Repatriation (Cultural Property)
Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ Asante Twi mu
Wɔkyerɛ sɛ wɔde amammerɛ ho agyapadeɛ a wɔtaa ka ho asɛm sɛ tete nnoɔma anaa adwinnie bi a wɔawia no
san kɔma wɔn man anaa wɔn a na ɛyɛ wɔn dea (anaa wɔn adedifoɔ) no.
Amanneɛ mu agyapadeɛ a ɛyɛ akyinnyegyeɛ no yɛ honam fam nneɛma a kuw bi anaa nnipa bi de agyaw kuw foforo, a mpɛn pii no wɔwia, sɛɛ ebia nhyɛsoɔ mu, nnisoɔ mu, anaa ɔko kwan so. Nneɛma a wɔsɔre tia no gu ahodoɔ pii na ebi ne ahoni, mfonini, nkaedum, nneɛma te sɛ nnwinnadeɛ anaa akodeɛ a wɔde yɛ anthropological adesua, ne nnipa nkae.
Efi tete mmere mu no, wɔtaa de akodi sɛe nnipa a wɔadi wɔn so nkonim no amammerɛ. Wɔ ɛnnɛ mmere yi mu no, Napoleonfo a wɔfow adwinne no yɛ nnwinne ne nneɛma a ɛsom bo a France asraafo anaa aban mpanimfoɔ sisii no[1]. Berɛ a Napoleon dii nkoguo no, wɔde nnwinneɛ a wɔfomm no bi san kɔɔ wɔn man mu, sɛnea Paris Apam no kyerɛ no. Wɔn mu bi ne Saint Mark Apɔnkɔ no a wɔsan de wɔn kɔɔ Venice no.
Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 21 no mfitiase no, nsɛm a ɛfa nnommumfa a na ɛwɔ hɔ berɛ a na Atɔeɛ fam nnwumakuo retɔn nneɛma no ho no de akyinnyegye a ɛne sɛ wɔmpɛ sɛ wɔsan de nkurɔfo ba wɔn man mu ne nea wɔpɛ sɛ wɔyɛ nyinaa bae. Ɛfiri berɛ a wɔtintimii Franse amanneɛbɔ a ɛfa Afrika amammerɛ agyapadeɛ a wɔde bɛsan ama no wɔ afe 2018 mu no, nsɛm a wɔdwennwenee yi anya amanaman ntam adwene foforo, na ɛde nsakrae aba wɔ tete nneɛma akorae no dwumadie mu, na wɔde nneɛma a wɔde bɛsan ama no no gyina abrabɔ pa so na ɛnyɛ mmara so kɛkɛ[2].
Ɛho nsɛm
[sesa]Ɔko ne asisi
[sesa]
Tete wiase
[sesa]Ɛfri teteete nyinaa na akodie ne aman a wɔadi wɔn so nkonim a wɔsɛe wɔn nneɛma wɔ hɔ. Ɔhene Naram-Sin a
ofi Akkad no nkaedum a seesei ɛda adi wɔ Louvre Tete Nneɛma Akorae wɔ Paris no yɛ tete nneɛma a wonim sɛ wɔfow wɔ ɔko mu no mu biako. Naram-Sin nkonimdi wɔ ɔko a ɔne Lullubifo koe wɔ 2250 A.Y.B. mu no ho nkaedum a wɔde kae no bɛyɛ mfe apem akyi no, Elamfo a wɔtwee no kɔɔ wɔn ahenkurow Susa, Iran no faa no sɛ akodi mu nneɛma. Wɔn a wotutu fam hwehwɛ tetefoɔ nneɛma mu wɔ France no huu no wɔ hɔ wɔ afe 1898 mu[3].
Palladion yɛ ahoni a wɔwiaa no kan na ebia ɛno na ɛho hia sen biara wɔ atɔe fam nkyerɛwee mu[4]. Atena a na ɔkura akodeɛ a wɔde nnua ayɛ a wɔatwa no dua ho ahoni ketewa no yɛɛ adwuma sɛ Troy ho banbɔfoɔ, a wɔka sɛ Helafoɔ baanu bi a wɔde ahoni no fii Atena Asɔredan mu wɔ kokoam no wiawiaa no. Ná tetefo pii gye di sɛ esiane sɛ na kurow no agyapade a ɛbɔ ho ban no afi hɔ nti na wobetumi adi Troy so nkonim. Saa anansesɛm yi kyerɛ sɛnea na ahoni a wɔde yɛ asɔredan wɔ tete Greece no yɛ anyame a wɔda wɔn tumi adi na na wogye di sɛ wɔwɔ tumi bi a ɛboro nnipa de so no. Wɔda ahoni no kronkronyɛ adi wɔ amanehunu a wɔkae sɛ Helafoɔ a wodii nkonim no huu akyiri yi no mu, a Odysseus a na ɔyɛ awi no taa akyi no ka ho[4].
Napoleon Ahemman no mu asisi
[sesa]Napoleon nnwumakuo a na wɔto nnwinnadeɛ gu no yɛ nnwinnadeɛ ne nneɛma a ɛsom bo a France asraafo, anaa aban mpanimfoɔ, a na wɔwɔ France Ahemman a edi kan no mu, a na Italy nsasepɔn, Spain, Portugal,
Low Countries, ne Europa Mfinimfini no ka ho no, sisii. Na ahodwiri no yɛ ade a ɛsen biara wɔ nnɛyi abakɔsɛm mu, na ɛno nkutoo ne ahodwiriw akwantu a ɛbaa tete Roma abakɔsɛm mu[5]. Nokwarem no, Franse atuatefoɔ no kyerɛe sɛ wɔ afe 1796 mu no, na wɔyɛ adeɛ a ɛfata sɛ wɔto hyɛ Italy so, na wɔfaa ɔkwan a ɛte saa so sɛ wɔbɛdi Romanfoɔ so, sɛnea tete Romafo no hwɛɛ wɔn ho sɛ Hela amammerɛ no adedifo no[6]. Wɔsan nso de adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔn ani a ɛkyere adeyɛ mu no bɛma wɔn ani agye adwinni a wɔawia no ho[6]. Napoleon asraafo no sɛee mfonini no koraa denam mfonini ahorow a wotwitwaa mu fii asɔredan ahorow mu no a ɛtɔ mmere bi a na wɔsɛe no bere a wɔretwam no so. Napoleon asraafo no faa nneɛma a na wɔaboaboa ano a na ɛyɛ ankorankoro de no, na wɔfaa nea na ɛyɛ pope no de no nso[7]. Mfonini ahorow a agye din paa a wɔfomm no bi ne Dwetɛ Apɔnkɔ a wɔato din Saint Mark a ɛwɔ Venice (a wɔfom no wɔ Constantinople wɔ afe 1204 mu) ne Laocoön ne Ne Mma a wɔwɔ Rome (a wɔsan de wɔn baanu nyinaa bae), na afei wɛbu nea ɛtwa to no sɛ ahoni a ɛyɛ nwanwa pa ara.
Mmara mu nsɛm
[sesa]Ɔman mu aban mmara
[sesa]United States
[sesa]Wɔ afe 1863 mu no, U.S. Mampanin Abraham Lincoln frɛɛ Francis Lieber, a ɔyɛ German-American mmaranimfoɔ ne amanyɔ mu nyansapɛfoɔ no sɛ ɔntwerɛ mmara a ɛbɛkyerɛ sɛnea Union asraafoɔ ne Confederate nneduafo, wɔn a wɔnyɛ asraafo, akwansrafo ne wɔn agyapade a wɔwɔ no bɛbɔ wɔn bra. Nea efi mu bae no ne General Orders No.100 anaa Lieber Code, a wɔagye amammerɛ ho agyapadeɛ atom sɛ biribi a wɔabɔ ho ban wɔ ɔko mu[8]. Lieber Mmara no nyaa nkɛntɛnso kɛse bere a ɛbɛyɛɛ nnyinaso maa Hague Apam a wɔyɛɛ no 1907 ne 1954 no, na ɛde baa Apam a Ɛwɔ hɔ Daa (Standing Rules of Engagement (ROE)) so ama U.S. asraafo nnɛ[9]. ROE nkyekyɛm no fa bi hyɛ U.S. asraafoɔ no sɛ wɔnnto "sukuu, adan a wɔde kae ade, ɔman nkaedum, ne abakɔsɛm anaa amammerɛ mmeae foforo biara so, gye sɛ wɔde reyɛ asraafo adwuma na ɛyɛ asiane"[9].
Wɔ afe 2004 mu no, U.S. penee Bill HR1047 a ɛfa Emergency Protection for Iraq Cultural Antiquities Act no so, a ɛma tumi ma Ɔmanpanyin sɛ ɔmfa Ɔmanpanyin Nhyehyɛe a Ɛfa Amammerɛ Ahonyade Ho Mmara (CCIPA) a ɛwɔ Ɔfa 204 no so mfa nneɛma a wɔde ba no ho nhyɛ mmara ase[10]. Wɔ afe 2003 mu no, Britain ne Switzerland de mmara a ɛbara Iraqifo nneɛma a wɔde kɔ amannɔne no hyɛɛ mmara ase. Wɔ United Kingdom no, wɔhyehyɛɛ Dealing in Cultural Objects Bill wɔ afe 2003 mu a ɛbaraa amammerɛ ho nneɛma a mmara mma ho kwan no.
Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ
[sesa]- ↑ David Gilks (2013-03), "ATTITUDES TO THE DISPLACEMENT OF CULTURAL PROPERTY IN THE WARS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON", The Historical Journal (in English), vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 113–143, doi:10.1017/S0018246X12000453, ISSN 0018-246X, retrieved 2025-06-23
{{citation}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ↑ Emilie Goudal (2021-07-08), "Dan Hicks, The Brutish Museums: The Benin Bronzes, Colonial Violence and Cultural Restitution", Critique d’art, doi:10.4000/critiquedart.78098, ISSN 1246-8258, retrieved 2025-06-23
- ↑ Maria Grazia Masetti-Rouault (2024-12-31), "10. Changing gods at Qasr Shemamok: Local cults and the Assyrian Empire at the beginning of the Iron Age", Ancient Western Asia Beyond the Paradigm of Collapse and Regeneration (1200-900 BCE), New York University Press, pp. 251–276, ISBN 978-1-4798-3464-8, retrieved 2025-06-23
- 1 2 "Kington, Captain William Miles, (25 April 1876–20 Oct. 1914), Royal Welch Fusiliers", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, retrieved 2025-06-23
- ↑ Antony Spawforth (2015-12-22), "Claudius Marcellus Aeserninus, Marcus", Oxford Classical Dictionary, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.1633, retrieved 2025-06-23
- 1 2 MILES BRENNAN, UTE HOCHGESCHWENDER (1986-04-24), "In defence of curiosity", Nature, vol. 320, no. 6064, pp. 676–676, doi:10.1038/320676c0, ISSN 0028-0836, retrieved 2025-06-23
- ↑ Richard Cook (1997-01-29), "Outro: Goodbye, Miles 1991", It’s About That Time, Oxford University PressNew York, NY, pp. 321–328, ISBN 978-0-19-532266-8, retrieved 2025-06-23
- ↑ Matthew J. Miles, Shaheen Islam (2019-08), "Point of care ultrasound in thoracic malignancy", Annals of Translational Medicine, vol. 7, no. 15, pp. 350–350, doi:10.21037/atm.2019.05.53, ISSN 2305-5839, retrieved 2025-06-23
{{citation}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - 1 2 "(4119) Miles", Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 352–352, 2003, ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3, retrieved 2025-06-23
- ↑ Miles Ogborn (2018-11-22), "Vegetable empire", Worlds of Natural History, Cambridge University Press, pp. 271–286, ISBN 978-1-108-22522-9, retrieved 2025-06-23