Talking drum
- Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei ɛwɔ Asante kasa mu
| subclass of | twene  |
|---|---|
| main subject | Akan culture |
| Hornbostel-Sachs classification | 211.242.11 |
Talking drum anaa Dondo a ɛkasa yɛ sanku a ɛte sɛ dɔnhwerew a efi Afrika Atɔe fam, wobetumi de adi dwuma sɛ ɔkasa a wɔde si ananmu denam ne nne ne ne nnyigyei a wɔbɛhwɛ so de asuasua nnipa kasa mu ɛnne ne nsɛmfua a wɔde di dwuma no so.[1]
Ɛwɔ mpoma ti abien a wɔde aboa nhoma asɔw ano. Mpɛn pii no, wɔtaa bɔ no bere a wɔhyɛ obi nsa ase. Odwontofo no betumi de ne nsa ne ne nipadua ntam hama a ɔde twe no no ama no so atew.[2]
Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 18 mu no, na wɔn a wɔto mpintin a wotumi kasa no de nnyigyei ka asɛm, te sɛ amanneɛbɔ a ɛfa afahyɛ ne ahyɛde ahorow ho, wɔ akyirikyiri akyirikyiri.[2]
Din a wɔde frɛ abɛn a ɛkasa sɛnea wɔn kasa anaa wɔn man te
[sesa]| Kasa | Din |
| Akan languages (Fante, Twi, Baoule) | Dondo, Odondo |
| Bambara, Bozo, Dyula | Tamanin |
| Dagbani, Gurunsi, Moore | Lunna, Donno |
| Efik | Obodom |
| Fulani | Mbaggu, Baggel |
| Hausa | Kalangu, Dan Kar'bi |
| Songhai | Doodo |
| Serer, Wolof, Mandinka | Tama, Tamma |
| Yoruba | Dùndún, Gánga |
Abakɔsɛm
[sesa]Abɛn a ɛkasa no yɛ nnwinnade a akyɛ paa a Afrika Atɔe fam griots[3] de di dwuma, na wɔn ho abakɔsɛm wɔ Bonofo, Yorubafo, Ghana Ahemman[4] ne Hausafo mu. Yorubafo a wɔwɔ Nigeria ne Benin anafo fam atɔe fam ne Dagombafo a wɔwɔ Ghana atifi fam no nyinaa anya nnwom a wɔto a wɔfrɛ no griot no bi a ɛyɛ den paa, a wɔto no wɔ sanku so[5]
Wɔayɛ mpopaho a wotumi kasa no ahorow pii, na wɔn mu dodow no ara wɔ nea yɛaka ho asɛm wɔ atifi hɔ no ara. Ɛnkyɛ koraa na wɔn a wɔn ani gye ho sɛ wɔbɛfa saa kwan yi so ayɛ biribi foforo bi, te sɛ Dunan ne Fontomfrom. 9] Saa adansi yi gyina hɔ ma nnɛyi Afrika Atɔe fam hye no so, gye sɛ Cameroon atifi fam ne Chad atɔe fam, ne mmeae a nnipa a wɔwɔ hɔ no yɛ nnipa a wɔdɔɔso wɔ Afrika Atɔe fam aman a ɛbɛn wɔn no mu, te sɛ Kanuri, Djerma, Fulani, ne Hausa.[6]
Sererfo
[sesa]Wɔ Senegal ne Gambia abakɔsɛm mu no, tama (wɔ Serer kasa mu) yɛ nnwom bi a na Sererfo "Woong" amammerɛ mu no (sɛnea Serer mmarimaa a wɔantwa wɔn twetia no yɛ wɔn asaw no), a wɔsan frɛ no "Xaat" (wɔ Serer kasa mu).
Tama abɛn no wɔ Serer som mu ntease (a na ɛwɔ hɔ ansa na Ghana Ahemman no reba).
Sɛ akokɔ bɔ a, Xaat no bɛhome na wada kosi sɛ wɔbɛtwa no twetia, sɛ wobu no sɛ obetumi asaw wɔ Woong no mu a, tam-tam anan atwa ne ho ahyia. Perngel, Odwammaa, Qiin ne Tama. — Henry Gravrand
Sɛ yɛhwɛ abakɔsɛm mu a, na wɔboro tama (sɛ Serer junjung) no wɔ mmere soronko bi mu, te sɛ akokoakoko mu, bere a na ahemfo no pɛ sɛ wɔkasa kyerɛ wɔn manfo no, ne bere a na Serer man mu no, na wɔfrɛ no martyrdom, te sɛ ɔsɛe a esii wɔ Tahompa (afeha a ɛto so 19 mu ) ne Naoudourou ɔko no, baabi a Serers a wɔadi nkogu no kunkum wɔn ho sen sɛ wɔbɛhyɛ wɔn ma wɔadi wɔn so anaasɛ wɔbɛhyɛ wɔn ma wɔabɛsom Islam. Sererfo som mu no, sɛ obi kunkum ne ho a, ɛsɛ sɛ odi Sererfo mmara a ɛne Jom (hwɛ Sererfo som). Asɛmfua "Jom" kyerɛ "anuonyam" wɔ Serer kasa mu.[7]
Yorubafo
[sesa]Ayangalu
[sesa]Wogye di sɛ Ayangalu ne Yoruba sankubɔfo a odi kan. Bere a owui no, wɔsom no sɛ nyame, enti seesei wɔkan no wɔ Orishafo no mu. Yorubafo som akyidifo gye di sɛ ɔyɛ wɔn a wɔto sanku no nyinaa honhom, na sɛ ɔyɛ sankufo a ɔhyɛ wɔn nkuran ma wɔto sanku yiye. Asɛmfua "Ayan" kyerɛ odumfo wɔ Yoruba kasa mu. Eyi nti na Yoruba abusua mu din bi wɔ Ayan, te sɛ Ayanbisi, Ayangbade, Ayantunde, Ayanwande, ne nea ɛkeka ho. Saa asɛm yi kyerɛ sɛ wɔn a wɔde saa asɛm yi ka wɔn ho no yɛ Ayangalu ahintasɛm no ho ahwɛfo.[8]
Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 20 no mu no, abɛn a ɛkasa bɛyɛɛ nnwom a agye din wɔ Afrika Atɔe Fam. Wɔde di dwuma wɔ Mbalax nnwom a ɛwɔ Senegal ne Fuji ne Jùjú nnwom a ɛwɔ Nigeria mu (ɛhɔ na wɔfrɛ no dù, a ɛnsɛ sɛ wɔde toto Dundun bass drum a ɛwɔ Mandéfo mu no ho).[8]
Wɔsan de abɛn a ɛkasa no di dwuma wɔ afahyɛ ahorow te sɛ ayeforohyia, ayiyɛ, ne ankorankoro dwumadi ahorow mu. Nea ɛho hia sen biara no, Afrika nnwontofo akuw taa de di dwuma sɛ wɔn nnwom nnyigyei afã.[8]
Sɛnea Wɔfa So De Di Agoru
[sesa]
Wɔsesae bɔt no nnyigyei sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɛbɛyɛ te sɛ kasa. Wɔyɛ eyi denam tensile a wɔde to drumhead no so a wɔsakra so: wɔde tensile cord a edi nsɛ na ɛbɔ drumheads a ɛne wɔn ani nhyia no. Wɔkyekyere sanku no abɔso ne ne mparow ntam, enti sɛ wɔkyekyere sanku no so a, etumi yɛ den, na ɛma etumi bɔ nnwom a ɛbɔ nnwom a ɛbɔ nnwom a ɛbɔ nnwom a ɛbɔ nnwom a ɛbɔ nnwom no; wobetumi asesa sanku no nnyigyei bere koro mu ma etumi bɔ nnwom a ɛbɔ nnwom no. Enti otum no betumi akyerɛ sɛnea nnipa kasa yɛ den, ne sɛnea ɛbɔ kɔ akyiri, nanso entumi nkyerɛ sɛnea ɛnne nkyerɛwde a ɛwɔ kasa mu te anaa sɛnea ɛnne nkyerɛwde foforo te.[6]
Europafo huu sɛnea wɔtaa bɔ sanku a etumi kasa no wɔ afeha a ɛto so 18 no fã a edi kan mu. Ná wotumi de nkrasɛm a emu da hɔ fi akuraa biako mu kɔ akuraa foforo mu ntɛmntɛm sen sɛ obi de ka pɔnkɔ mu. Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 mu no, Roger T. Clarke a ɔyɛ ɔsɛmpatrɛwfo no hui sɛ "nsɛnkyerɛnne ahorow no gyina hɔ ma nsɛmfua a ɛwɔ nsɛm a wɔtaa ka mu a ɛyɛ anwensɛm no.[6]
Afrika kasa bebree yɛ tonal; kyerɛ sɛ, ɛnne no ho hia paa wɔ asɛmfua bi nkyerɛase mu. Sɛ nhwɛso no, Yoruba kasa no wɔ nnyigyei atitiriw abiɛsa, a emu yɛ duru, emu yɛ duru, ne emu yɛ duru, a ɛte sɛ nea wɔto so wɔ Sol-fa no mu no. Wɔfrɛ no do, re, ne mi; na wɔde nnyigyei ahorow abiɛsa no mu nnyigyei ahorow di dwuma de kyerɛ nsɛm ahorow. Dwumadi nhyehyɛe koro no ara a ɛfa nnyigyei atitiriw abiɛsa ne wɔn nnyigyei ahorow ho no fa sɛnea bɔre no kasa wɔ Yoruba nnwom ne amammerɛ mu no ho. Nanso, Serer kasa ne ne busuani Senegambian kasa ahorow no nni nnyigyei te sɛ Niger-Congo kasa ahorow a aka no.[6]
Ɔhaw no ne sɛnea wɔbɛka nsɛm a emu yɛ den a wɔmfa ɛnne nkyerɛwde anaa nkyerɛwde foforo biara nka ho, na mmom wɔde nne kɛkɛ na aka ho asɛm. John F. Carrington, wɔ ne nhoma The Talking Drums of Africa, a ɔkyerɛwee wɔ afe 1949 mu no, kyerɛkyerɛɛ sɛnea na Afrika abɛnbɔfo tumi de nsɛm a emu yɛ den di nkitaho wɔ akyirikyiri. Bere a drummer no de nnyigyei a emu yɛ den a wɔfrɛ no mmarima nnyigyei ne mmea nnyigyei a emu yɛ den di dwuma no, otumi de nsɛmfua ne nkakrankakra a etumi kɔ akyiri bɛboro kilomita 4 kɔsi 5 no di nkitaho. Ɛtumi gye bere tenten sen sɛ obi bɛkyerɛ asɛm bi mu, nanso na ɛyɛ papa sɛ wɔbɛka atoyerɛnkyɛm anaa amanne bi a ɛrekɔ so ho asɛm akyerɛ nkuraase a ɛbɛn hɔ. Ohui sɛ wɔde asɛmfua foforo bi ka asɛm tiawa biara a wɔbɔ wɔ abɛn no so no ho, na ɛno de, sɛ obi rekasa a, ɛremma asɛm no so, nanso ɛma abɛn no nnyigyei no nya biribi yɛ.[6]
Nneɛma a wɔayɛ no ho nsɛm a ɛkɔ akyiri
[sesa]Ɛsono sɛnea sanku no kɛse te wɔ mmusuakuw ahorow mu, nanso ne nyinaa di mfitiase nhyehyɛe koro no ara akyi.[9]
Tama a Serer, Wolof ne Mandinkafo ka ho no, ne kɛse yɛ ketewaa bi, na ne tenten yɛ 13 Sɛntimita a ne ti no tenten yɛ 7 Sɛntimita. Eyi ma ɛnne a ano yɛ den sen nea ɛwɔ dade a ɛte sɛ ɛno ara mu a etumi kasa.[9]
Yorubafo ne Dagombafo nso wɔ wɔn Lunna ne Dù Dùng ensembles a wɔn ano yɛ duru sen biara, a ne tenten yɛ 23-38 Sɛntimita na ne ti no mu trɛw yɛ 10 ne 18 Sɛntimita. Wɔ Yoruba nnwontofo akuw a wɔto mpintin a wɔde kasa no mu no, wɔde mpintin akɛse yi ne mpintin nketewa a ɛte sɛ Tama, a wɔfrɛ no Gangan wɔ Yoruba kasa mu no bom yɛ adwuma[9]
Sɛnea wɔbɔ no
[sesa]
Nnwom a wɔto no ne sɛnea wɔbɔ sanku no ne kasa biara mu nnyigyei ahorow di nsɛ. Nsonsonoe a ɛda adi wɔ sɛnea wɔbɔ nnwom mu wɔ mmeae a Fulani ne Mandefo dodow no ara te, ne mmeae a na wɔtaa bɔ nnwom wɔ apuei fam no.[10][8]
Nnwom a wɔto wɔ mmeae bi a ɛwɔ atɔe fam te sɛ Senegal, Gambia, atɔe fam Mali, ne Guinea no yɛ nea wɔto no ntɛmntɛm, na wɔto no tiawa wɔ nnwom a wɔto no bere a wɔto nnwom no mu no, na ɛne kasa ahorow a wɔnte no wɔ hɔ no hyia. Eyi yɛ nkyerɛwde a wɔtaa te wɔ Mbalax nnwom a ɛwɔ Senegal no mu.[11] `[8]
Wɔ mmusuakuw bi mu no, na wɔde "bɔre din" ma onipa biara a wobetumi de akyerɛkyerɛ nsɛm mu tẽẽ akyerɛ nnipa pɔtee bi. Nhwɛso ahorow a efi Bulufo a wɔwɔ Cameroon hɔ no bi ne "Sɛ wohyɛ ntade a ɛyɛ fɛ mpo a, ɔdɔ ne ade koro pɛ no" anaa "Dua mu ɔbran kɛse no nni ba, ofie ɔbran no nni ba". Wɔn a wɔbobɔ sanku a wotumi kasa no de obi a wɔrebɛbɔ sanku no din ne nea ɔrebɔ sanku no din ne asɛm a wɔrebɛbɔ no na na ɛbɔ.[3][8]
Baabi a Menya mmoa firiiɛ
[sesa]- ↑ Livia Gershon, How Does the West African Talking Drum Accurately Mimic Human Speech? (in English), retrieved 2026-05-15
- 1 2 Talking Drum (in English), retrieved 2026-05-15
- 1 2 Kassoumay - Instruments traditionnels de musique du Sénégal et de la Casamance, archived from the original on 2012-07-05, retrieved 2026-05-15
- ↑ Eva Lewin Richter Meyerowitz (1958), The Akan of Ghana, Their Ancient Beliefs (in English), Faber & Faber, retrieved 2026-05-15
- ↑ player_list
- 1 2 3 4 5 Mikael Hård (2023), "Communicating and Trading in West Africa: Talking Drums and Pack Animals", Microhistories of Technology, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 43–70, ISBN 978-3-031-22812-4, retrieved 2026-05-15
- ↑ The Nation (2016-04-09), ‘My life as an editor and gangan drummer’ (in American English), retrieved 2026-05-15
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 BBC Audio | The Forum | The talking drums of West Africa (in British English), retrieved 2026-05-15
- 1 2 3 "Drum History - Talking Drums", Talking Drums (in American English), retrieved 2026-05-15
- ↑ "Mbalax", Grove Music Online (in American English), doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000051499, retrieved 2026-05-15
- ↑ "Mbalax", Grove Music Online (in American English), doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000051499, retrieved 2026-05-15