Niger’s Campaign for Repatriation of Cultural and Biological Remains
Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ Asante Twi mu
Niger Republic, te sɛ Afrika aman pii no, abɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛsan de amammerɛ ne abɔdeɛ mu nnoɔma a wɔawia, a wɔagye wɔ nnisoɔ ase, anaa wɔde nyansahunu mu nneyɛeɛ bɔne nyaa no wɔ nniso ase no aba. Ɔman no atuatew no ne Afrika-Aman no nyinaa bɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛsan ama Afrikafo agyapadeɛ no so tumi bio na wɔanya abakɔsɛm mu atɛntenenee.
Abakɔsɛm
[sesa]Bere a na France di Niger so no, wɔhweree nneɛma pii wɔ hɔ, na wɔde tete nneɛma, nnipa nnompe, ne nneɛma kronkron kɔtoo Europa tete nneɛma akorae ne nhwehwɛmu nnwuma mu. Mpɛn pii no, na wonnya mpɔtam hɔfo no kwan na wɔatu wɔn afi hɔ, na na ɛyɛ amammerɛ ne honhom fam basabasayɛ. Franse nnommumfo, asɛmpatrɛwfo, ne nnipa ho animdefo yii nneɛma te sɛ ahyɛnsode nkataanim, nananom nkatabo, ne nnipa ho nsɛm afoforo kɔɔ mmeae te sɛ Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle wɔ Paris ne Musée du quai Branly - Jacques Chirac[1][2].
Nnoɔma a wɔayɛ no tete mmere mu ne nnipa a wɔaka no wɔ Europa
[sesa]Ntawantawa a ɛmu yɛ den a ɛkyɛn so biara no mu baako fa nnipa nnompe, titire nkatabo, a Europa nyansahufo a na wɔboaboa ano de boa nnipa mu nyiyim ho nkyerɛkyerɛ a ɛnyɛ nokware no ho. Mpɛn pii na na wɔfa saa nnompe yi firi amusiei anaa wɔ ɔko mu, na akyiri yi na wɔda no adi anaa wɔkora so wɔ Europa nnwumakuw mu[3][4]. Niger ada n'adwene adi mpɛn pii wɔ nkae yi a wobu no sɛ wɔn nananom ahonhom a ɛsɛ sɛ wosie wɔn yiye no ho.
Nsakrae a aba nnansa yi ne mmusua a wɔboa ma wɔsan kɔ wɔn man mu
[sesa]Niger Amammerɛ Dwumadibea ne UNESCO Ɔman Boayikuo no abɔ Franse atumfoɔ ne Europa ahyehyɛdeɛ afoforo amanneɛ sɛ wɔnsan mfa amammerɛ ne abɔde mu nneɛma a wɔawia no mma wɔn. Saa akwantuo yi yɛ Afrika Atɔe fam aman a wɔagye ato mu no mu baako, titire berɛ a France manpanin Emmanuel Macron kasae wɔ Ouagadougou wɔ afe 2017 mu no, ɔhyɛɛ bɔ sɛ ɔbɛboa ma Afrika amammerɛ no asan akɔ wɔn man mu bere tiaa bi anaa daa[5].
Sarr-Savoy Amanneɛbɔ no a wɔtintimii wɔ afe 2018 mu no maa Niger mmɔdemmɔ no nyaa nkɔanim denam mmara ne abrabɔ mu nnyinaso bi a ɛgyina hɔ ma Afrika nsusude no so. Amanneɛbɔ no kyerɛ sɛ nneɛma mpempem pii wɔ France nneɛma a wɔboaboa ano a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔsan de ba, a ebi fi Niger[1][2]. Ɛno akyi no, Niger de amanneɛbɔ a ɛfa amammerɛ ho nneɛma bi te sɛ akode, nnwom nnwinnade, ne ahoni kronkron a wɔde maa wɔn no bae.
Wɔ afe 2020 mu no, Niger ne Sahelian aman afoforo boom yɛɛ adwuma wɔ G5 Sahel nhyehyɛe mu de hyehyɛɛ baako wɔ aman a na anka wɔyɛ n'ahemman no ntam. Saa mantam mu nkabom yi sii abakɔsɛm ne amammerɛ mu nkitahodi so dua, na ɛhyɛɛ aman ntam nkitahodi mu nhyɛso a na ɛrekɔ so no mu den[6].
Deɛ Ɔsan a Wɔbɛsan Wɔn A Wɔde Wɔn Aba Niger no Kyerɛ
[sesa]Wɔ Nigeriafoɔ fam no, saa nnompe yi a wɔasan de aba no nyɛ mmara anaa amammuisɛm mu asɛm bi kɛkɛ; ɛyɛ honhom fam ne amammerɛ mu asɛm a emu dɔ. Nnipa nnompe a wɔsan de ma no ma nkurɔfo tumi yɛ wɔn amammerɛ mu ayiyɛ ho amanne, ma wɔsan nya wɔn nananom anim anuonyam, na wɔsa abakɔsɛm mu akuru[7]. Wɔ amammerɛ fam no, nneɛma kronkron a wɔsan de ma no ma amanne ahorow no nya ahoɔden foforo, na ɛma awo ntoatoaso a ɛbɛba no nya nteteeɛ ho hokwan.
Afei nso, ɔmanfo a wɔsan de wɔn kɔ wɔn kurom no ma ɔman no tete tete nneɛma akorae ne nsrahwɛ tu mpɔn. Sɛ nhwɛso no, Niger Ɔman Nkae Dwumadibea (Musée National Boubou Hama) ayɛ krado sɛ obegye nneɛma a wɔasan de ama no na wahwɛ so, na wakyerɛkyerɛ mu wɔ baabi a obu wɔn amammerɛ mu[8].
Ɔhaw ahodoɔ ne kwan a wɔbɛfa so adi so
[sesa]Ɛmfa ho sɛ Niger de n'adwene asi nea ɛrekɔ so no so no, nneɛma pii sisi wɔ wɔn a wɔresan akɔ wɔn kurom no anim. Mmara mu nsɛm a emu yɛ den, Europa ahyehyɛde ahorow a wɔsɔre tia, ne baabi a wofi ho kyerɛwtohɔ a enni mu no ma nkɔmmɔ no yɛ hare (Prott, 2009). Afei nso, nneɛma foforo wɔ hɔ a wobetumi ayɛ de ahwɛ sɛ Niger tete nneɛma akorae ne ahyehyɛde ahorow no betumi akora nneɛma a wɔasan de aba no na wɔada no adi wɔ ahobammɔ mu.
Nea ɛbɛyɛ na wɔadi ɔhaw yi ho dwuma no, Niger de ntoboa rehyɛ agyapade mu, retete wɔn a wɔyɛ adwuma wɔ akorae ahorow mu, na wɔreyɛ amanaman ntam adwuma. Ɛsan nso boa sɛ wɔbɛhwehwɛ wiase nyinaa akwankyerɛ wɔ UNESCO ne Afrika Nkabom no mu a ɛbɛma wɔatumi asan de nkurɔfo aba wɔn man mu wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so.
Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ
[sesa]- 1 2 Mathilde Pavis, Andrea Wallace (2019), "Response to the 2018 Sarr-Savoy Report: Statement on Intellectual Property Rights and Open Access Relevant to the Digitization and Restitution of African Cultural Heritage and Associated Materials", SSRN Electronic Journal, doi:10.2139/ssrn.3378200, ISSN 1556-5068, retrieved 2025-07-03
- 1 2 The Restitution of African Cultural Heritage. Toward a New Relational Ethics (in American English), archived from the original on 2021-08-15, retrieved 2025-07-03
- ↑ Catherine Hickley (2020-11-01), "The Netherlands: Museums confront the country's colonial past", The UNESCO Courier, vol. 2020, no. 4, pp. 25–27, doi:10.18356/65f89a0e-en, ISSN 2220-2293, retrieved 2025-07-03
- ↑ The Art Newspaper - International art news and events (in English), retrieved 2025-07-03
- ↑ "Macron, Emmanuel Jean-Michel Frédéric, (born 21 Dec. 1977), President of France, since 2017", Who's Who, Oxford University Press, 2017-12-01, retrieved 2025-07-03
- ↑ Daniel Mulugeta (2021-05-17), "Pan-Africanism and the Affective Charges of the African Union Building in Addis Ababa", Journal of African Cultural Studies, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 521–537, doi:10.1080/13696815.2021.1884971, ISSN 1369-6815, retrieved 2025-07-03
- ↑ Charlotte Galloway (2021-02-09), "MYANMAR, MUSEUMS, AND REPATRIATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE", Returning Southeast Asia's Past, NUS Press, pp. 264–287, retrieved 2025-07-03
- ↑ Vanessa Tünsmeyer (2022), "Repatriation of Sacred Indigenous Heritage Under International Cultural Heritage Law", Studies in Art, Heritage, Law and the Market, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 143–180, ISBN 978-3-030-89046-9, retrieved 2025-07-03