Niger’s Request for Return of Traditional Musical Instruments

Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ Asante Twi mu

Niger nnwom nnwinnadeɛ a wɔde di dwuma no a wɔde bɛsan aba no yɛ amammerɛ mu nkɛntɛnso a ɛwɔ Afrika nnwinnadeɛ a wɔde di dwuma a wɔayi afi hɔ bere a na wɔdi amammerɛ ase no so. Ɛwom sɛ nnwom nnyigyei nni din kɛseɛ wɔ wiase nyinaa sɛ nneɛma a wɔasan de ama afoforo te sɛ ahoni anaa nnipa nnompe de, nanso nnwom nnyegyeeɛ di dwuma titire wɔ Afrikafo asetra, wɔn honhom fam asetena, ne wɔn nipasu mu. Nnwinnadeɛ a wɔreka ho asɛm no - te sɛ asaw, nnwom a wɔde kyɛnsee bɔ, mpintin, ne sankuo - yɛ adeɛ titire wɔ Nigerfoɔ amammerɛ mu, titiriw wɔ mmusuakuo bi te sɛ Hausa, Zarma-Songhai, Tuareg, ne Fulani mu. Saa nnwinnadeɛ yi a wɔayi no afiri hɔ no, ɛnyɛ amammerɛ a ɛrekɔ so no nko na ɛsɛee, na mmom nnwom ne amanneɛ ahodoɔ a na ɛfa Nigerfoɔ nananom nne ho no nso yɛɛ komm^[1].

Abakɔsɛm

Berɛ a Francefoɔ dii Niger so wɔ afe 1890 no mu kɔsi 1960 mfeɛ no mu no, Europefoɔ a wɔyɛ nnipa ho kyerɛwtohɔ, asɛmpatrɛfoɔ, asraafo, ne wɔn a wɔboaboa nneɛma ano no yii nneɛma pii fii hɔ, a nnwom nnwinnadeɛ ka ho, de yɛɛ adwuma kɛseɛ bi de kyerɛ Afrikafoɔ agyapadeɛ ho asɛm. Na wɔtaa boaboa saa nneɛma yi ano wɔ nnipa abakɔsɛm mu nhwehwɛmu mu anaa sɛ nkae adeɛ, a na wɔnhwɛ wɔn honhom mu anaa wɔn afahyɛ mu mfasoɔ yie^[2]^[3]. Emu pii kɔtenaa France tete nnoɔma akorae te sɛ Musée du quai Branly - Jacques Chirac, anaa suapɔn ahodoɔ nnoɔma a wɔaboaboa ano te sɛ deɛ ɛwɔ Bordeaux, Lyon, ne Paris no mu^[4].

Nnoɔma a wɔayi afi hɔ no bi ne:

Twene a wɔde kora ne kukuo ayɛ a wɔde di dwuma wɔ Hausa ahemfie nnwom ne Fulani amanneɛ ahodoɔ mu;
Tuareg imzad (nneɛma bi a wɔde bɔ nnwom a mmea bɔ wɔ anansesɛm a wɔka ne ayaresa mu);
Zarma-Songhai nnwom (te sɛ molo), a ɛka griotfoɔ anansesɛm ho;
Wɔbɔ mmɛn mmienu a wɔde nnua ayɛ ne mmɛn a wɔde bɔ ano a wɔde bɔ ano wɔ nhyiamu ne awudie ho amanneɛ ahodoɔ mu.

Saa nnwinnadeɛ yi nyɛ nnwom mu nnwinnadeɛ kɛkɛ - ɛyɛ abakɔsɛm ho nneɛma, anansesɛm, mpaebɔ, abusua abakɔsɛm, ne nkae a ɛwɔ ɔman no mu.

Niger srɛ a wɔsrɛ sɛ wɔnsan mfa wɔn mmra wɔn man mu

Mfeɛ kakra a atwam ni no, Niger ka aman a ɛwɔ Afrika Atɔe fam no ho ma wɔabisa sɛ wɔnsan mfa agyapade ahorow a ɛho hia no mma wɔn. Niger amammerɛ, nsrahwɛ, ne nsa ano adwinni ho adwumayɛbea no, ne wɔn a wɔdi amammerɛ ho dwuma ne amanaman ntam adwumayɛfo ayɛ nhyehyɛe ahu nnwom a wɔde bɔ nnwom wɔ France adwumayɛbea ahodoɔ mu, na wɔabisa sɛ wɔnsan mfa wɔn mmra.

Wɔ afe 2022 mu no, Niger atumfoɔ yɛɛ nnwinnade 150 a nnwom nnwinnade ka ho, a wɔayi afi Niger na seesei ɛwɔ France ne Europa nnwumakuo afoforɔ mu no ho kan twerɛtohɔ^[5]^[6]. Saa nhyehyɛɛ yi dii kan wɔ Ɔmanpanin Emmanuel Macron ne bɔhyɛ a ɔde too dwa wɔ afe 2017 mu sɛ ɔbɛsan de Afrika amammerɛ a wɔfaa kwan a ɛmfata so nyaa no wɔ nnisoɔ ase no, bɔhyɛ a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ Sarr-Savoy Report (2018) a wɔde too dwa no akyi.

Ɛnyɛ nnoɔma kronkron anaa nneɛma a wɔde di afahyɛ nko ara na Nigerfo hwehwɛ, na mmom nnwinnade a ɛho hia paa wɔ nnwom a wɔde di dwuma wɔ wɔn amanne mu a wɔn honam fam agyapade a wɔhweree ama ayɛ mmerɛ no nso.

Dwumadie ahodoɔ ho mfasoɔ wɔ Niger amammerɛ mu

Nnwom a wɔde bɔ wɔ Niger no nyɛ anigyedeɛ nko:

Honhom fam ne ayaresa mu a wɔde di dwuma: Wɔde nnwinnade teɛ sɛ imzad ne mpoma bi di dwuma wɔ amanne ahorow mu de ne ahonhom di nkitaho anaa wɔde boa wɔn ma wonya ayaresa.
Abakɔsɛm a Wɔde Ano Ka: Wɔn a wɔto nnwom de kamfo Onyankopɔn no de nnwom a wɔde asaawa ne asaawa na ɛka abakɔsɛm a wɔde ano ka ne abusua a wofi mu bae ho asɛm.
Nkɔmmɔbɔ ne Nsakrae Afahyɛ: Wɔbɔ nnwinnade pɔtee bi bere a wɔredi wɔn mmabunuberɛ, twetiatwa, aware, anaa ayiyɛ afahyɛ ahodoɔ nkutoo.
Abusuakuo a obi firi mu ne ne gyinabea: Sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, wɔ Tuaregfoɔ mu no, nnwom yɛ amammerɛ a obi gyina mu ne ne gyinabea ho banbɔ kwan, titire berɛ a obi da nkyɛn anaa wɔatu afi baabi no.

Mmuaeɛ a Nnwumakuo no De Ma ne Ɔhaw Ahodoɔ

Musée du quai Branly ne France nnwuma afoforo agye atom sɛ wɔwɔ nneɛma a efi Niger, nanso wɔaka sɛ mmara mma wɔn kwan sɛ wɔde nneɛma no bɛsan aba. Mmara no kyerɛ sɛ Francefo nneɛma a wɔboaboa ano no yɛ nea obiara ntumi mfa ne nsa nka, gye sɛ wɔhyɛ mmara soronko bi, te sɛ nea wɔyɛe wɔ afe 2020 mu de gyee tete nneɛma no kɔɔ Benin ne Senegal no.

Nanso, France ayɛ nhyehyɛe a wɔde bɛboa wɔn a wɔhwɛ agyapade so, a nea ɛka ho ne kyerɛwtohɔ, kɔmputa so nneɛma, ne apam ahorow a wɔn baanu ayɛ a wɔde bɛboa wɔn ma wɔasan de nneɛma no ama wɔn anaa wɔde akyɛ wɔn no. Wɔ afe 2023 mu no, Niger ne France hyehyɛɛ Niger-France Cultural Dialogue Forum a ɛhwɛ sɛ wɔbɛsan de nneɛma a wɔsɛee no ama afoforo, wɔatete wɔn wɔ nneɛma a wɔsɛee no ho, na wɔatete wɔn wɔ nneɛma a wɔsɛee no ho, na wɔatete wɔn wɔ nneɛma a wɔsɛee no ho.

Amanaman Ntam ne Mmara Ahyehyɛdeɛ

Amanaman ntam nkrataa pii na ɛboa Niger asɛm no:

UNESCO 1970 Apam: Niger ne France nyinaa ayɛ apam a ɛbɔ amanne ho agyapade a wɔde ba ɔman no mu/a wɔde fi hɔ a mmara mma ho kwan no ho ban^[7].
UNIDROIT Apam (1995): Ɛde nnyinasosɛm ahorow a ɛfa amammerɛ mu nneɛma a wɔwia anaa wɔde kɔ amannɔne a wɔamfa ho kwan no a wɔde bɛsan ama no ho^[8]^[9].]
African Union Model Law on the Protection of Cultural Property: Ɛma mmara kwan a wɔfa so yɛ nneɛma a wɔde ama wɔ Afrika aman mu.

Bio nso, Niger afi ase de ne agyapade a ayera no retwerɛ wɔ kɔmputa so wɔ amanaman ntam adwumayɛfo mmoa mu, adeyɛ a ɛhyɛ mmaransɛm mu kyɛfa mu den na ɛboa ma ɔmanfo te ase.

Akwan ahodoɔ a wɔbɛfa so akɔ wɔn anim

Wɔda so ara rebɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛma Nigerfo asan de wɔn nnwom a wɔde bɔ nnwom no aba. Nneɛma pii na ɛma otumi di nkonim:

Nkɔmmɔbɔ a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ France ne aman a wɔhwɛ wɔn so no mu;
Nhyehyɛeɛ ahodoɔ a wɔfa so ma ɔmanfo hu sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde abrabɔ pa ne amammuisɛm ho akwankyerɛ ma ahyehyɛde ahorow no;
Nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛfa amammerɛ ho, a Niger Ɔman Nkaedum (Musée National Boubou Hama) ne amantam amammerɛ mu adan ka ho, a wɔde bɛhwɛ nneɛma a wɔasan de aba no so na wɔakora so;
Nnwinnadeɛ a wɔde di dwuma wɔ amanne a ɛte ase mu denam ɔmanfo dwumadi, awo ntoatoaso ntam adesua, ne nnwonto ho ntetee so.

Awieeɛ

Niger nnwontoɔ nnwinnadeɛ a wɔde kɔ wɔn man mu no nyɛ nneɛma bi a wɔde kɔ wɔn man mu kɛkɛ - ɛyɛ wɔn nne, wɔn honhom, ne wɔn suban a wɔde kɔ wɔn man mu no. Nnwinnade yi yɛ agyapade a nkwa wom, a wɔde ahyɛ Nigerfo amanne, wɔn nkae, ne wɔn mmɔdenbɔ mu den. Bere a wiase nyinaa ahyehyɛde ahorow rehwɛ amammerɛ a wɔde agye wɔn agyapade so no, Niger nne a ɛregyigye wɔn a wɔresan agye wɔn agyapade no ho asɛm no hwehwɛ sɛ ɛnyɛ atɛntrenee nko na mmom amanne ahorow a na amammerɛ a wɔde di wɔn so no abɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛhyɛ ase no bɛsan aba nkwa mu.

Baabi menyaa mmoa firiiɛ

↑ Niger struggles to keep its traditional music alive - eNCA (in English), 2024-0101-0303, retrieved 2025-07-15 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
↑ Mathilde Pavis, Andrea Wallace (2019), "Response to the 2018 Sarr-Savoy Report: Statement on Intellectual Property Rights and Open Access Relevant to the Digitization and Restitution of African Cultural Heritage and Associated Materials", SSRN Electronic Journal, doi:10.2139/ssrn.3378200, ISSN 1556-5068, retrieved 2025-07-15
↑ The Restitution of African Cultural Heritage. Toward a New Relational Ethics (in American English), archived from the original on 2021-08-15, retrieved 2025-07-15
↑ Niger’s Request for Return of Traditional Musical Instruments (in English), retrieved 2025-07-15
↑ David Bouvier (2016-03-20), "Le fabuleux destin des biens culturels", Le fabuleux destin des biens culturels, BSN Press, pp. 19–25, ISBN 978-2-940516-63-6, retrieved 2025-07-15
↑ RFI - Actualités, info, news en direct - Radio France Internationale (in French), 2025-07-15, retrieved 2025-07-15
↑ UNESCO (2007-01-01), "Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property Paris, 14 November 1970", Standard-Setting at UNESCO, Brill | Nijhoff, pp. 103–111, ISBN 978-90-04-16454-3, retrieved 2025-07-15
↑ UNIDROIT - International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (in American English), 2021-05-25, retrieved 2025-07-15
↑ Giuditta Giardini (2024-04-23), "The 1995 Unidroit Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects", The Elgar Companion to UNIDROIT, Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 371–390, ISBN 978-1-80392-456-4, retrieved 2025-07-15

[1] Niger struggles to keep its traditional music alive - eNCA (in English), 2024-0101-0303, retrieved 2025-07-15 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[2] Mathilde Pavis, Andrea Wallace (2019), "Response to the 2018 Sarr-Savoy Report: Statement on Intellectual Property Rights and Open Access Relevant to the Digitization and Restitution of African Cultural Heritage and Associated Materials", SSRN Electronic Journal, doi:10.2139/ssrn.3378200, ISSN 1556-5068, retrieved 2025-07-15

[3] The Restitution of African Cultural Heritage. Toward a New Relational Ethics (in American English), archived from the original on 2021-08-15, retrieved 2025-07-15

[4] Niger’s Request for Return of Traditional Musical Instruments (in English), retrieved 2025-07-15

[5] David Bouvier (2016-03-20), "Le fabuleux destin des biens culturels", Le fabuleux destin des biens culturels, BSN Press, pp. 19–25, ISBN 978-2-940516-63-6, retrieved 2025-07-15

[6] RFI - Actualités, info, news en direct - Radio France Internationale (in French), 2025-07-15, retrieved 2025-07-15

[7] UNESCO (2007-01-01), "Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property Paris, 14 November 1970", Standard-Setting at UNESCO, Brill | Nijhoff, pp. 103–111, ISBN 978-90-04-16454-3, retrieved 2025-07-15

[8] UNIDROIT - International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (in American English), 2021-05-25, retrieved 2025-07-15

[9] Giuditta Giardini (2024-04-23), "The 1995 Unidroit Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects", The Elgar Companion to UNIDROIT, Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 371–390, ISBN 978-1-80392-456-4, retrieved 2025-07-15

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