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Pan-Africanism

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Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ Asante Twi mu

Pan-Africanism yɛ ɔman mu ahoɔdzen bi a ne botaeɛ ne sɛ ɛbɛhyɛ nkitahodi a ɛwɔ nnipa a wofi Afrika

nyinaa ne wɔn a wofi akyirikyiri no ntam no mu den. Ɛgyina atirimpɔ bi a na ɛwɔ hɔ fi Atlantic nkoatɔ, Trans-Saharan nkoatɔ, India Po nkoatɔ, Ɛpo Kɔkɔɔ nkoatɔ, Cape Colony (seesei South Africa) nkoasom, ne nkoasom wɔ Mauritius akyi no, nnipakan no trɛw kɔ akyiri sen Afrikafo a wɔwɔ Amerika ne Europa no[1][2].

Wɔkyerɛ sɛ Pan-Africanism fi Afrikafoɔ akodi a wɔko tia nkoasom ne nnommumfa mu[3], na saa akodie yi firi tete akodie a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ nkoa hyɛn mu - atuate ne awudie - a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ nnɔbaeɛ ne

nnommumfa mu ne "san kɔ Afrika" a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 mu. Ɛgyina gyidie a ɛne sɛ baakoyɛ ho hia paa ma sikasɛm, asetena mu, ne amanyɔsɛm mu nkɔso no, ne botae ne sɛ ɔbɛka nnipa a wɔyɛ Afrikafo asefo abom ama wɔn ho atɔ wɔn[4]. Nanso, wɔ afeha a ɛto so aduonu no mu na Pan-Africanism bae sɛ amammuisɛm a ɛda nsow a mfiase no nnipa a wofi aman foforɔ so (nnipa a wofi Afrika a wɔtra Continent no akyi) na wodii wɔn anim. Wɔ afe 1900 mu no, Trinidadian mmaranimfo  - Henry Sylvester Williams  -frɛɛ nhyiamu bi a wɔyɛɛ no wɔ Westminster Hall, London, sɛ "wɔmmegyina asase a wɔwia wɔ koloni ahodoɔ no mu, nnipa mu nyiyim ne nsɛm foforɔ a ɛfa Abibifoɔ ho no so".

Pan-Africanism ne gyidi a ɛne sɛ "Afrikafo, wɔ Afrika man mu ne aman a atwa wɔn ho ahyia mu, wɔn nyinaa wɔ abakɔsɛm baako, na mmom wɔn nyinaa wɔ daakye baako"[5]. Pan-Africanism kyerɛ sɛ nnipa a wɔwɔ Amerika, West Indies, ne Afrika no nyinaa wɔ abakɔsɛm bi a ɛfa wɔn ho, a ɛfa Atlantic po so nkoatɔ, Afrika nkoasom, ne Europa tumidi ho[6].

Pan-African adwene na ɛboa maa wɔhyehyɛɛ African Unity Organization (African Union) wɔ afe 1963 mu[7][8]. African Union Commission wɔ ne tenabea wɔ Addis Ababa na Pan-African Parliament wɔ ne tenabea wɔ Midrand, Johannesburg[9].

Ɛho nsɛm

[sesa]
BLM Kuturuku

Pan-Africanism si hia a ehia sɛ "wɔn nyinaa nya ahotɔ" so dua[10]. Pan-Africanism wɔ hɔ sɛ aban ne nnipa botae. Pan-African akyitaafo no bi ne akannifo te sɛ Toussaint Louverture, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, Henri Christophe, François Duvalier, Aimé Césaire, Haile Selassie, Jomo Kenyatta, Edward Wilmot Blyden, Nnamdi Azikiwe, Patrice Lumumba, Julius Nyerere, Robert Sobukwe, Ahmed Sékou Touré, Kwame Nkrumah, Ɔhene Sobhuza II, Robert Mugabe, Thomas Sankara, Kwame Ture, Dr. John Pombe Magufuli, Muammar Gaddafi, Walter Rodney, Yoweri Kaguta Museveni, nnipakuw a wɔhwɛ nneɛma so te sɛ Joseph Robert Love, Marcus Garvey, ne Malcolm X, nhomanimfo te sɛ W. E. B. Du Bois, Anténor Firmin ne afoforo a wɔwɔ aman foforo so[11][12][13][14]. Pan-Africanists gye di sɛ nkabom bɛma Afrika man no atumi adi n'ahoɔden nyinaa ho dwuma ama n'asomfo nyinaa. Nea ehia paa ne sɛ, sɛ Afrika nyinaa bom yɛ biako a, ɛbɛhyɛ Afrikafo den wɔ wiase nyinaa.

Sɛ Afrika nyinaa botae no ba mu a, ɛbɛma "tumi a ɛwɔ Afrika no akɔ so ayɛ kɛse", na "ɛbɛma wɔasan de wiase mu ahode akɔ baabi foforo, na ɛbɛsan nso ama nnipa anya adwene a emu yɛ den na wɔadi wɔn ho so wɔ amanyɔsɛm mu ... na ɛbɛsɛe nnipa ne amammuisɛm mu (tumi) nhyehyɛe ... wɔ Amerika"[15].

Wɔn a wɔtaa pan-Africanism akyi - "pan-Africanists" anaa "pan-Africanists" - taa bɔ ɔkwampa a wɔfa so yɛ sosialismu ho dawuru, na wɔtaa sɔre tia amammui ne sikasɛm mu nkɛntɛnsoɔ biara a ɛrekɔ so wɔ kontinente no so. Wɔn a wɔkasa tia nkyerɛkyerɛ no bɔ sobo sɛ ɛma nnipa a wɔyɛ Afrikafo no suahu yɛ pɛ. Wɔsan nso kyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ den sɛ wɔbɛte nsonsonoeɛ a ɛda aman a ɛwɔ Afrika no mu ne aman a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri no ntam no ase[15].

Abakɔsɛm

[sesa]
Kɔkɔɔ, tuntum, ne ahban mono frankaa wɔde di dwuma wɔ Pan-Africanism a UNIA na wɔyɛɛ wɔ afe 1920 mu.

Pan-Africanism yɛ nyansapɛ a ɛfa abakɔsɛm, amammerɛ, honhom mu, adwinni, nyansahu, ne

Invitation to Pan-African Conference at Westminster Town Hall, London, July 1900
Jamaican Marcus Garvey in a military uniform as the "Provisional President of Africa" during a parade on the opening day of the annual Convention of the Negro Peoples of the World on Lenox Avenue in Harlem, New York City, 1922

nyansapɛ ho. Pan-Africanism sɛ abrabɔ ho nhyehyɛe fi tete mmere mu, na ɛboa ma nnipa nya gyinapɛn ahorow a ɛfi Afrika amammerɛ ne akodi a wɔde ko tia nkoasom, nnipa mu nyiyim, amammerɛ mu tumidie, ne amammerɛ fofore mu tumidie no mu[11].

Bere koro no ara a na nkoa a wɔwɔ Wiase Foforo no mu pii sɔre tia nniso no (nea na Haiti Nsakrae no da no adi no), afeha a ɛto so 19 awieeɛ no maa amammui kuw bi a wɔtaa Afrikafo akyi baa wiase nyinaa a na wɔhwehwɛ sɛ wɔbɛka wɔn ho wɔ akodi ahorow a na wɔn ani gye ho no mu sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛma nhyɛso no aba awiei. Na ɛyɛ Afrikafo a wɔtete aman afoforo so no a wɔtu fii Afrika no na ɛmaa wɔtumi hwɛɛ Afrika sɛ ɔman mũ no nyinaa[16]. 16] Nyamesom mu pan-Africanist wiase mu adwenkyerɛ foforo bi a ɛho hia wɔ amanyɔsɛm mu bae wɔ Ethiopianism mu[17]. Wɔ London no, na Sons of Africa yɛ amanyɔkuw bi a Quobna Ottobah Cugoano kaa wɔn ho asɛm wɔ ne nhoma Thoughts and Sentiments on the Evil of Slavery a wɔtintim wɔ afe 1791 no mu[18]. Kuo no kasae wɔ nhyiam ahodoɔ ase na wɔyɛɛ nkrataa a wɔkyerɛw ho ɔsatu ahodoɔ, wotintim ɔsatu ho nsɛm na wɔkɔsraa mmarahyɛ badwam. Wɔkyerɛw krataa kɔmaa nnipa bi te sɛ Granville Sharp, William Pitt ne wɔn a na wɔpere sɛ wɔbɛtu aborɔfo ase, ne Ɔhene George III ne Wales Ɔhempɔn, a akyiri yi ɔbɛyɛɛ George IV no.

Ɛnnɛyi Pan-Africanism fii ase wɔ afeha a ɛto so 20 no mfiase. Henry Sylvester Williams na ɔhyehyɛɛ Pan-African Nhyiamu a edi kan wɔ London wɔ afe 1900 mu[19][20][21].

Adwenpɔ

[sesa]
A mural in Ujiji, Tanzania

Sɛnea Henry Sylvester Williams dii kan kaa ho asɛm no (ɛwom sɛ abakɔsɛm atwerɛfoɔ[22] bi kyerɛ sɛ Edward Wilmot Blyden na ɔtwerɛɛ) no, pan-Africanism kyerɛ sɛ Afrika nyinaa bɛyɛ biako[23].

Bere a na apartheid wɔ South Africa no, na Pan Africanist Congress bi wɔ hɔ a na Robert Sobukwe na odi wɔn anim a na wɔhwɛ sɛ wɔbɛhyɛ Afrikafo a wɔwɔ South Africa no so wɔ Apartheid nniso ase. Nnwumaku afoforɔ a wɔhwɛ ma Afrika nyinaa yɛ: Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association ne African Communities League, TransAfrica ne International People's Democratic Uhuru

Movement[24].

Bio nso, wɔhwɛ Pan-Africanism sɛ mmɔden a wɔbɔ sɛ wɔbɛsan akɔ nea wɔn a wɔtaa akyi no bu no sɛ Afrikafo amammerɛ, amammerɛ, ne gyinapɛn ahorow ho adwene a ɛyɛ soronko. Ɛho nhwɛso ne Léopold Sédar Senghor's Négritude movement, ne Mobutu Sese Seko's view of Authenticité[25].

Asɛmti a ɛho hia a ɛwɔ Pan-Africanist nwoma mu no fa abakɔsɛm a ɛda aman ahorow ntam wɔ Afrika no mu ne mfaso a ɛwɔ nkabom so sɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so ko tia tumidi ne amammerɛ[26].

Sukuupɔn ahorow bi kɔɔ akyiri araa ma wɔhyehyɛɛ "Pan-African Studies Departments" wɔ 1960 mfe no awiei. Eyi ka California State University ho, baabi a wɔhyehyɛɛ saa adesuabea no wɔ afe 1969 mu sɛ ɛyɛ biribi a ɛgyina hɔ ma ɔmanfo kyɛfa dwumadi no, na ɛnnɛ wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ "African World Experience ho adesua a wɔde ma sukuufo no", de "kyerɛ sukuufo no ne ɔmanfo no sɛ Afrika, Afrika Amerika, ne Caribbean amammerɛ yɛ ade a mfasoɔ wɔ so, ɛyɛ anigye, na ɛyɛ nwanwa" na "wɔde Afrikafo amammerɛ a ɛtia Abibifoɔ ho nhwehwɛmu ma sukuufoɔ no ne ɔmanfoɔ no"[27]. Syracuse Sukuupɔn nso de Pan-African Studies wɔ hɔ[28].

Pan-African ahosuo

[sesa]

Aban ahyɛnsode a edi kan a wɔde kyerɛ Pan-Africanism ne UNIA (Universal Negro Improvement

Flag of Ethiopia, 1897

Association) aban ahyɛnsode, ɛyɛ aban ahyɛnsode a ɛyɛ kɔkɔɔ, tuntum ne ahabammono a ɛwɔ afa abiɛsa. UNIA gyee no toom wɔ August 13, 1920[29], berɛ a wɔyɛɛ nhyiam bi wɔ Madison Square Garden wɔ New York no[30][30].]

Wɔde Pan-African kɔla ahorow adi dwuma de ayɛ frankaa wɔ aman ne nsase pii so wɔ Afrika ne Amerika de akyerɛ sɛ wɔyɛ Abibifo Amanamanmufo. Eyinom mu bi ne Malawi, Kenya, South Sudan ne Saint Kitts ne Nevis frankaa. Nnwumakuw ne nnwumakuw a ɛwɔ Afrika nyinaa nso taa de kɔkɔɔ, tuntum ne ahabammono a ɛwɔ kɔla abiɛsa mu yɛ adwuma wɔ nsɛm ahorow mu[31].

Frankaa foforɔ a ɛhyɛɛ Pan-African aku nkuran ne ahenkyɛ mmiansa a ɛyɛ ahabammono, kɔkɔɔ ne akokɔ-sradeɛ no. Saa kɔla yi firi Ethiopia frankaa a wɔyɛɛ no afe 1897 no mu, na efiri sɛ Ethiopia yɛ ɔman a agye ne ho a akyɛ sen ɔman biara wɔ Afrika no mu.

Kasatia

[sesa]

Wɔabɔ Pan-Africanism sobo sɛ ɛyɛ Afrika amammerɛ mu nnipa a wɔagye din a wɔn ani mmfa Afrikafo nkorɔfo ho[32][33]. Kenyan left-wing journalist Philip Ochieng kyerɛwee wɔ 1971[32],

Sɛ nnipadɔm no ara nim biribiara fa nnipakuw no ho a, ɛnhaw wɔn. Pan-Africanism yɛ nnipakuw bi a wɔn ani gye wɔn ankasa yiedie ho.

Kwame Nkrumah ne ne berɛ sofo no mu pii nyaa ne ho adwemmɔne, na wɔfaa no sɛ "ɔbarima a ne ho yɛ den a ne botae ara ne sɛ ɔbɛdi Afrika man no nyinaa so"[34]. Afrika aman a wɔagye wɔn ho no mu dodow no ara sɔre tiaa Nkrumah a na ɔpɛ sɛ Afrika bɛyɛ ɔman biako no, efisɛ na wobu no sɛ ɛyɛ asiane ma wɔn man no tumidie[35]. Ivory Coast manpanin Félix Houphouët-Boigny yɛ Nkrumah tamfo, na wɔn baanu no ne wɔn ho wɔn ho nyaa akasakasa.

Pan-Africanist akuw te sɛ African Unity Organization no, nnipa te sɛ Tanzanian manpanyin Julius Nyerere abɔ wɔn sobo sɛ wɔyɛ "dictators' committee" a ɛnbɔ Afrikafo kyɛfa ho ban[36]. Afrika akannifo a wɔdii anim wɔ Afrika Nkabom Ahyehyɛde no ne Afrika Nkabom no, te sɛ Uganda manpanyin Idi Amin, Zimbabwe manpanyin Robert Mugabe, ne Libya manpanyin Muammar Gaddafi, wɔabɔ wɔn sobo sɛ wɔrebu nnipa mmara so bere a wɔde Pan-Africanist kasa redi dwuma de ama wɔn tumi ayɛ nea ɛfata[32]. Malawi sikasɛm ho nimdefoɔ Thandika Mkandawire kyerɛ sɛ[36],

Tumi a Pan-Africanism ne Afrika amantam nhyehyɛe adi no biako ne sɛ wɔantumi ansɔ Afrikafo no ho ban amfi wɔn ankasa atirimɔdenfo a wɔyɛ wɔn ankasa no ho. Wɔanhu Pan-Africanism sɛ ɛhyɛ nnipa hokwan sɛ ɔman mma a wɔwɔ wɔn aman mu no mu den na ɛbɔ wɔn ho ban. Anigye a wɔde ma wɔ Pan-Africanism din mu no ama Afrika tumidifoɔ a wɔyɛ basabasayɛ a efi ɔporɔ so kosi nnipakuo kum so no ayɛ wɔn ho te sɛ sum.

Ɔkasatia foforo a wɔde baa Pan-Africanism so ne sɛ ɛmfata wɔ nsɛm a ɛrekɔ so nnɛ a ɛfa Afrika a na ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ bere a na wɔdi kan no akyi no ho, na ɛno nti, "ɛkaa tete no mu"[37]. Wɔabɔ Pan-Africanism sobo sɛ ɛtwe adwene si "African" anaa "black" ahoni so dodo bere a ɛbu n'ani gu amammerɛ ne nyamesom mu nsonsonoe ne ntɔkwaw a ɛwɔ Afrikafo ntam no so (ne titire wɔ Nigeria, baabi a faahodie akannifo gyaee ɔman baakoyɛ akyi fa wɔn ankasa mmusuakuo ho mfasoɔ so), na wɔaka sɛ adwene no gyina "ɔtamfo koro" a ɔte sɛ amammerɛ so na ama wanya ne ho mfasoɔ ne ne tumidie[33].

Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ

[sesa]
  1. ↑ David Austin (2007-10), "All Roads Led to Montreal: Black Power, the Caribbean, and the Black Radical Tradition in Canada", The Journal of African American History (in English), vol. 92, no. 4, pp. 516–539, doi:10.1086/JAAHv92n4p516, ISSN 1548-1867, retrieved 2025-06-22 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  2. ↑ Omotayo Oloruntoba–Oju (2009-01-01), "Translation, Adaptation, and Intertexuality in African Drama: Wole Soyinka, Zulu Sofola, Ola Rotimi", Translation of Cultures, BRILL, pp. 1–19, ISBN 978-90-420-2596-7, retrieved 2025-06-22
  3. ↑ M. RAMUTSINDELA (1998-04-01), "Pan Africanism: Politics, economy and social change in the Twenty-first Century", African Affairs, vol. 97, no. 387, pp. 289–290, doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a007944, ISSN 0001-9909, retrieved 2025-06-22
  4. ↑ Karen Tranberg Hansen (2006-12), "BOOK REVIEW: Simone, AbdouMaliq, and Abdelghani Abouhani, editors. URBAN AFRICA: CHANGING CONTOURS OF SURVIVAL IN THE CITY. Dakar: CODESRIA Books, in association with Zed Books, London and New York, and University of South Africa Press, Pretoria. 2005.", Africa Today, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 133–135, doi:10.2979/aft.2006.53.2.133, ISSN 0001-9887, retrieved 2025-06-22 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  5. ↑ Minkah Makalani (1996), "[Poetry]: Minkah Makalani", African American Review, vol. 30, no. 2, p. 250, doi:10.2307/3042361, ISSN 1062-4783, retrieved 2025-06-22
  6. ↑ "New Dictionary of the History of Ideas", Reference Reviews, vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 23–24, 2005-10-01, doi:10.1108/09504120510622643, ISSN 0950-4125, retrieved 2025-06-22
  7. ↑ Rita Abrahamsen (2020-01), "Internationalists, sovereigntists, nativists: Contending visions of world order in Pan-Africanism", Review of International Studies (in English), vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 56–74, doi:10.1017/S0260210519000305, ISSN 0260-2105, retrieved 2025-06-22 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ↑ Screenshot of Itunes Library - Archived Platform Itunes 2010, retrieved 2025-06-22
  9. ↑ https://doi.org/10.17658/issn.2058-5462/issue-19/conversation/figure17, retrieved 2025-06-22 {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  10. ↑ Phemelo Marumo, Thabang Motswaledi (2021-08-27), "Same dream, different ambitions: Pan African Parliament (PAP) and African Philosophy", Academia Letters, doi:10.20935/al3280, ISSN 2771-9359, retrieved 2025-06-22
  11. 1 2 Kwame Essien, Toyin Falola, ed. (2014), Pan-Africanism, and the politics of African citizenship and identity, Routledge African studies, New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-1-135-00519-1 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  12. ↑ "Vernacularizing Nationalism", Anti-Imperial Metropolis, Cambridge University Press, pp. 250–278, 2015-08-25, retrieved 2025-06-22
  13. ↑ "Introduction", Nkrumah & Ghana, Routledge, pp. 13–15, 2013-10-28, ISBN 978-0-203-03807-9, retrieved 2025-06-22
  14. ↑ John Henrik Clarke (1988-03-01), "Pan-Africanism : A Brief History of An Idea In the African World:", Présence Africaine, vol. N° 145, no. 1, pp. 26–56, doi:10.3917/presa.145.0026, ISSN 0032-7638, retrieved 2025-06-22
  15. 1 2 Munyaradzi Mawere, Tapuwa R. Mubaya (2016), African philosophy and thought systems: a search for a culture and philosophy of belonging, Mankon, Cameroon: Langaa Research & Publishing CIG, ISBN 978-9956-763-01-6 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  16. ↑ John Parker, Richard James Reid (2013), Modern African history, Oxford handbooks, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-957247-2 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  17. ↑ Rupert Emerson (1962), "Pan-Africanism", International Organization, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 275–290, doi:10.1017/s0020818300011061, ISSN 0020-8183, retrieved 2025-06-22
  18. ↑ "Preface", Indian Self Rule, Utah State University Press, pp. v–vii, retrieved 2025-06-22
  19. ↑ "Pan-Africanism returns home", Pan-Africanism : A History, Bloomsbury Academic, 2018, ISBN 978-1-4742-5428-1, retrieved 2025-06-22
  20. ↑ Harry Odamtten (2024-02-27), "Pan-Africanism", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-027773-4, retrieved 2025-06-22
  21. ↑ Alex Lubin (2014-02-01), "Geographies of Liberation", Geographies of Liberation, University of North Carolina Press, pp. 1–17, retrieved 2025-06-22
  22. ↑ Richard Brent Turner (1997-04), "EDWARD WILMOT BLYDEN AND PANAFRICANISM: THE IDEOLOGICAL ROOTS OF ISLAM AND BLACK NATIONALISM IN THE UNITED STATES", The Muslim World (in English), vol. 87, no. 2, pp. 169–182, doi:10.1111/j.1478-1913.1997.tb03292.x, ISSN 0027-4909, retrieved 2025-06-22 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  23. ↑ Nick Nesbitt (2005-04-07), "Négritude", African American Studies Center, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-530173-1, retrieved 2025-06-22
  24. ↑ Samuel O. Oloruntoba (2020), Pan Africanism, Regional Integration and Development in Africa, Cham: Springer International Publishing AG, ISBN 978-3-030-34296-8 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  25. ↑ Ernest Toochi Aniche (2015), "Post-Neo-Functionalism, Pan-Africanism and Regional Integration in Africa: Prospects and Challenges of the Proposed Tripartite Free Trade Area (T-FTA)", SSRN Electronic Journal, doi:10.2139/ssrn.2659904, ISSN 1556-5068, retrieved 2025-06-22
  26. ↑ Samuel Ojo Oloruntoba (2020), "Pan-Africanism, Regional Integration and Development in Africa", Pan Africanism, Regional Integration and Development in Africa, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–14, ISBN 978-3-030-34295-1, retrieved 2025-06-22
  27. ↑ Supplemental Information 2: Number of original research articles retrieved in the Web of Science search engine, from 2015 to 2019., retrieved 2025-06-22
  28. ↑ Syracuse University, African American Studies, retrieved 2025-06-22
  29. ↑ "Declaration of Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World (Universal Negro Improvement Association, 1920)", African American Studies Center, Oxford University Press, 2009-09-30, ISBN 978-0-19-530173-1, retrieved 2025-06-22
  30. 1 2 "Declaration of the Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World", African Cinema: Manifesto and Practice for Cultural Decolonization, Indiana University Press, pp. 347–354, 2023-08-08, ISBN 978-0-253-06630-5, retrieved 2025-06-22
  31. ↑ Daniel Nelson (2018-11-29), "What Two Colors Combine To Make Blue?", Science Trends, doi:10.31988/scitrends.43958, retrieved 2025-06-22
  32. 1 2 3 Russell John Rickford (2016), We are an African people: independent education, black power, and the radical imagination, New York: Oxford university press, ISBN 978-0-19-986147-7 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  33. 1 2 Ngozika Anthonia Obi-Ani, Paul Obi-Ani (2020), "Nigeria-Israeli Relations: "So Fragile So Emotional"", South Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, vol. 01, no. 03, pp. 119–137, doi:10.48165/sajssh.2020.1309, ISSN 2582-7065, retrieved 2025-06-22
  34. ↑ Dadoua Aboussou (2019), Kwame Nkrumah and Félix Houphouët-Boigny: divergent perspectives on African independence and unity, Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, ISBN 978-1-5275-3592-3 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  35. ↑ Henry Kam Kah (2016-10-27), "KWAME NKRUMAH AND THE PANAFRICAN VISION: BETWEEN ACCEPTANCE AND REBUTTAL", AUSTRAL: Brazilian Journal of Strategy & International Relations, vol. 5, no. 9, doi:10.22456/2238-6912.65783, ISSN 2238-6912, retrieved 2025-06-22
  36. 1 2 Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni (2013), Nationalism and National Projects in Southern Africa: New Critical Reflections, Finex Ndhlovu, Cape Town: Africa Institute of South Africa, ISBN 978-0-7983-0395-8 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  37. ↑ Michael Onyebuchi Eze (2013-09), "Pan‐Africanism and the Politics of History", History Compass (in English), vol. 11, no. 9, pp. 675–686, doi:10.1111/hic3.12089, ISSN 1478-0542, retrieved 2025-06-22 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
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