SAUR, pp. 17–26, ISBN 978-3-598-30188-9, retrieved 2025-06-19
  13. 1 2 Wilhelm Rein (2019-09-13), "Niemeyer, August Hermann", Reformpädagogik als Projekt der Moderne, Brill | Schöningh, pp. 19–33, ISBN 978-3-506-78856-6, retrieved 2025-06-19
  14. ↑ "August 14, 2019 Conference Call", NASIG Newsletter, pp. 15–17, 2019-12, doi:10.34068/nasig.34.04.09, ISSN 1542-3417, retrieved 2025-06-19 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  15. ↑ "August 14, 2019 Conference Call", NASIG Newsletter, pp. 15–17, 2019-12, doi:10.34068/nasig.34.04.09, ISSN 1542-3417, retrieved 2025-06-19 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  16. ↑ FREDRICK J. STARE, VIRGINIA ARONSON (1983-09), "Nutrition Seventeen Years Ago", Nutrition Today, vol. 18, no. 5, p. 33, doi:10.1097/00017285-198309000-00006, ISSN 0029-666X, retrieved 2025-06-19 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  17. ↑ Ciara Torres-Spelliscy (2019-09-27), "When branding gets pernicious", Political Brands, Edward Elgar Publishing, ISBN 978-1-78990-182-5, retrieved 2025-06-19
  18. ↑ Edmund D. Potter (2007-09), "America's Three Regimes: A New Political History", History: Reviews of New Books, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 24–25, doi:10.1080/03612759.2007.10527121, ISSN 0361-2759, retrieved 2025-06-19 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  19. ↑ "Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh Conference of the ICTM New York City, August 8–15, 1983", Yearbook for Traditional Music, vol. 16, pp. xv–xxi, 1984, doi:10.1017/s0740155800015320, ISSN 0740-1558, retrieved 2025-06-19
  20. ↑ Andrew Marble (2019-09-17), "Only in America", Boy on the Bridge, University Press of Kentucky, pp. 9–21, ISBN 978-0-8131-7802-8, retrieved 2025-06-19
  21. ↑ New York Times New York City Poll, August 2001, 2002-03-29, retrieved 2025-06-19
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