Reparations (transitional justice)

Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei Asante Twi mu

Atɛntenee a Ɛkɔ Nnansa Yi Mu Ho Akatua. Atɛntenee a wɔde di dwuma wɔ berɛ a wɔdi nsɛm ho dwuma no mu atitire anan no mu baako ne nokware, atɛntenee (atɛntenee a wɔde di nsɛm ho dwuma), ne ahyehyɛdeɛ mu nsakraeɛ. Wɔ aman a wɔdi ako akyi anaa wɔdi tumi akyi mu no, wɔhwehwɛ sɛ wɔbɛgye ɔhaw a nnipa a wɔadi wɔn ni kɛseɛ wɔ nnipa fahodie ahodoɔ ho no anya no atom na wɔboa wɔn ma wɔn ho atɔ wɔn. Wɔyɛ sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so ne honam fam nnoɔma a wɔde si wɔn ani so sɛ wɔbɛsan ama nnipa anya nidi, wɔasan agye ahyehyɛde ahodoɔ no adi, na wɔasiw basabasayɛ a ɛbɛba daakye ano. Ɛnyɛ ka kɛkɛ na wɔde tua ka no; ɛyɛ ade titiriw a ɛma nnipa nya apɔwmuden, wodi wɔn asɛyɛde ho dwuma wɔ abakɔsɛm mu, na ɛma wonya daakye a atɛntenee wom ma obiara nya bi.

Nteaseɛ a Yɛbɛnya Wɔ Atɛntrenee a Ɛkɔ Nnansa Mu Ho

Agyede yɛ nneɛma a aman anaa nnipa a wodi ho dwuma no yɛ de di nsɛm a wɔde dii dwuma wɔ bere bi a atwam no ho dwuma, na wɔboa wɔn a wɔafom wɔn no. Sɛnea UN Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation (2005) kyerɛ no, wɔn a wɔateetee no wɔ hokwan sɛ wonya reparation a ɛfata, a mfaso wɔ so, na ɛba ntɛmntɛm, a ebetumi aka:

Asetena (te sɛ, ahofadi, adwuma, agyapade)

Akatua (a wɔde ma sikasɛm mu ahokyere, yaw ne amanehunu)

Ayaresabea (ɔsafo ne adwenemhobea)

Anigyesɛm (nnipa mu gye a wɔagye atom, kyɛwpa)

Ahyɛde a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔrenyɛ saa bio (nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔde di dwuma ɔkwammɔne so nsakrae)^[1]^[2]

(Amanaman Nkabom, 2005)

Saa nneɛma yi nyinaa hwehwɛ sɛ wɔde tebea a na ɛwɔ hɔ ansa na basabasayɛ no asi no si hɔ, bere a wogye tom sɛ nnipa nkwa, nidi, anaa ahofadi a wɔhwere no yɛ ade a wontumi mfa nsi ananmu.

Mfasoɔ a Ɛwɔ So

Agyede no betumi ayɛ ankorankoro anaa kuw, na ebetumi ayɛ honam fam anaa sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so.

Wɔyɛ ankorɛankorɛ a wɔn ho aka anaa mmusua pɔtee bi ho nhyehyɛe ma wonya mmoa (te sɛ, sika a wɔde tua wɔn ka, wɔn a wobetumi anya ntetee anaa wɔn a wobetumi anya adan).

Wɔka nneɛma a ɔmanfo nyinaa ka ho asɛm de tu wɔn ho fo, mpɛn pii no ɛyɛ mmusua, nyamesom, anaa amantam ahorow (te sɛ, sukuu, nkaedum, anaa ɔmanfo atrae a wosisi).

Nneɛma a wɔde siesie bɔne no bi ne kyɛwpa a ɔman no de ma, akwan a wɔsan frɛ no din foforɔ, anaa nnapɔnna a wɔde kae wɔn a wɔabɔ wɔn asɛde no.

Nneɛma a wɔde siesie bɔne no ma wonya mfaso a edi mu de ma wɔn a wɔafom wɔn no asetra yɛ yie, mpɛn pii no, denam nsiakyibaa, ayaresa, anaa agyapadeɛ a wɔde ma wɔn no so.

Atɛntenee ne Animuonyam a Wɔde Ma

Nneɛma a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔsan siesie no si ɔman no anaa nea wayɛ bɔne no asɛde a ɛne mmara hyia no so dua. Wɔkyerɛ sɛ wɔn ani gye amane a wɔn a wɔato wɔn mmonnaa no rehunu no ho na wɔboa ma wɔsakra wɔn gyinabea fi wɔn a wɔde adɔe ma wɔn no ho kɔ wɔn a wɔwɔ hokwan sɛ wodi wɔn asɛm^[3]. Wɔ ntransɛm atɛntenee mu no, reparations yɛ biribi a ɛsen sika a wɔde tua ka - ɛyɛ ade a wogye tom sɛ wɔadi bɔne, na wɔn a wɔadi fɔ no wɔ hokwan sɛ wonya ahobammɔ na wɔsan de wɔn ka wɔn ho ma ɔman no siesie.

Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Nsakraeɛ Ho Nsɛm So

South Africa

South Africa Nokware ne Ntam Afahyɛ Kuw (TRC) no hyɛɛ nkuran sɛ wɔn a Apartheid no kaa wɔn no, ɛsɛ sɛ wotua wɔn ka. Bere a wɔde sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so nneyɛe (te sɛ, ɔman afahyɛ, baguam kyɛwpa) dii dwuma no, wɔn a wɔkasa tia no kyerɛ sɛ sika a wɔde tuaa ka (R30,000 wɔ nipa biara mu) no antɔ fam bere a wɔde toto apartheid mmere no mu ntɛnkyea ho no^[4].

Morocco

Morocco's Equity and Reconciliation Commission (IER) de sika a wɔde bɛtua ɛka no ne mmoa a wɔde bɛboa mpɔtam hɔfo wɔ mmeae a ɔman no basabasayɛ baa wɔn so wɔ Ɔhene Hassan II nniso ase no. Na ɛyɛ Arab aman a wodii kan kaa nsɛmmɔnedi ho asɛm wɔ mmara kwan so no mu biako, ɛwom sɛ na nnipa a wɔabɔ wɔn sobo no bi kasa tia ɔkyere a wɔtwentwɛn wɔn nan ase no ne sɛnea wɔn nsɛm mu ntewee koraa no^[5].

Rwanda

Wɔ Rwanda no, wɔtoo wɔn bo ase yɛɛ nneɛma bi de tuaa ɔmanfo ka, te sɛ nnommumfa ho nkaedum ne Mutual Assistance Program (Ubudehe). Esiane sɛ na wonni sika pii nti, na wɔrentumi ntua wɔn ka no, nanso na nhyehyɛe a wɔyɛ ma ɔmanfoɔ no boa ma wɔsan yɛ wɔn ho wɔn ho yie.

Sierra Leone

Sierra Leone Nokware ne Ntam Afahyɛ Boayikuw no hyɛɛ nkuran sɛ wɔn a ɔmanko no akunkum wɔn, a wɔn mu bi yɛ wɔn a wɔatwa wɔn nsa, akunafo, ne akunafo a wɔwɔ ɔko mu no, wɔmfa sika no mma wɔn. Nanso, sika a na wɔnnya ne nhyehyɛe a na wɔnnyɛ den nti, wɔantumi anyɛ saa adwuma no nyinaa^[6].

Ɔhaw a Ɛwɔ Asotwe a Wɔde Ma Ho

Akwan a wɔfa so yɛ adwuma no sua: Aman pii a wɔadi ako wɔ ɔko bi akyi no nni sika a wɔde bɛboa wɔn a atoyerɛnkyɛm ato wɔn no.
Amamyɔ a wɔnni ɔpɛ no: Ebia aban ahodoɔ no mpɛ sɛ wɔbɛgye ntɛnkyea a ɛrekɔ so no atom.
Wɔn a wɔrehunu amane no: Mpɛn pii no, wontumi nhu wɔn a wɔfata sɛ wotua wɔn ka.
Nnidie a ɛfata a wɔkari pɛ: Ɛho hia paa sɛ wɔhwɛ hu sɛ nsiesie no remfa mfaso mma kuw biako wɔ afoforo so.
Atwentwɛn ase: Atɛntrenee a wotwentwɛn ase no taa de ɔhaw foforo ba, na ɛma nneɛma a wɔde siesie no so nkɛntɛnsoɔ yɛ mmerɛ.

Asotwe ne Asomdwoeɛ a Ɛbɛtena Hɔ Daa

Sɛ wɔde nsiesie a wɔde ba no ka nhyehyɛeɛ foforɔ a wɔde ma atɛntenee a ɛdi mu ho a, ɛboa ma ɔman no nya nkɔsoɔ na ɛde asomdwoe ba. Sɛ nkurɔfoɔ hunu sɛ wɔgye wɔn tom na wɔtaa wɔn akyi a, ɛma nnipa nya baakoyɛ, wɔgye wɔn ho di, na ɛma wɔdi tumi wɔ ɔmanfo mu. Wɔ nsɛm bi te sɛ Colombia mu no, wɔbu reparations sɛ ɛyɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so nya asomdwoe a ɛbɛkɔ so mfe pii wɔ ɔko akyi no fa^[7].

Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ

↑ Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law (in English), retrieved 2025-06-19
↑ "12. Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law", Essential Texts on Human Rights for the Police, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, pp. 497–506, ISBN 978-90-04-16481-9, retrieved 2025-06-19
↑ Pablo de Greiff, ed. (2006-03-01), The Handbook of Reparations, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-929192-2, retrieved 2025-06-19
↑ Willie Henderson (2001-10-01), "A Country Unmasked: Inside South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission, by Alex Boraine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. xv + 466 pp. £20.00 hardback. ISBN 0‐19‐571805‐4.", African Affairs, vol. 100, no. 401, pp. 666–668, doi:10.1093/afraf/100.401.666, ISSN 1468-2621, retrieved 2025-06-19
↑ Chandra Sriram, ed. (2017-05-18), "Transitional Justice in the Middle East and North Africa", Oxford Scholarship Online, doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190628567.001.0001, retrieved 2025-06-19
↑ Angelina Snodgrass Godoy (2005-05), "La Muchacha Respondona : Reflections on the Razor's Edge Between Crime and Human Rights", Human Rights Quarterly (in English), vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 597–624, doi:10.1353/hrq.2005.0018, ISSN 1085-794X, retrieved 2025-06-19 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
↑ Cheryl Lawther, Luke Moffett, Dov Jacobs, ed. (2017-06-30), Research Handbook on Transitional Justice, Edward Elgar Publishing, ISBN 978-1-78195-531-4, retrieved 2025-06-19{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)

[1] Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law (in English), retrieved 2025-06-19

[2] "12. Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law", Essential Texts on Human Rights for the Police, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, pp. 497–506, ISBN 978-90-04-16481-9, retrieved 2025-06-19

[3] Pablo de Greiff, ed. (2006-03-01), The Handbook of Reparations, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-929192-2, retrieved 2025-06-19

[4] Willie Henderson (2001-10-01), "A Country Unmasked: Inside South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission, by Alex Boraine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. xv + 466 pp. £20.00 hardback. ISBN 0‐19‐571805‐4.", African Affairs, vol. 100, no. 401, pp. 666–668, doi:10.1093/afraf/100.401.666, ISSN 1468-2621, retrieved 2025-06-19

[5] Chandra Sriram, ed. (2017-05-18), "Transitional Justice in the Middle East and North Africa", Oxford Scholarship Online, doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190628567.001.0001, retrieved 2025-06-19

[6] Angelina Snodgrass Godoy (2005-05), "La Muchacha Respondona : Reflections on the Razor's Edge Between Crime and Human Rights", Human Rights Quarterly (in English), vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 597–624, doi:10.1353/hrq.2005.0018, ISSN 1085-794X, retrieved 2025-06-19 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[7] Cheryl Lawther, Luke Moffett, Dov Jacobs, ed. (2017-06-30), Research Handbook on Transitional Justice, Edward Elgar Publishing, ISBN 978-1-78195-531-4, retrieved 2025-06-19{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]