Repatriation of African Migrants from the Gulf States
Afrika Asasewuranom a Wɔfiri Gulf States a Wɔresan Aba Wɔn Asase So
Gulf States a Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, ne Oman ka ho yɛ mmeaeɛ titire a Afrika adwumayɛfoɔ a wɔtu bata kɔyɛ adwuma no kɔ, titire wɔn a wɔfiri Afrika Mmɛn, Afrika Atɔe fam, ne Sahel mpɔtam. Berɛ a sikasɛm mu ahokyerɛ ne mmeranteɛ ne mmabaa pii a wɔnni adwuma na ɛtaa ka wɔn a wɔtu kɔ Gulf no, mpɛn pii no, wɔde nnipa a wɔyɛ atutenafoɔ a wɔfi Afrika no di dwuma ɔkwammɔne so, na wɔn tebea yɛ basaa. Saa nokwasɛm yi ama nkurɔfoɔ a wɔatu wɔn ho ama ne wɔn a wɔhyɛ wɔn sɛ wɔnsan nkɔ wɔn man mu no rebɔ mmɔden kɛseɛ, na mpɛn pii no, Afrika aban ahodoɔ, Amanaman Ntam a Ɛhwɛ Atubrafo Ho Nsɛm So (IOM)[1], ne ɔmanfoɔ ahyehyɛdeɛ ahodoɔ na ɛboa wɔn ma wɔyɛ saa.[2][3]
Atubra a ɛkɔ Gulf
[sesa]Afrikafo a wotu bata - titire mmea a wofi Ethiopia, Somalia, Nigeria, ne Kenya - tu bata kɔ Gulf kɛse no ara kɔyɛ afie nnwuma ne nnwuma a wonnya nimdeɛ pii wɔ mu. Mpɛn pii no, Kafala nhyehyɛe no ka wɔn ho, nhyehyɛe bi a ɛbɔ wɔn ho ban ma adwumawuranom, na ɛma wɔn kwan a wɔbɛfa so atu mpɔn ne wɔn kwan a wɔbɛfa so akɔ asɛnnibea[4][5]. Mpɛn pii no, wɔsesa nhyehyɛe a wɔyɛ ma wɔn, wɔbɔ wɔn ka, wɔyɛ wɔn ayayade wɔ honam fam ne nna mu, na wɔde wɔn to afiase, na ɛma wɔhwehwɛ sɛ wɔsan de wɔn ba.
Nnoɔma a ɛma nkurɔfoɔ san kɔ wɔn man mu
[sesa]Nnoɔma ahodoɔ yi na ɛmaa wɔsan firi Gulf:
- Ɔhaw ne adwumaden a wɔde di dwuma.
- Nnipa a wɔnni tumi krataa a wɔde tu kwan (titiriw wɔ Saudi Arabia).
- Nnipa a wɔsan ba fie esiane sɛ wɔn ani aba wɔn ho so anaa wɔn botaeɛ a wɔasi sɛ wɔbɛkɔ akɔtena ɔman foforɔ so no antumi amma wɔn nsa anka no nti na wɔyɛ saa.
- Akasakasa anaa amanneɛ mu nsonsonoeɛ, te sɛ 2021 Saudi-Ethiopia atuate a ɛrekɔ soro no.
- Ɔyare mmoawa, titire COVID-19, a ɛmaa nnipa pii gyaeɛ adwuma na wɔsan bae no.
Wɔ afe 2017 ne 2022 ntam no, Etiopiafoɔ bɛboro 600,000 na wɔpamm wɔn firii Saudi Arabia a wɔn mu pii wɔ tebea a emu yɛ den mu, ebi ne sɛ wɔkyerɛɛ wɔn too afiase na wɔtee wɔn firii wɔn mma ho[6].
Dwuma a IOM ne Amanaman Ntam Ahyehyɛde ahorow di
[sesa]IOM di dwuma titire wɔ mmoa a wɔde ma nnipa a wɔwɔ nnidie a wɔde firi Gulf no mu ba no mu. N'ahyehyɛdeɛ Voluntary Humanitarian Return (VHR)[7] dwumadie ahodoɔ no ma:
- Nkrataasɛm ho mmoa.
- Nkɔmmɔbɔ a wɔdi ansa na wɔakɔ.
- Akwantuo ne wimhyɛn nhyehyɛeɛ.
- Sɛ obi san ba a, ɔboa ma wɔsan de no kɔ ɔman no mu bio, a sika a wɔde ma no ka ho, ne adwene a wɔde boa no, ne ntetee a wɔde ma no[1] (IOM, 2021).
Wɔ Ethiopia, Nigeria, ne Sudan no, nnoɔma a wɔde boa wɔn ma wɔsan kɔ wɔn man mu no ho hia paa na ama wɔasi atubrafoɔ a wɔsan kɔ wɔn man mu no kwan. Yeinom bi ne mmoa a wɔde ma wɔ nnwuma nketewa a wɔbɛdi, nteteeɛ dwumadie ahodoɔ a wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ mu, anaa sukuu a wɔbɛsan akɔ.
Aban mmuaeɛ ahodoɔ
[sesa]Afrika aman bi ahyehyɛ atoyerɛnkyɛm berɛ mu adwumayɛfoɔ kuo ne wɔn ahemmɔfoɔ wɔ Gulf aman no mu sɛ wɔnkɔboa wɔn a wɔhia mmoa no. Sɛ nhwɛso no:
- Ethiopia hyehyɛɛ ɔman no mu adwuma kuw bi a wɔhwɛ ma wɔsan de nnipa mpempem pii fi Saudi Arabia ba wɔn kurom.
- Nigeria Ɔman Nhyehyɛeɛ a Ɛhwɛ Nnipa Ho Adansekɔ So (NAPTIP) ne Amanaman Ntam Nsɛm So Dwumadie no reboa ma wɔasan atwe atubrafo a wɔaguan afi UAE ne Oman aba wɔn man mu.
- Sudan ne Somalia ne IOM ne wɔn a wɔne wɔn yɛ adwuma no reboa atubrafo a wɔda afiase wɔ Gulf aman mu no ma wɔasan akɔ wɔn man mu.
Nanso, mpaapaemu da so wɔ baabi a wɔde wɔn tena, adwene mu a wɔhwɛ wɔn, ne wɔn a wɔsan de wɔn kɔ wɔn man mu a wɔhwɛ wɔn so no mu[8][9].
Ɔbarima ne ɔbaa a wɔsan de wɔn ba
[sesa]Mmaa a wɔyɛ afie adwumayɛfoɔ wɔ Afrika no hyia ayayadeɛ a emu yɛ den titire, a mpɛn pii no nea ɛka ho ne nna mu nhyɛsoɔ, akatua a wɔmmfa mma wɔn, ne ɔhyɛ a wɔde sie. Sɛ wɔsan ba a, wɔhyɛ wɔn ho so, titire wɔn a wɔtɔn wɔn anaa wɔde wɔn di dwuma ɔkwammɔne so no, ma ɛyɛ den paa sɛ wɔbɛsan akɔ fie. Seesei dwumadie ahodoɔ no si adwene mu haw afotuo, mmaranimfoɔ mmoa, ne ɔmanfoɔ ho adwempa so dua de di ɔbarima ne ɔbaa ntam nsonsonoeɛ a ɛwɔ nsase a wɔsan kɔ mu no ho dwuma[10][11].
Akwansideɛ ahodoɔ ne Akwankyerɛ
[sesa]Akwansideɛ
[sesa]- Nnipa a wɔkyere wɔn no ho nsɛm a enni mu.
- Sika a wɔde boa wɔn ma wɔsan kɔ wɔn asetram a enni mu ne nea wɔde di akyi.
- Mmoa kakra a wɔde ma wɔn a wɔresan aba wɔn man mu a wɔyɛ wɔn basabasa no.
- Abusua mu animguase ne adwenemyare.
Akwankyerɛ
[sesa]- Yɛ nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛfa adwuma ho nhyehyɛe a ɛwɔ aman abien ntam no ho nsakrae sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobedi atubrafo no kyɛfa ho dwuma.
- Monhyɛ sika a wɔde boa wɔn a wɔasan afi wɔn asetenam no mu den.
- Yɛ nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛbɛboa wɔn a wɔresan aba wɔn man mu no, titiriw mmaa ne mmɔfra.
- Hyɛ akwan a wɔfa so bɔ wɔn a wɔrekɔ aman foforo so ho ban wɔ Afrika aman a ɛwɔ Gulf no mu.
Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ
[sesa]- 1 2 International Organization for Migration (in English), retrieved 2025-06-16
- ↑ T. Teming-Amoako (2018-07), Experiences of Ghanaian Return Migrants from the Gulf States: A Case Study of Nima (in English), retrieved 2025-06-16
{{citation}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ↑ Md Mizanur Rahman, Mohammed Salisu (2023-06-29), "Gender and the return migration process: Gulf returnees in Ghana", Comparative Migration Studies, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 18, doi:10.1186/s40878-023-00342-3, ISSN 2214-594X, retrieved 2025-06-16
- ↑ M. V. Bijulal (2019-11-28), "Contemporary Forms of Slavery, Citizenship and Human Rights of Migrant Workers in the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries", Asianization of Migrant Workers in the Gulf Countries, Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, pp. 69–82, ISBN 978-981-329-286-4, retrieved 2025-06-16
- ↑ Advancing the rights of Migrant Workers in the GCC (in English), retrieved 2025-06-16
- ↑ Fiona McGaughey (2022-09-06), "Human Rights Watch (HRW)", Elgar Encyclopedia of Human Rights, Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 483–487, ISBN 978-1-78990-362-1, retrieved 2025-06-16
- ↑ Voluntary Humanitarian Return | IOM Libya, UN Migration | IOM Libya (in English), retrieved 2025-06-16
- ↑ Sharmin Jahan Putul, Md Tuhin Mia (2018), Exploitation of Migrant Workers in Malaysia and Protection under Domestic Laws, SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, pp. 125–131, doi:10.5220/0010054801250131, retrieved 2025-06-16
- ↑ Amnesty International (in English), retrieved 2025-06-16
- ↑ ILO global estimates on international migrant workers, Geneva, 2024, retrieved 2025-06-16
- ↑ ILO Homepage | International Labour Organization (in English), retrieved 2025-06-16