Repatriation of Dogon Masks from France to Mali

Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ Asante Twi mu

Dogonfoɔ nkataanim a wɔsan de firi France de aba Mali no yɛ adeɛ titire wɔ wiase nyinaa anamɔn a wɔretu afa wɔn a wɔresan aba wɔn man mu no wɔ Afrika amammerɛ agyapadeɛ no mu. Saa nkataanim yi, a ɛho hia paa wɔ Dogonfoɔ honhom fam ne asetena mu no, wɔyii no wɔ nnisoɔ mmerɛ mu ne fahodie akyi mmerɛ mu, mpɛn pii no, wɔ tebea a wɔde di dwuma anaa wɔmmɔ ho dawuru mu. France de Dogonfoɔ nkataanim pii asan akɔma Mali no kyerɛ sɛ wɔagye Afrikafoɔ amammerɛ, abrabɔ, ne honhom fam fahodie a wɔwɔ wɔ wɔn agyapadeɛ ne wɔn amammerɛ ho no atom^[1].

Henanom Ne Dogonfoɔ No?

Dogonfoɔ yɛ abusuakuo bi a wɔn mu dodoɔ no ara te Bandiagara Escarpment mantam a ɛwɔ Mali mfinimfini. Wɔnim wɔn yie wɔ wiase nyinaa wɔ wɔn nkataanim, nnua a wɔasen, nananom a wɔawuwu som, ne wɔn gyidie ahodoɔ a emu yɛ den a ɛfa amansan no ho no ho. Dogon nkataboa no nyɛ adwinnie ho nnoɔma kɛkɛ; ɛyɛ nnoɔma kronkron a wɔde di dwuma wɔ Dama ayiyɛ mu, a ɛkyerɛ awufoɔ akra kwan kɔ owuo akyi asetena mu na ɛma nnoɔma kɔ so wɔ kwan a ɛfata so^[2].

Nkataanim ahodoɔ bɛboro 70 na ɛwɔ hɔ, na emu biara gyina hɔ ma ahonhom, mmoa, anaa nananom a wɔwɔ tumi ahodoɔ. Wɔn a wɔagye din paa no bi ne Kanaga, Satimbe, ne Sirige nkataanim, a wɔtaa yɛ no nnua mu na wɔde abɔde mu nneɛma a ɛyɛ kɔkɔɔ hyehyɛ ho. Ahonhonsɛm akuw mufo na wɔsaw saa nkataanim yi, na ɛka Dogonfoɔ atetesɛm ne wɔn honhom fam nneɛma a ɛwɔ amansan no mu no ho kɛseɛ.

Dogon Nkataanim a Wɔyi: Nnisoɔ berɛ mu ne nnisoɔ Akyi Nnwumakuo a Wɔdaadaa Wɔn

Berɛ a Francefoɔ dii tumi wɔ Mali (a na ɛyɛ Francefo Sudan no fa saa berɛ no) no, nnipa ne amammerɛ ho animdefoɔ, asɛmpatrɛfoɔ, wɔn a wɔboaboa nnoɔma ano, ne wɔn a na wɔhwɛ aman no so no nyaa Dogonfoɔ nkataanim ne nnoɔma a wɔde yɛ amanneɛ pii. Berɛ a wɔtɔɔ ebinom anaa wɔde akyɛdeɛ maa ebinom no, wɔfaa pii a na wɔnni nkrataa a ɛfata, na wɔnni wɔn ho abotare, anaa wonni amammerɛ ho nteaseɛ. Afrika adwinneɛ a na ɛredɔɔso wɔ Europa dwa so no maa wɔn a na wɔhwehwɛ adwinneɛ no firii wɔn mpɔtam hɔ^[3].

Franseni abakɔsɛm twerɛfoɔ Marcel Griaule, a odii aman pii anim kɔɔ Mali wɔ afe 1931 ne 1956 ntam no yɛɛ adwuma kɛse de yɛɛ twerɛtohɔ na ɔboaboaa Dogon amammerɛ mu nnoɔma ano. Berɛ a n'adwuma no maa nwomanimfoɔ nyaa Dogon nsoromma ho nimdeɛ kɛseɛ no, wɔn a wɔkasa tia no kyerɛ sɛ ɛno nso boa maa wɔde nnoɔma a ɛyɛ kronkron dii dwuma sɛ adwadeɛ na wɔyii no firii hɔ maa Atɔeɛ famfoɔ^[4]^[1].

Ne saa nti, afei de Dogonfoɔ nkataanim no pii wɔ France tete nneɛma akorae ahodoɔ mu, a Musée du quai Branly - Jacques Chirac, Muséum d - Histoire Naturelle, ne ankorɛankorɛ nnoɔma a wɔaboaboa ano ka ho^[1].

Mmɔden a France rebɔ sɛ wɔbɛsan de wɔn akɔ wɔn kurom ne Dogonfo nkataanim ahodoɔ

Berɛ a nnipa pii reka sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔsan de nneɛma no ma wɔn no, France hyɛɛ Sarr-Savoy Report (2018) no sɛ wɔnkyerɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde Afrika agyapadeɛ a wɔgye firii hɔ berɛ a na wɔdi amammerɛ ase no san ma wɔn. Saa amanneɛbɔ yi akyi no, Ɔmanpanin Emmanuel Macron bɔɔ amanneɛ sɛ France bɛfiri ase de Afrika amammerɛ agyapadeɛ aba^[5]^[6].

Ɛwom sɛ na nnipa pii ani gye tete nneɛma a wɔasan de aba Benin ne Senegal no ho de, nanso Mali nso anya bi. Wɔ afe 2021 mu no, France de tete nneɛma pii, a Dogon nkataanim ka ho, maa Mali sɛ amammerɛ mu nhyehyɛe kɛse bi. Wɔpaw saa nnoɔma yi wɔ abakɔsɛm ho twerɛtohɔ ne honhom mu mfaso a ɛwɔ so^[7]^[8].

Wɔmaa Dogonfo nkataanim a wɔsan de wɔn baa ɔman no mu no akwaaba wɔ amanneɛ ahodoɔ mu wɔ Bamako, a Dogon mpanimfoɔ ne honhom mu akannifoɔ ka ho. Wɔanhunu sɛ wɔn a wɔsan bae no yɛ amammerɛ ho nnoɔma a wɔsan de bae kɛkɛ, na mmom wɔsan hunuu nkurɔfoɔ no ne wɔn nananom a na wɔhwɛ wɔn so no wɔ honhom fam.

Mfasoɔ a ɛwɔ wɔn a wɔresan de wɔn aba wɔn man mu so

Dogonfoɔ nkataanim no a wɔsan baeɛ no kyerɛ nneɛma pii:

Amammerɛ mu Nsakraeɛ: Ɔman mu a wɔsan kɔ no boa ma Dogonfoɔ som ne wɔn adwinne mu nneyɛe no nya nkɔsoɔ, titire berɛ a mmabunu a wɔwɔ hɔ no san ne wɔn nananom nimdeɛ bɔ.
Honhom mu Ayaresa: Wɔ Dogonfoɔ fam no, nkataanim nyɛ adwinni bi - ɛyɛ abɔdeɛ a ɛyɛ kronkron. Sɛ wɔsan ba a, ɛma nkurɔfoɔ tumi yɛ amanneɛ ahodoɔ a na enni mu anaasɛ na nnoɔma yi nni hɔ nti, wɔantumi anyɛ no.
Ɔman mu ahosodie ne amammerɛ mu fahodie: Wɔ Mali fam no, amammerɛ mu nnoɔma a wɔde asan aba no boa ma wɔsan nya abakɔsɛm, tumidi, ne ahantan wɔ mfeɛ pii a wɔde atwe wɔn ho afiri amammerɛ ho no akyi.
Museum Ethics: Dogon asɛm no yɛ nsakrae a aba wɔ wiase nyinaa akorae mu no ho nhwɛso fi tete nneɛma a wɔkora so na wɔda no adi kɔ abrabɔ mu asɛdeɛ ne amammerɛ mu ayɔnkofa ho.

Ɔhaw ahodoɔ ne kwan a wobɛfa so asɔ ano

Ɛmfa ho nkonimdi yi no, Dogonfo nkataanim ne nneɛma a ɛfa ho no pii da so wɔ France ne Atɔe fam aman afoforo mu. Nsɛnnennen titiriw no bi ne:

Baabi a ɛfiri: Nneɛma pii nni ho kyerɛwtohɔ a emu da hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea wonyaa bi.
Mmara mu ahyehyεde: Francefo mmara mma kwan sɛ wobegye nneɛma bi a ɛwɔ ɔmanfo nneɛma a wɔaboaboa ano no, gye sɛ wodii mmara soronko bi so.
Ahobammɔ ne mfitiase nhyehyɛe wɔ Mali: Nneɛma a wɔde kɔ ɔman foforo so no hia baabi a ɛfata a wɔde bɛhwɛ so ne ahobammɔ.

Nanso, nnipa pii pɛ sɛ wɔyɛ amammerɛ ho amanne, a ɛka ho ne bere tenten a wɔde bɛgye bosea, nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ bom, ne nneɛma a wɔda no adi a ɛma nkurɔfo tumi kɔ hɔ na wonya nimdeɛ.

Mmoano

Dogonfo nkataanim a wɔsan de fi France de aba Mali no yɛ ade titire wɔ wiase nyinaa mmɔden a wɔrebɔ sɛ wɔbɛyi amammerɛ agyapadeɛ no afiri wɔn nsam no mu. Wɔ Dogonfoɔ fam no, ɛyɛ honhom fam nsiesie ne amammerɛ mu ayɔnkofa. Wɔ Mali fam no, ɛyɛ ɔman no ahofadie ne abakɔsɛm mu atɛntrenee ho sɛnkyerɛnne. Wɔ France fam no, ɛyɛ amammerɛ mu mfomso ahorow a wogye tom na wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ daakye a atɛntrenee wom wɔ amammerɛ mu abusuabɔ mu mu. Bere a nneɛma a wɔsan de maa wɔn a wɔsɛee wɔn no rekɔ so no, Dogonfo nkataanim no gyina hɔ sɛ Afrika amammerɛ a ɛtra hɔ daa no ho sɛnkyerɛnne a tumi wom.

Baabi a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ

1 2 3 Dogon Mask (in English), 2019-09-09, retrieved 2025-07-15
↑ Sylvester A. Sieber, Daryll Forde (1955-03), "African Worlds. (Studies in the Cosmological Ideas and Social Values of African Peoples)", The American Catholic Sociological Review, vol. 16, no. 1, p. 74, doi:10.2307/3709072, ISSN 0362-515X, retrieved 2025-07-15 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
↑ "Autour d'un livre", Politique africaine, vol. N° 103, no. 3, pp. 161–173, 2006-10-01, doi:10.3917/polaf.103.0161, ISSN 0244-7827, retrieved 2025-07-15
↑ Kelsey R. Wrightson (2017-03), "The Limits of Recognition: The Spirit Sings , Canadian Museums and the Colonial Politics of Recognition", Museum Anthropology (in English), vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 36–51, doi:10.1111/muan.12129, ISSN 0892-8339, retrieved 2025-07-15 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
↑ Mathilde Pavis, Andrea Wallace (2019), "Response to the 2018 Sarr-Savoy Report: Statement on Intellectual Property Rights and Open Access Relevant to the Digitization and Restitution of African Cultural Heritage and Associated Materials", SSRN Electronic Journal, doi:10.2139/ssrn.3378200, ISSN 1556-5068, retrieved 2025-07-15
↑ The Restitution of African Cultural Heritage. Toward a New Relational Ethics (in American English), archived from the original on 2021-08-15, retrieved 2025-07-15
↑ Jules Lamarre (2012), "Relancer la géographie au Québec : une autre étape de franchie", Géographie et cultures, vol. 81, doi:10.4000/gc.224, ISSN 1165-0354, retrieved 2025-07-15
↑ Ministère de la Culture | Ministère de la Culture (in French), 2014-06-03, retrieved 2025-07-15

[:0-1] 1 2 3 Dogon Mask (in English), 2019-09-09, retrieved 2025-07-15

[2] Sylvester A. Sieber, Daryll Forde (1955-03), "African Worlds. (Studies in the Cosmological Ideas and Social Values of African Peoples)", The American Catholic Sociological Review, vol. 16, no. 1, p. 74, doi:10.2307/3709072, ISSN 0362-515X, retrieved 2025-07-15 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[3] "Autour d'un livre", Politique africaine, vol. N° 103, no. 3, pp. 161–173, 2006-10-01, doi:10.3917/polaf.103.0161, ISSN 0244-7827, retrieved 2025-07-15

[4] Kelsey R. Wrightson (2017-03), "The Limits of Recognition: The Spirit Sings , Canadian Museums and the Colonial Politics of Recognition", Museum Anthropology (in English), vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 36–51, doi:10.1111/muan.12129, ISSN 0892-8339, retrieved 2025-07-15 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[5] Mathilde Pavis, Andrea Wallace (2019), "Response to the 2018 Sarr-Savoy Report: Statement on Intellectual Property Rights and Open Access Relevant to the Digitization and Restitution of African Cultural Heritage and Associated Materials", SSRN Electronic Journal, doi:10.2139/ssrn.3378200, ISSN 1556-5068, retrieved 2025-07-15

[6] The Restitution of African Cultural Heritage. Toward a New Relational Ethics (in American English), archived from the original on 2021-08-15, retrieved 2025-07-15

[7] Jules Lamarre (2012), "Relancer la géographie au Québec : une autre étape de franchie", Géographie et cultures, vol. 81, doi:10.4000/gc.224, ISSN 1165-0354, retrieved 2025-07-15

[8] Ministère de la Culture | Ministère de la Culture (in French), 2014-06-03, retrieved 2025-07-15

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