Return of Ancient Egyptian Mummies from U.S. Museums
Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ Asante Twi mu
Tete Egyptfoɔ funu ahodoɔ a wɔkora a wɔsan de firii U.S. akorae ahodoɔ mu no yɛ dwumadie a ɛde nsesaeɛ baeɛ a ɛfa amammerɛ agyapadeɛ no ho no mu. Mfe pii a atwam no, Amerika tete nneɛma akorae ahodoɔ gyee Egyptfoɔ adamoa ne nnoɔma a wɔde siee awufoɔ no de kyerɛe sɛ ɛyɛ tete amammerɛ ahodoɔ ho nnoɔma. Nanso, nsrahwɛ a ɛrekɔ so a wɔhwehwɛ sɛ wɔte nnommum ase, nnoɔma a wɔyɛ wɔ tete nnoɔma mu, ne amammerɛ mu atɛntenenee a ɛwɔ aman nyinaa so no ama aban ahodoɔ ne ahyehyɛdeɛ ahodoɔ no asusu mmara ne abrabɔ pa a ɛwɔ nnipa nnompe a ɛte saa a wɔde sie mu no ho[1][2].
Abakɔsɛm a Ɛfa Funu Ahodoɔ a Wɔkora a Wonyae Ho
[sesa]Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 ne afeha a ɛto so 20 no mfitiaseɛ nyinaa mu no, Europafoɔ ne Amerikafoɔ a wɔboaboa nneɛma ano, tetefo a wotutu fam hwehwɛ tetefo nneɛma mu, ne wɔn a wɔhwehwɛ akwantu mu no yii Egyptfo adamoa mpempem pii fii adamoa mu, baabi a wosie awufo, ne baabi a wosie awufo. Mpɛn pii no, na Egypt atumfoɔ anaa nnipa a wɔwɔ ɔman no mu gye wɔn tom na na wɔboa wɔn ma wɔyɛ saa. Nea nwomanimfoɔ frɛ no "Egyptomania", a na wɔhwɛ sɛ wɔrekyerɛ funu ahodoɔ a wɔkora wɔ afie mu, na wɔtete mu wɔ badwam" wɔn a wɔretwe nnoɔma mu, na wɔda no adi wɔ atɔeɛ fam tete nnoɔma akorae ahodoɔ mu sɛ nnoɔma a ɛyɛ nwanwa[3] mu.
Wɔ United States no, ahyehyɛde ahorow te sɛ Metropolitan Museum of Art a ɛwɔ New York, Field Museum a ɛwɔ Chicago, ne Smithsonian Institution a ɛwɔ Washington, D.C. no nyaa nneɛma a wɔde tete Egyptfoɔ nneɛma a aka, a nnipa nnompe a aka ka ho. Saa nneɛma yi mu pii wɔ hɔ a, na mmara mma wɔn kwan sɛ wɔbɛyɛ, na na wɔyɛ saa ansa na UNESCO ahyehyɛde no rehyɛ mmara anaa bere a na wɔretutu fam no, na wɔn nsa aka tumi krataa deda[4].
Asetena Fam ne Mmara Mu Haw Ahodoɔ a Wɔhyiaeɛ
[sesa]Nnipa nnompe a wɔakora so a wɔde sie na wɔda no adi no anya nnipa pii a wɔkasa tia no wɔ abrabɔ fam, mmara mu, ne amammerɛ mu. Egypt atumfoɔ kyerɛ sɛ mummies no nyɛ nneɛma, na mmom wɔyɛ nananom a ɛsɛ sɛ wobu wɔn na wɔda obu adi kyerɛ wɔn. Nhomanimfo ne wɔn a wɔpere sɛ wɔbɛkora mummies so wɔ ananafo tete nneɛma akorae mu no hyɛ wɔn aniwu na ɛma amammerɛ amammerɛ a na wɔfa Egypt agyapadeɛ sɛ biribi a wɔde di dwuma wɔ Atɔe fam no kɔ so[5].
Afe 1970 mu no, UNESCO Amanaman Nkabom no hyɛɛ mmara sɛ wɔmmfa amammerɛ ho nneɛma nnkɔ ɔman foforo so, wɔmmfa nnkɔ ɔman foforo so, na wɔmmfa ne nsesa nso mma ɔman foforo so. Efi saa bere no, Misraim de saa kwan yi adi dwuma de rehyɛ nkurɔfo nkuran ma wɔasan de funu ahodoɔ a wɔkora ne tete nneɛma foforɔ afi tete nneɛma akorae ahodoɔ a ɛwɔ wiase nyinaa aba.
Nnansa Yi a Nnoɔma a Wɔsan De Ba
[sesa]Wɔ mfeɛ kakra a atwam mu no, U.S. tete nneɛma akorae ahorow bi fi wɔn pɛ mu asan de mummies ne nneɛma foforɔ a wɔde kyekyeree ade a wɔakyekyere no ama, de adi mmara mu nsɛm a wɔhwehwɛ ne abrabɔ fam ahiade ahorow ho dwuma.
Asɛm bi a ɛda nso sii wɔ afe 2021 mu, berɛ a Michael C. Carlos Nnoɔma Akorae a ɛwɔ Emory Sukuupɔn mu no san de abofra bi a wɔakyekyere ne nneɛma a wɔde yɛ ayi kɔmaa Egyptfoɔ. Gyinae no bae bere a wɔhwɛɛ baabi a wofi bae ho kyerɛwtohɔ no mu na wɔne Egypt Nsrahwɛ ne Tete Nneɛma Asoɛe yɛɛ nhyehyɛeɛ tẽẽ. Tete nnoɔma akorae no gye toom sɛ, sɛ wɔsan de nkae no ba a, ɛne abrabɔ pa ho gyinapɛn hyia, na ɛne n'adwuma a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛhyɛ amammerɛ agyapadeɛ no anuonyam no hyia[6][7].
Saa ara nso na Saint Louis Science Center, a na wɔakora mummies sɛ akwantu ada no bi no, ne Egypt atumfoɔ yɛɛ adwuma de hwɛe sɛ wɔbɛsan de nnompe biara a na wonni nkrataa a ɛfata no ama wɔn[8]. Ɛwom sɛ ahyehyɛdeɛ ahodoɔ bi da so ara kasa tia sɛ wɔbɛsan de nnompe a ɛte saa no ama, na wɔka ho asɛm sɛ ɛyɛ ntetee anaa ahobammɔ ho asɛm de, nanso nnipa pii rebɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛsan ama.
Egypt Aban Asɛdeɛ
[sesa]Egypt aban no, ne titiriw no, ɛnam mmɔdemmɔ a Ɔman a Ɛhwɛ Tete Nneɛma so a Ɔkorɔn no ne ne dwumadibea a ɛhwɛ sɛ wɔsan de nneɛma no bɛba ɔman no mu no so no, adi kan ayɛ nhyehyɛe a wɔde bɛsan de nneɛma no aba ɔman no mu, akyerɛw tete nneɛma a ayera no din, na wɔabɔ wɔn sobo wɔ mmara mu. Minister of Antiquities kannifo, Zahi Hawass, kaa no denneennen sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔsan de Egypt amammerɛ agyapadeɛ no ba, na ɔkaa sɛ ɛnsɛ sɛ wɔsan de mummies no ba hɔ ma nyansahu ne abakɔsɛm ntia, na mmom sɛ wɔde bɛsan ama ɔman no ahohoahoa ne wɔn nananom nidie[9].
Egypt nso ama ɔman no mmara a ɛfa tete nneɛma a wɔde kɔ aman foforo so ne nea wɔde kɔ aman foforo so no mu ayɛ den, na ama ayɛ mmerɛw sɛ obi de asɛm no bɛkɔ akɔto aman foforo so asɛnnibea. Anuanom a wɔne Interpol ne UNESCO ayɛ adwuma no ama mmɔden a wɔrebɔ yi atu mpɔn kɛse, na ama wɔatumi anya nneɛma a wɔakyekyere no pii, a funu ahodoɔ a wɔkora ka ho, wɔ mfe aduonu a atwam no mu[10].
Ɔhaw ahodoɔ Ne Nea Ɛbɛba Daakye
[sesa]Tete Misraimfo mummies a wɔsan de fii United States tete nneɛma akorae mu no kyerɛ biribi a ɛsen honam fam nneɛma a wɔasan de ama. Ɛkyerɛ nsakrae a ɛrekɔ so wɔ wiase nyinaa wɔ adwene a nkurɔfo kura wɔ sɛnea wɔhwɛ nnipa nnompe a wɔawuwu, agyapade a wɔboaboa ano wɔ tete mmere mu, ne asɛde a ɛda tete nneɛma akorae so wɔ afeha a ɛto so 21 mu no ho. Wɔ Egypt no, saa nneɛma yi boa ma wɔsan siesie wɔn amammerɛ ne wɔn agyapadeɛ, te sɛ Egypt Tete Nneɛma Akorae Kɛse a ɛwɔ Giza no.
Wɔ Amerika nnwumakuo fam no, wɔn a wɔsan kɔ wɔn man mu no kyerɛ sɛ wɔresusuw sɛnea wɔn nneɛma a wɔaboaboa ano no fa abrabɔ ho no ho yiye. Seesei nnwumakuo ahodoɔ no resusuw nneɛma a wɔde kyerɛ no ho, na wɔrekyerɛkyerɛ nneɛma a ɛfa amammerɛ ho yiye, na wɔne aman a wofi mu ba no reyɛ adwuma.
Ɛmfa ho ne ɔhaw a ɛrekɔ so - te sɛ baabi a wɔfiri ho kyerɛtohɔ a enni mu ne ahyehyɛdeɛ ahodoɔ a wɔmpɛ sɛ wɔyɛ - no, amanaman ntam ayɔnkofa, mmara mu nhyehyɛe, ne ɔmanfo nhyɛso da adi sɛ ɛyɛ nnwinnade a mfaso wɔ so ma amammerɛ mu nsiesie.
Mmoano
[sesa]Tete Egyptfo mummies a wɔsan de fii U.S. tete nneɛma akorae hɔ no yɛ adeyɛ a tumi wom a ɛkyerɛ amammerɛ mu atɛntrenee, na ɛboa ma wɔde tete nneɛma a ɛwɔ hɔ nnɛ te sɛ nidi, obu, ne amanaman ntam biakoyɛ di dwuma. Bere a Egypt kɔ so hwehwɛ n'agyapade no, saa nneɛma a wɔde ma no yi ma yehu sɛ amammerɛ mu agyapade nyɛ obi agyapade kɛkɛ, na mmom ɛyɛ onipa, nnipa, ne abakɔsɛm mu nokware.
Baabi a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ
[sesa]- ↑ U.S. Museum to Return Ramses I Mummy to Egypt, retrieved 2025-07-14
- ↑ Return of Ancient Egyptian Mummies from U.S. Museums (in English), retrieved 2025-07-14
- ↑ "Unchanging ethics in a changing world", Museums, Ethics and Cultural Heritage, Routledge, pp. 153–162, 2016-07-07, ISBN 978-1-315-56015-1, retrieved 2025-07-14
- ↑ Donald Malcolm Reid (2002-02-12), Whose Pharaohs?, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-93079-7, retrieved 2025-07-14
- ↑ "Unchanging ethics in a changing world", Museums, Ethics and Cultural Heritage, Routledge, pp. 153–162, 2016-07-07, ISBN 978-1-315-56015-1, retrieved 2025-07-14
- ↑ Peter Lacovara, Salima Ikram, Bob Brier, Margaret Leveque, Renée Stein (2015-01), "An Egyptian Mummy of the Late Old Kingdom in the Michael C. Carlos Museum, Emory University", Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 65–74, doi:10.5913/jarce.51.2015.a003, ISSN 0065-9991, retrieved 2025-07-14
{{citation}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ News | Emory University | Atlanta GA (in English), retrieved 2025-07-14
- ↑ Monica Hanna (2022-03-07), "Repatriating Cultural Identity", Edition Museum, Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag, pp. 87–102, ISBN 978-3-8376-5514-8, retrieved 2025-07-14
- ↑ Daniel Arpagaus (2021), "[Review of] José M. Galán & Gema Menéndez, Deir el-Medina Stelae and other Inscribed Objects, Catalogue General of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo Nos. 35001–35066, Cairo: The Supreme Council of Antiquities Press 2018", Lingua Aegyptia - Journal of Egyptian Language Studies, no. 29, pp. 309–319, doi:10.37011/lingaeg.29.12, ISSN 0942-5659, retrieved 2025-07-14
- ↑ UNESCO (2007-01-01), "Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property Paris, 14 November 1970", Standard-Setting at UNESCO, Brill | Nijhoff, pp. 103–111, ISBN 978-90-04-16454-3, retrieved 2025-07-14