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Mfirihyia Apem Nkɔso Botae ahorow

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Wɔ Amanaman Nkabom no mu no, Mfirihyia Apem Nkɔsoɔ Botaeɛ (MDGs) yɛ amanaman ntam nkɔsoɔ botaeɛ awotwe a wɔde sii hɔ wɔ afe 2015 mu a wɔde sii hɔ wɔ Mfirihyia Apem Nhyiamu no akyi, wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Mfirihyia Apem Mpaemuka no a wɔgye toom no akyi. Eyinom gyinaa OECD DAC Amanaman Ntam Nkɔso Botae ahorow a Nkɔso Asomfo penee so wɔ "Afeha a Ɛto so 21 Nhyehyɛe" no mu. Nkɔsoɔ a Ɛkɔ so Daa Botaeɛ (SDGs) no dii MDGs no akyi wɔ afe 2016 mu.

Aman 191 a wɔka Amanaman Nkabom no ho nyinaa, ne anyɛ yiye koraa no amanaman ntam ahyehyɛde ahorow 22, hyɛɛ bɔ sɛ wɔbɛboa ma wɔadu Mfirihyia Apem Nkɔso Botae ahorow a edidi so yi ho ansa na afe 2015 adu:

  1. Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobetu ohia buruburoo ne ɔkɔm ase
  2. Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobenya amansan mfitiase mfitiase nhomasua
  3. Sɛ wɔbɛhyɛ mmarima ne mmea pɛyɛ ho nkuran na wɔama mmea tumi
  4. Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a mmofra a wowuwu so bɛtew
  5. Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɛnanom akwahosan bɛtu mpɔn
  6. Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛko atia HIV/AIDS, asramma, ne nyarewa afoforo
  7. Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia no bɛkɔ so atra hɔ daa[1]
  8. Sε yεbεhyε wiase nyinaa fekuo a εbεma nkɔsoɔ[1]

Na botae biara wɔ botae pɔtee bi, ne nna a wɔde bedu saa botae ahorow no ho. Wɔde botae ahorow 21 na esusuw botae ahorow awotwe no ho. Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a nkɔso bɛkɔ ntɛmntɛm no, G8 sikasɛm soafo no penee so wɔ June 2005 mu sɛ wɔde sika a ɛdɔɔso bɛma Wiase Sikakorabea, Amanaman Ntam Sikakorabea (IMF) ne Afrika Nkɔso Sikakorabea (AfDB) a wɔde bɛtwa ɛka a ɛyɛ dɔla ɔpepepem 40 kosi 55 a heavily no mufo de no mu aman a wodi hia a wɔde wɔn ka (HIPC) sɛ wɔbɛma wɔn kwan ma wɔadan wɔn nneɛma akɔ nhyehyɛe ahorow a wɔde bɛma akwahosan ne nhomasua atu mpɔn ne ohia a wɔbɛtew so.

Nneɛma a wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ mu a wɔasɔ ahwɛ no bi ne (1) nkɔsoɔ a ɛhia na ama wɔadu mfirihyia apem nkɔsoɔ botaeɛ (MDG) a ɛfa nsuo a wɔde bɛma ho (denam wɔn a wɔnnya nsuo pa a wɔbɛnom no fa a wɔbɛtew so wɔ afe 2015 mu), (2) wɔbɛdi nsuo MDG no ho dwuma de aka kyɛfa no so fa wɔ afe 2015 mu wɔn a wonni ahotew a ɛfata no mu, (3) nsu ne ahotew a ɛkɔ anim a wɔbɛma obiara anya kɛse, (4) nnuru a wɔde kum mmoawa a wɔde ma wɔ baabi a wɔde di dwuma sen nsu a wɔde ma ne ahotew a ɛkɔ anim a wɔbɛma akɔ soro (5) nsu a wɔde fa nsu mu a wɔahyɛ ho mmara a wɔde bɛma a wɔde ma wɔ fie ne efi nkitahodi a ɛne efi fa bi a wɔde ma obiara (Hutton, G. Nhwehwɛmu a ɛfa Nsu ne Ahotew Ho Nkɔso Ho Ka ne Mfaso a Ɛwɔ Wiase Nyinaa Mu, 2004 WHO-Geneva)

Wɔn a wɔkasa tia MDGs no nwiinwii wɔ nhwehwɛmu ne ntease a wonni wɔ botae ahorow a wɔapaw no akyi, ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den anaasɛ wonsusuw nneɛma bi ho wɔ botae ahorow bi ne nkɔso a ɛnteɛ ho, ne afoforo. Ɛwom sɛ mmoa a aman a wɔanya nkɔso de ma de du Mfe Mfe Nkɔso Botae no ho no kɔɔ soro wɔ asɛnnennen bere no mu de, nanso bɛboro fa kɔɔ bosea a wɔde ma no so na nea aka no mu dodow no ara kɔɔ abɔde mu asiane mu mmoa ne asraafo mmoa so, sen sɛ wɔbɛma wɔanya nkɔso foforo.

Ɛde besi afe 2013 no, na nkɔso a wɔanya wɔ botae ahorow no ho no nyɛ pɛ. Aman bi duu botae ahorow pii ho, bere a na afoforo nso nni kwan so sɛ wobedu emu biara ho. UN nhyiam bi a wɔyɛe wɔ September 2010 mu no hwɛɛ nkɔso a aba de besi nnɛ no mu na wɔfaa wiase nyinaa nhyehyɛe bi a wɔde bedu botae awotwe no ho ansa na da a wɔde asi wɔn ani so no adu. Bɔhyɛ foforo de wɔn ani sii mmea ne mmofra akwahosan so, ne nnwuma foforo a wɔyɛe wɔ wiase nyinaa ɔko a wɔde ko tia ohia, ɔkɔm ne nyarewa no mu.

Ahyehyɛde ahorow a ɛnyɛ aban de a wɔboaa no bi ne Amanaman Nkabom Mfirihyia Apem Ɔsatu, Mfirihyia Apem Bɔhyɛ Apam, Inc., Wiase Nyinaa Ohia Dwumadi, Micah Asɛnnennen, Mmabun a Wɔreyɛ EU Dwumadi, "Cartoons in Action" video adwuma ne 8 Visions of Anidaso wiase nyinaa adwinni adwuma.

Akyi asɛm

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Mfiase

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Ɔko Nwininwini no awiei akyi no, na nhyiam ahorow a UN di anim wɔ 1990 mfe no mu no atwe adwene asi nsɛm te sɛ mmofra, aduan pa, nnipa hokwan ahorow ne mmea so, na ɛde bɔhyɛ ahorow a ɛbɛma amanaman ntam adeyɛ a wɔaka abom wɔ saa nsɛm no ho aba. Wiase Nyinaa Nhyiam a ɛfa Asetra mu Nkɔso ho wɔ afe 1995 mu no yɛɛ Copenhagen Mpaemuka a ɛfa Asetra mu Nkɔso ho a wiase nyinaa akannifo bɔhyɛ ahorow a wɔahyehyɛ no tenten na ɛyɛ den ka ho, a pii a wɔadan afi nea efii nhyiam ahorow a atwam no mu bae ka ho[2]. Nanso na amanaman ntam mmoa dodow rekɔ fam na, saa afe koro no ara mu no, OECD Nkɔso Mmoa Boayikuw no hyehyɛɛ nsusuwii nhyehyɛe bi a wɔde bɛhwɛ nkɔso mmoa daakye.[3] Amanneɛbɔ a ɛfirii mu baeɛ, "Shaping the 21st Century", danee Copenhagen bɔhyɛ ahodoɔ no bi yɛɛ no ​​"Amanaman Ntam Nkɔsoɔ Botaeɛ" asia a wɔtumi hwɛ so, a na ɛwɔ nsɛm ne ne kwan a ɛte sɛ MDGs a ɛtwa toɔ no: ohia a wɔbɛtew so fa wɔ afe 2015 mu; amansan mfitiaseɛ adesua wɔ afe 2015 mu; nsonsonoe a ɛda mmarima ne mmea ntam a wobeyi afi hɔ wɔ sukuu ahorow mu wɔ afe 2005 mu; nkokoaa, mmofra ne ɛnanom a wowuwu so tew wɔ afe 2015 mu, amansan nyinaa a wobenya awo akwahosan ho nhyehyɛe wɔ afe 2015 mu ne ɔman no nhyehyɛe a ɛfata a wɔde bɛyɛ nkɔso a ɛtra hɔ daa a wɔde asi hɔ wɔ baabiara wɔ afe 2015 mu.[4]

Wɔ afe 1997 awiei no, Amanaman Nkabom Bagua Kɛse no yɛɛ Mfirihyia Apem Nhyiam ne nhyiam titiriw bi ho adwene sɛ ɛbɛyɛ nea wɔde wɔn adwene besi so wɔ mmɔden a wɔbɔ sɛ wɔbɛsakra Amanaman Nkabom nhyehyɛe no mu[5] Afe biako akyi no, ɛsii gyinae pɔtee sɛ ɛnyɛ Mfirihyia Apem Nhyiam no nko na ɛbɛyɛ na mmom Mfirihyia Apem Nhyiam nso, na ɛhyɛɛ Ɔkyerɛwfo Panyin, Kofi Annan, sɛ ɔmfa nsusuwii ahorow mmra mma "nsɛmti dodow bi a ɛfa daakye ho na ɛfa ho kɛse", enti bue kwan a wɔbɛfa so akɔ akyiri asen ahyehyɛde mu nsɛmmisa a ɛfa UN nsakrae ho no.[6] Annan amanneɛbɔ no, bere a wotintimii wɔ April 2000 mu wɔ asɛmti "Yɛn Nkurɔfo: Dwuma a Amanaman Nkabom no Di wɔ Afeha a Ɛto so 21" ase no, de nsɛmmisa a ɛfa Amanaman Nkabom no mu nsakrae ho no sii hɔ wɔ nsɛnnennen akɛse a wiase no hyia no mu, a wɔkyerɛe sɛ emu titiriw no sɛ sɛ wɔbɛhwɛ sɛ wiase nyinaa ayɔnkofa bɛyɛ tumi pa ama wiase nnipa nyinaa, sen sɛ wobegyaw wɔn ɔpepepem pii wɔ akyi wɔ animtiaabu mu".[7] Wɔ amanneɛbɔ no mu no Annan hyɛɛ Mfirihyia Apem Nhyiam a ɛreba no nkuran sɛ wonnye botae ne botae atitiriw bi ntom wɔ nsɛm pii a wɔkaa ho asɛm wɔ Copenhagen nhyiam no mu, nhyiam afoforo a wɔyɛe wɔ 1990 mfe no mu, ne Brahimi Amanneɛbɔ a wotintimii nnansa yi a ɛfa amanaman ntam asomdwoe ne ahobammɔ ho no ho.[7]

Mfirihyia Apem Nhyiam ne Amansan Nhyiam a wɔyɛe wɔ September 2000 mu no de Mfirihyia Apem Mpaemuka bi mae a ɛkaa nhyehyɛe a Annan de sii hɔ no ho asɛm[8] Saa mpaemuka yi anka "Mfirihyia Apem Nkɔso Botae" ho asɛm pɔtee, nanso ɛwɔ asɛm no – ne nsɛmfua koro no ara dodow no ara – sɛ botae ahorow a awiei koraa no wɔde sii hɔ no. Adeyɛ bi a wɔde paw Botae ahorow no fi Mpaemuka no mu nsɛm mu na wɔtew mu kɔɔ so bere tenten bi. Bere titiriw bi a ɛwɔ ha ne biakoyɛ a ɛda nkɔmmɔbɔ ahorow a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ Amanaman Nkabom no akwankyerɛ ase ne akwan horow a OECD refa so a egyina "Shaping the 21st Century" so; wɔpenee saa nkabom yi so wɔ nhyiam bi a Wiase Nyinaa Sikakorabea no frɛɛ no ​​wɔ March 2001 mu[3] Wɔ September 2001 mu no, Annan de "Ɔkwan ho mfonini a ɛkɔ Amanaman Nkabom Mfirihyia Apem Mpaemuka no a wɔde bedi dwuma" a na ɔfa bi a ɛfa "Mfirihyia Apem Nkɔso Botae ahorow" ho titiriw wom maa Amansan Nhyiam no, ɔkaa emu bi wɔ wɔn nsɛmfua a awiei koraa no wɔde dii dwuma no mu, na ɔkyerɛe sɛ nsɛm a aka wɔ nhyehyɛe a ɛyɛ pintinn a wɔhyehyɛ mu.[9]

David Hulme ne James Scott hyɛ no nsow sɛ na ɔkwan a wɔfaa so yɛɛ MDGs no trɛw, na na wonni ɔdansifo biako na "mfiase anaa awiei a emu da hɔ". Wɔsan nso ka sɛ aman a wɔyɛ adefoɔ na wɔdii dwumadie no so sen aman a wɔbɛyɛ MDG dwumadie a wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ mu kɛseɛ no.[3]

Nnipa kapital, infrastructure ne nnipa hokwan ahorow

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MDGs no sii nneɛma mmiɛnsa so dua: nnipa kapital, nnwuma ne nnipa hokwan (asetena, sikasɛm ne amammuisɛm), a na wɔn adwene ne sɛ wɔbɛma asetena mu gyinapɛn akɔ soro.[10] Nnipa kapital botaeɛ bi ne aduane pa, akwahosan ho nhyehyɛeɛ (a mmofra a wowuwu, HIV/AIDS, nsamanwaw ne asramma, ne awoɔ akwahosan ka ho) ne nwomasua. Nneɛma a wɔde bɛyɛ adwuma no botaeɛ bi ne nsuo pa a wɔbɛnom, ahoɔden ne nnɛyi nsɛm/nkitahodiɛ mfiridwuma; afuw mu nnɔbae a ɛkɔ soro denam nneyɛe a ɛtra hɔ daa a wɔde di dwuma so; akwantuo; ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia. Nnipa hokwan ahorow botae ahorow bi ne sɛ wɔbɛma mmea tumi, wɔbɛtew basabasayɛ so, amammui mu nne a wɔbɛma akɔ soro, wɔbɛhwɛ ahu sɛ wobenya ɔman nnwuma pɛpɛɛpɛ na wɔbɛma agyapade hokwan ahorow ho ahobammɔ akɔ soro. Na botae ahorow no atirimpɔw ne sɛ ɛbɛma ankorankoro bi nnipa tumi akɔ soro na "wɔama akwan a wɔfa so nya asetra a ɛsow aba no anya nkɔso". Mfe Apem Nkɔsoɔ Nkɔsoɔ Botaeɛ no si so dua sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ ɔman biara nhyehyɛeɛ ma ɛne saa ɔman no ahiadeɛ hyia; enti nhyehyɛe ho nyansahyɛ dodow no ara yɛ nea ɛfa biribiara ho.

Nkɔmmɔbɔ

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MDGs si dwumadie a aman a wɔanya nkɔsoɔ di wɔ aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔsoɔ mu so dua, sɛdeɛ wɔakyerɛ wɔ Botaeɛ Awotwe mu, a ɛde botaeɛ ne botaeɛ sisi hɔ ma aman a wɔanya nkɔsoɔ no sɛ wɔbɛnya "wiase nyinaa fekubɔ a ɛbɛma wɔanya nkɔsoɔ" denam boa a wɔbɛboa aguadiɛ a ɛfata, ɛka a wɔbɛtew so, mmoa a ɛbɛkɔ soro, nneɛma a ɛho hia a ne boɔ yɛ den a wɔbɛnya so nnuru ne mfiridwuma ho nimdeɛ a wɔde ma afoforo a wɔhyɛ ho nkuran. Enti ɛte sɛ nea aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso no ne aman a wɔanya nkɔso bɛyɛɛ ahokafo wɔ apereperedi a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛtew wiase ohia so no mu.(BOTAE 8 SƐ WƆBƐYƐ WIASE NSƐM A ƐFA NKWASƐM HO)

Botaeɛ

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Wɔnam bɔhyɛ ahodoɔ bi a wɔde too dwa wɔ Mfirihyia Apem Mpaemuka no mu, a wɔde wɔn nsa hyɛɛ aseɛ wɔ September 2000. Botaeɛ awotwe na ɛwɔ hɔ a botaeɛ 21 na ɛwɔ mu,[11] ne akwahosan ho nsɛnkyerɛnneɛ ne sikasɛm mu nsɛnkyerɛnneɛ a wɔtumi susuw toatoa so wɔ botaeɛ biara ho [12][13].

Botae 1: Wobetu ohia buruburoo ne ɔkɔm ase

  • Botaeɛ 1A: Wɔbɛtew nnipa dodoɔ a wɔte aseɛ nnu $1.25 da biara no so fa, wɔ afe 1990 ne 2015 ntam[14].
  • Botae 1B: Nnya Adwuma a Ɛfata Ma Mmea, Mmarima, ne Mmabun
  • Botaeɛ 1C: Wɔbɛtew nnipa dodoɔ a ɔkɔm de wɔn no so fa, wɔ afe 1990 ne 2015 ntam[15]

Botae 2: Wobenya amansan mfitiase mfitiase nhomasua

  • Botaeɛ 2A: Ɛduru afe 2015 no, mmofra nyinaa bɛtumi awie Mfitiaseɛ nwomasua/mfitiaseɛ sukuu adesua a ɛdi mũ, mmabaa ne mmarimaa[16]

Botaeɛ 3: Wɔbɛhyɛ mmarima ne mmaa pɛyɛ ho nkuran na wɔama mmaa tumi

  • Botaeɛ 3A: Wɔbɛyi nsonsonoeɛ a ɛda mmarima ne mmaa ntam wɔ mfitiaseɛ ne ntoaso sukuu mu afiri hɔ sɛ ɛbɛyɛ yie wɔ afe 2005 mu, ne wɔ gyinabea nyinaa mu wɔ afe 2015 mu[17]

Botae 4: Wɔbɛtew mmofra a wowuwu so

  • Botae 4A: Wɔbɛtew mmofra a wonnii mfe anum a wowuwu no so nkyem abiɛsa mu abien, wɔ 1990 ne 2015 ntam[18]

Botae 5: Ma ɛnanom akwahosan atu mpɔn

  • Botaeɛ 5A: Wɔbɛtew ɛnanom a wɔwuwu no so nkyem anan mu mmiɛnsa, wɔ 1990 ne 2015 ntam
  • Botaeɛ 5B: Ɛbɛduru afe 2015 no, amansan nyinaa anya awoɔ akwahosan[19].

Botae 6: Wɔbɛko atia HIV/AIDS, asramma, ne nyarewa afoforo

  • Botaeɛ 6A: Wɔagyae wɔ afe 2015 mu na wɔafi aseɛ redan HIV/AIDS ntrɛmu
  • Botaeɛ 6B: Wɔbɛnya, ɛduru afe 2010 no, amansan nyinaa anya HIV/AIDS ayaresa ama wɔn a wɔhia no nyinaa
  • Botaeɛ 6C: Wɔagyae wɔ afe 2015 mu na wɔafi aseɛ redan asramma ne nyarewa akɛseɛ foforɔ a ɛba no[20]

Botae 7: Hwɛ sɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia no bɛkɔ so atra hɔ daa

  • Botaeɛ 7A: Wɔde nkɔsoɔ a ɛbɛtena hɔ daa nnyinasosɛm bɛka ɔman no nhyehyɛeɛ ne nhyehyɛeɛ ho; nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a wɔhwere no akyi
  • Botaeɛ 7B: Wɔbɛtew abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom a ɛyera so, na ɛbɛduru afe 2010 no, wɔbɛtew nneɛma a wɔhwere no so kɛseɛ
  • Botaeɛ 7C: Ɛduru afe 2015 no, nnipa dodoɔ a wɔnni nsuo pa a wɔbɛnom ne ahoteɛ titire a ɛbɛtena hɔ daa no so bɛtew fa
  • Botaeɛ 7D: Ɛduru afe 2020 no, sɛ wɔbɛnya nkɔsoɔ kɛseɛ wɔ anyɛ yie koraa no nnipa ɔpepem 100 a wɔte nkuraaseɛ asetena mu[21]

Botae 8: Yɛbɛhyehyɛ wiase nyinaa fekubɔ a ɛbɛma nkɔso aba

  • Botaeɛ 8A: Yɛbɛkɔ so ayɛ aguadi ne sikasɛm nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛbue, a egyina mmara so, a wɔtumi hyɛ ho nkɔm, ɛnyɛ nyiyim
  • Botae 8B: Di Aman a wonnyaa nkɔso pii (LDCs) Ahiade Titiriw ho dwuma .
  • Botae 8C: Wobedi aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso a ɛnyɛ asase so ne Aman nketewa a wɔrenya nkɔso wɔ nsupɔw so no ahiade titiriw ho dwuma
  • Botaeɛ 8D: Wɔnam ɔman ne amanaman ntam akwan a wɔbɛfa so adi aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔsoɔ no boseabɔ ho haw ho dwuma yie sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ a ɛka a ɛbɛtena hɔ akyɛ
  • Botae 8E: Wɔne nnwumakuw a wɔyɛ nnuruyɛ biako mu no, ma wonya nnuru a ne bo nyɛ den a ɛho hia wɔ aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu
  • Botaeɛ 8F: Wɔne ankorankoro adwumayɛkuo bɛyɛ adwuma abom, ama mfasoɔ a ɛwɔ mfiridwuma foforɔ so, titire nsɛm ne nkitahodie[22]

Ka tia

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Daa daa

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Ɔkasatia a ɛkɔ so wɔ ɔkwan a ɛkɔ akyiri so no bi ne tumi a wosusuw sɛ enni nhwehwɛmu ne ntease a ɛwɔ botae ahorow a wɔapaw no akyi.[23] Wɔsesaa nsɛnkyerɛnneɛ nkyerɛaseɛ, mfitiaseɛ ne botaeɛ no bi wɔ wɔn a wɔdii kan gyee no akyi, de kyerɛɛ sɛ nkɔsoɔ ayɛ yie sene sɛdeɛ na ɛteɛ ankasa.[24]

MDGs no nni botaeɛ a emu yɛ den ne nsɛnkyerɛnneɛ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɔman no mu yɛ pɛ, ɛmfa ho sɛ nsonsonoeɛ kɛseɛ wɔ aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔsoɔ pii mu.[[23][25]

Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔma mpɔtam hɔ nkonimdie a wɔada no adi no mpɛn pii no yɛ kɛseɛ de di ahiadeɛ kɛseɛ no ho dwuma denam nnipa ahoɔden ne nneɛma a ɛwɔ hɔ dada a wɔde akwan te sɛ nkuraaseɛ nhwehwɛmu a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu, mpɔtam nkɔsoɔ a egyina agyapadeɛ so, anaa SEED-SCALE so.[26]

MDG 8 no twe adwene si wɔn a wɔde mmoa ma no nkɔsoɔ so soronko, sene sɛ ɛbɛsi nkɔsoɔ mu nkonimdie so. Wobu Commitment to Development Index a Center for Global Development a ɛwɔ Washington, D.C. tintim afe biara no sɛ ɛyɛ akontaabu mu sɛnkyerɛnne a eye sen biara ma MDG 8.[27] Ɛyɛ ade a ɛkɔ akyiri a wɔde kyerɛ nkɔsoɔ a wɔn a wɔde mmoa ma no kɔ sene aban nkɔsoɔ mmoa, ɛfiri sɛ ɛsusu nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛfa nsɛnkyerɛnneɛ dodoɔ bi a ɛka aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔsoɔ te sɛ aguadi, atutena ne sikasɛm ho.

Wɔtow hyɛɛ MDGs no so esiane sɛ wɔansi nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a ɛbɛkɔ so atra hɔ daa so dua sɛnea ɛsɛ nti[23] Enti, wɔnnkyere nneɛma a ehia na ama wɔanya adwene a wɔde ama wɔ Mfirihyia Apem Mpaemuka no mu nyinaa[25]

Wɔanka kuayɛ ho asɛm pɔtee wɔ MDGs no mu ɛwom mpo sɛ wiase ahiafo dodow no ara yɛ akuafo

Wɔkyerɛ sɛ mmara kwan so de

[sesa]

Wɔabɔ MDG nhyehyɛe no nyinaa sobo sɛ enni mmara kwan so esiane sɛ wɔantumi anka, mpɛn pii no, wɔn a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu ankasa a MDGs no hwehwɛ sɛ ɛbɛboa wɔn no nne ho nti. Amanaman Ntam Nhyehyɛeɛ Boayikuo a ɛhwɛ Aduan so tumidi so, wɔ ne afe 2015 akyi asɛmti ho nkɔmmɔdie krataa a ɛfa MDG 69 ho no ka sɛ "Anohyeto titire a ɛwɔ MDGs no mu wɔ afe 2015 mu ne amammui mu ɔpɛ a ɛnni hɔ sɛ wɔde bedi dwuma ɛnam sɛ amansin a ɛkaa wɔn kɛseɛ no nni MDGs no wuranom nti." ".[28]

Hokwan ahorow a nnipa wɔ

[sesa]

Ebia MDGs no nsi mpɔtam hɔfo kyɛfa ne tumidi so dua kɛse (a ɛnyɛ mmea tumidi).[23]] FIAN International, ahyehyɛdeɛ a ɛhwɛ nnipa hokwan so a ɛtwe adwene si hokwan a wɔwɔ sɛ wɔnya aduane a ɛfata so no, boaa Post 2015 nhyehyɛeɛ no denam kyerɛ a wɔkyerɛɛ sɛ: "nnipa hokwan a ɛdi kan; nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛfata a ɛne ne ho hyia; ne nnipa hokwan a egyina so hwɛ ne akontabuo. Sɛ wɔmfa akontaabuo a ɛte saa nni hɔ , wontumi nhwɛ kwan sɛ nsakrae kɛse biara bɛba ɔman ne amanaman ntam nhyehyɛe ahorow mu."[29]

Nnipa kapital

[sesa]

MDG 2 twe adwene si mfitiaseɛ nwomasua so na ɛsi wɔn a wɔkyerɛw wɔn din ne wɔn a wɔbɛwie so dua. Wɔ aman bi mu no, wɔn a wɔkyerɛw wɔn din titiriw no kɔɔ soro a wɔsɛee nea wotumi yɛe no. Wɔ tebea horow bi mu no, mfitiase nhomasua a wosi so dua no aka ntoaso sukuu ne ntoaso sukuu akyi adesua wɔ ɔkwan a enye so[30]

Nhoma bi a wotintimii wɔ afe 2005 mu no kae sɛ botae ahorow a ɛfa ɛnanom a wowuwu, asramma ne nsamanwaw ho no, wontumi nsusuw ho na mprempren UN akontaabu ahorow no nni nyansahu mu nokware anaasɛ enni hɔ.[31] Afie mu nhwehwɛmu ne ade titiriw a wɔde susuw akwahosan Mfe Nkɔso Botae ho nanso ebetumi ayɛ susudua a enye na ɛyɛ mprenu a ɛgye nneɛma kakraa bi. Bio nso, aman a tebea horow yi dɔɔso sen biara no taa na wonya nsɛm a wɔboaboa ano a wontumi mfa wɔn ho nto so kɛse. Nhwehwɛmu no nso kae sɛ sɛ wɔansusuw nneɛma a edi mu a, ɛrentumi nyɛ yiye sɛ wobehu nkɔso dodow a aba, na ɛma Mfe Apem Nkɔso Botae ahorow no yɛ nea ɛboro kasakoa so ɔfrɛ a wɔde kɔ akode so kakraa bi.[31]

MDG akyigyinafoɔ te sɛ McArthur ne Sachs kasa tiaa sɛ botaeɛ a wɔde besi hɔ no da so ara yɛ adwuma ɛmfa ho sɛ susudua mu nsɛnnennen wɔ hɔ, ɛfiri sɛ ɛma amammui ne dwumadie nhyehyɛeɛ ma mmɔdenbɔ. Sɛ akwahosan ho nhyehyɛe dodow ne ne su kɔ soro wɔ aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu a, wobetumi aboaboa nsɛm pii ano.[32] Wɔsii so dua sɛ wɔtaa susu Mfe Nkɔsoɔ Nkɔsoɔ a ɛnyɛ akwahosan ho no yie, na ɛnyɛ Mfe Mfe Nkɔsoɔ Nkɔsoɔ nyinaa na wɔmaa ɛyɛɛ akyinnyegyeɛ ɛnam nsɛm a wɔannya nti.

Adwene a wɔde si yiyedi so a ɛnyɛ sika a wonya no boa ma wɔde sika ba de du Mfe Nkɔso Nkɔso Botae ahorow ho.[23] MDGs foforɔ de nneɛma a wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ mu di kan, de botaeɛ a wɔbɛtumi anya a wɔde nkɔsoɔ susudua a mfasoɔ wɔ so si hɔ ɛmfa ho susudua ho nsɛm na ɛmaa wiase a wɔanya nkɔsoɔ no ho a wɔde bɛhyɛ wiase nyinaa ohia a wɔbɛtew so no akɔ soro[33]. Mfe afe Nkɔanim nhyehyɛe ahorow no bi ne mmarima ne mmea ne awo hokwan ahorow, nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a wɔbɛma atra hɔ daa, ne mfiridwuma a wɔbɛtrɛw mu. Nneɛma a wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ mu a wɔde di kan no boa aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso a wonni sika pii no ma wosi gyinae wɔ wɔn ahonyade a wɔbɛkyekyɛ ho. MDGs nso hyɛ aman a wɔanya nkɔsoɔ no ahofama mu den na ɛhyɛ mmoa ne nsɛm a wɔde bɛkyɛ ho nkuran.[23] Ɛda adi sɛ wiase nyinaa ahofama a wɔde ma botae ahorow no ma sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ yiye sɛ wobedi nkonim no yɛ kɛse. Wɔhyɛ no nsow sɛ MDGs ne botaeɛ a wɔboa paa sɛ wɔbɛtew ohia so wɔ wiase abakɔsɛm mu.[34]

Mfe Apem Nkɔso Botae ahorow no a wobenya no nnyina sikasɛm mu nkɔso nkutoo so. Wɔ MDG 4 ho no, aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso te sɛ Bangladesh ada no adi sɛ wobetumi atew mmofra a wowuwu so denam nkɔso kakraa bi pɛ so denam nneɛma a ne bo nyɛ den nanso etu mpɔn te sɛ akisikuru a wɔde bɔ wɔn ho ban so[35]. Nanso, sika a aban sɛe wɔ aman pii mu no nnɔɔso sɛ ɛbɛdu sika a wɔpene so sɛ wɔbɛsɛe no ho[36] Nhwehwɛmu a wɔayɛ wɔ akwahosan nhyehyɛe ho kyerɛ sɛ "kɛse biako a ɛfata obiara" nhwɛso no rentumi nyɛ aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso no akwahosan ho nsɛm ankorankoro ho dwuma sɛnea ɛsɛ; nanso nhwehwɛmu no huu akwanside ahorow a ɛtaa ba wɔ amanaman ntam akwahosan a wɔbɛma ayɛ kɛse mu, a nea ɛka ho ne tumi a entumi twetwe nsu, akwahosan nhyehyɛe a ɛyɛ mmerɛw, nnipa ahoɔden a wonni, ne ɛka kɛse. Nhwehwɛmu no kae sɛ sɛnea wosi sika a wɔde tua ho ka so dua no kata nneɛma a wɔhwehwɛ na wɔde atrɛw akwahosan ho nhyehyɛe mu no so. Saa nhyehyeɛ yi bi ne amammuisɛm, ahyehyɛdeɛ, ne dwumadie afa ahodoɔ a ɛfa nkɔanim ho, ne hia a ɛhia sɛ wɔtete mpɔtam hɔ ahyehyɛdeɛ.[37]

Nsɛm titire te sɛ ɔbarima ne ɔbaa, mpaepaemu a ɛda nnipa mmoa ne nkɔsoɔ nhyehyɛeɛ ne sikasɛm mu nkɔsoɔ ntam no na ɛbɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔbɛtumi adu Mfe Nkɔsoɔ Nkɔsoɔ Botaeɛ no ho anaasɛ ɛnte saa, sɛdeɛ nhwehwɛmufoɔ a wɔwɔ Amannɔne Nkɔsoɔ Asoɛeɛ (ODI) kyerɛ no.[38][39][40]

Amanaman Ntam Akwahosan Fekuo (IHP+) no botaeɛ ne sɛ ɛbɛma MDG nkɔsoɔ ayɛ ntɛmntɛm denam amanaman ntam nnyinasosɛm a wɔde bedi dwuma ama mmoa ne nkɔsoɔ a ɛtu mpɔn wɔ akwahosan adwumayɛ mu. Wɔ aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu no, sika kɛse a wɔde boa akwahosan fi abɔnten a ɛhwehwɛ sɛ aban ahorow ne amanaman ntam nkɔso ahokafo yɛ biako. Bere a ahokafo dodow kɔɔ soro no, nsakrae a ɛbae wɔ sika a wɔde ma mu ne adwumayɛfo ahwehwɛde ahorow dii akyi bae. Ɛdenam mmoa a wɔhyɛɛ ho nkuran maa ɔman akwahosan ho nhyehyɛe biako, nhyehyɛe biako a wɔde hwɛ nneɛma so ne nhwehwɛmu, ne akontaabu a wɔde bɛma wɔn ho wɔn ho so no, IHP+ bɔɔ mmɔden sɛ ɛbɛma ahotoso aba aban, ɔmanfo, nkɔso mu ahokafo ne akwahosan ho adwumayɛfo afoforo ntam.[41]

Pɛpɛɛpɛyɛ

[sesa]

Nkɔsoɔ foforɔ a aba wɔ akwan ne akwan a wɔbɛfa so ayɛ MDGs a wɔbɛsan asusu ho no bi ne nhwehwɛmu a Amannɔne Nkɔsoɔ Asoɛeɛ no ayɛ wɔ dwumadie a pɛyɛ di ho.[42] Nhwehwɛmufoɔ a wɔwɔ ODI no kaa sɛ nkɔsoɔ bɛtumi akɔ ntɛmntɛm ɛnam nkɔsoɔ a wɔanya nnansa yi wɔ dwuma a pɛyɛ di wɔ ɔkwan pa a wɔbɛhyehyɛ mu a pɛyɛ a ɛrekɔ soro no hwɛ hu sɛ ahiafoɔ de wɔn ho hyɛ wɔn man nkɔsoɔ mu na ɛma ohia ne sikasɛm mu ahotɔ so tew. Nanso ɛnsɛ sɛ wɔte pɛyɛ ase sɛ sikasɛm mu ara kwa, na mmom sɛ amammuisɛm nso. Nhwɛso ahorow dɔɔso, a nea ɛka ho ne Brazil sika a wɔde kɔma afoforo, Uganda a woyii wɔn a wɔde di dwuma no ho ka ne nsrahwɛ a ɛkɔɔ soro kɛse a edii hɔ bae a efi ahiafo kɛse hɔ anaasɛ anyɛ saa a Mauritius kwan abien a wɔfa so ma ahofadi (nkɔso a ɛka ho ne nkɔso a ɛka obiara ho) a ɛboa no wɔ ne kwan a ɛkɔ Wiase Aguadi Ahyehyɛde no mu no ka ho [42] Ɔde ne nsa kyerɛɛ ne so. Enti nhwehwɛmufoɔ a wɔwɔ ODI no hyɛ nyansa sɛ wɔnsusu pɛyɛ wɔ apam pon so sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛma nhumu a emu da hɔ wɔ sɛdeɛ wɔbɛtumi anya Mfe Nkɔsoɔ Nkɔsoɔ Botaeɛ ntɛmntɛm no ho; ODI ne ahokafoɔ reyɛ adwuma de league tables akɔ anim wɔ 2010 MDG nhwehwɛmu nhyiamu no ase.[42]

Nsunsuansoɔ a ɛfiri nnubɔne a wɔde di dwuma a ɛkɔ soro mu ba no, International Journal of Drug Policy hyɛɛ no ​​nsow sɛ ɛyɛ adeɛ a ɛsiw MDGs botaeɛ no kwan.[43]

Mmea nsɛm

[sesa]

Hollywood odiyifoɔ Geena Davis wɔ kasa bi mu wɔ MDG Countdown dwumadiɛ a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ Ford Foundation wɔ New York, a ɔkaa mmarima ne mmaa dwumadie ne nsɛm a ɛwɔ sini mu te sɛ n’ahyehyɛdeɛ no adwuma a wɔde ko tia pɛyɛ a ɛnni Hollywood (24 September 2013) ho asɛm

Sɛ wɔde wɔn adwene si ɔbarima ne ɔbea ntam nsɛm so kɛse a, ebetumi ama MDG nkɔso akɔ ntɛmntɛm, s.e. mmea a wɔma wɔn tumi denam adwuma a wotua ho ka a wobenya so no betumi aboa ma mmofra a wowuwu no so atew.[44] Wɔ Asia Kesee Fam aman mu no, na nkokoaa taa hu amane wɔ awo mu duru a ɛba fam na wowuwu kɛse esiane akwahosan ho nhyehyɛe a wonnya ne ɛnanom aduan pa a wonnya nni nti. Adwuma a wotua ho ka betumi ama mmea anya akwahosan ho nhyehyɛe ne aduan pa a wobenya no ayɛ kɛse, na ɛbɛtew mmofra a wowuwu so. Mmea nhomasua a ɛkɔɔ soro ne adwumayɛfo a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu no maa saa nsunsuanso ahorow yi yɛɛ kɛse. Sikasɛm mu hokwan ahorow a ɛkɔ anim ma mmea nso maa kyɛfa a wonya wɔ nna ho gua so no so tew, na ɛmaa AIDS, MDG 6A, trɛw so tew.[44] Ɔkwan foforo a wobetumi afa so ama mmea tumi ne adwuma a wotua ho ka a wobenya. Kabeer ka sɛ saa kwan yi ma mmea ahofadi kɔ soro wɔ wɔn afie mu, ɛyɛ saa wɔ sikasɛm ne amammuisɛm mu nso. Nhwehwɛmu bi a wɔyɛe wɔ mmea a wɔwɔ Mexico nkuraase ho no daa no adi sɛ wɔn a wɔyɛ mfiridwuma mu adwuma no tumi di nkitaho na wonya obu kɛse wɔ wɔn afie mu. Bio nso, nhwehwɛmu foforo a efi Tanzania daa no adi sɛ adwuma a wotua ho ka a wonyae kɛse no maa ofie basabasayɛ so tew bere tenten. Nea etwa to no, Mmea adwumayɛ ne sika a wonyae no maa wɔn amammui mu kyɛfa a wonyae no yɛɛ kɛse. Nsɛm a ɛfiri Bangladesh kyerɛ sɛ sikasɛm nketewa ahyehyɛdeɛ mu asɔremma kyɛ no nya nsunsuansoɔ pa pii a nea ɛka ho ne amammuisɛm mu kyɛfa a ɛkɔ soro ne aban nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔnya no yie.[45]

Ɛwom sɛ nneɛma, mfiridwuma ne nimdeɛ wɔ hɔ a wɔde bɛtew ohia so denam mmarima ne mmea pɛyɛ a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn so de, nanso amammui mu ɔpɛ no taa yera[46] Sɛ aman a wɔde mmoa ma ne aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso no de wɔn adwene si "mmeae a ɛho hia" ason so a, wobetumi anya nkɔso kɛse wɔ MDG no mu. Saa nneɛma ason a wɔde di kan yi bi ne: ntoaso sukuu a wɔbɛma akɔ soro, nna ne awo akwahosan hokwan ahorow a wɔbɛma ayɛ yiye, nnwuma a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn na ama mmea ne mmeawa bere mu adesoa ayɛ mmerɛw, mmea agyapade hokwan ahorow a wɔbɛma ayɛ yiye, pɛyɛ a enni mmarima ne mmea ntam wɔ adwumayɛ mu a wɔbɛtew so, nkongua a mmea di wɔ aban mu a wɔbɛma akɔ soro, ne basabasayɛ a wɔyɛ mmea a wɔko tia.[46]

Mmea hokwan ahorow ho ɔkamfofo binom susuw sɛ mprempren MDGs botae ahorow no nsi so dua sɛnea ɛsɛ sɛ wobedi mmarima ne mmea pɛyɛ a enni hɔ wɔ ohia a wɔbɛtew so ne adwumayɛ mu efisɛ mmarima ne mmea botae ahorow a ɛfa akwahosan, nhomasua, ne amammui mu ananmusifo nkutoo na ɛwɔ hɔ[44][47]. Mmea ho akyerɛwfo te sɛ Naila Kabeer aka sɛ sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛhyɛ mmea tumidi ne nkɔso a wɔde bɛkɔ MDGs ho nkuran no, ɛsɛ sɛ wosi nkɔso ho nhyehyɛe ahorow a wɔde bɛka mmarima ne mmea ho dwuma titiriw ne nsɛm a egyina ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna so a wɔbɛboaboa ano so kɛse.

Mpuntuo

[sesa]

Wiase nyinaa nnipa dodoɔ a wɔte aseɛ a wɔnni 1, 1.25 ne 2 a ɛne afe 2005 U.S. dɔla yɛ pɛ da biara (kɔkɔɔ) ne sɛ wiase nnipa dodoɔ no fa (blue) firi 1981 kɔsi 2008 a egyina nsɛm a ɛfiri The World Bank so

Nkɔso a aba wɔ botae ahorow no ho no ayɛ nea ɛnteɛ wɔ aman ahorow mu. Brazil duu botae ahorow no pii ho,[48] bere a afoforo te sɛ Benin, nni kwan so sɛ wobedu biara ho[49] Aman atitiriw a wodi yiye no bi ne China (a nnipa a wodi hia so tew fi ɔpepem 452 koduu ɔpepem 278) ne India[50] Wiase Sikakorabea no buu akontaa sɛ MDG 1A (nnipa a wɔte ase wɔ sika a ennu dɔla biako da biara no fa) no, wonyaa wɔ afe 2008 mu titiriw esiane nea efii aman abien yi ne Asia Apuei fam bae nti.[51]

Wɔ 1990 mfe no mfiase mu hɔ no, na Nepal yɛ aman a wodi hia sen biara wɔ wiase no mu biako na ɛda so ara yɛ ɔman a wodi hia sen biara wɔ Asia Kesee Fam. Akwahosan ho sika a wɔsɛee no mmɔho abien na wɔde wɔn adwene sii mmeae a wodi hia sen biara no maa ɛnanom a wowuwu no so tew fa wɔ 1998 ne 2006. Ne Multidimensional Poverty Index no ama ɛso atew kɛse sen ɔman biara a wɔadi akyi. Bangladesh anya nkɔso kɛse a ɛsen biara wɔ nkokoaa ne ɛnanom a wowuwu mu pɛn no bi, ɛmfa ho sɛ sika a wonya no nkɔanim kakraa bi no[52]

Wɔ afe 1990 ne 2010 ntam no, nnipa dodoɔ a wɔtena sika a ɛnnu dɔla 1.25 da biara wɔ aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔsoɔ mu no so tew fa kɔɔ 21%, anaa nnipa ɔpepepem 1.2, na wɔduruu MDG1A ansa na da a wɔde sii wɔn ani so no reba, ɛwom sɛ ɛso teɛ kɛseɛ wɔ China, a wɔanhyɛ botaeɛ no nsow. Nanso, mmofra a wowuwu ne ɛnanom a wowuwu no so atew nnu fa. Ahotew ne nhomasua botae ahorow nso bɛyera.[52]

Ɛka a aman pii bɔ so tew

[sesa]

G‐8 Sikasɛm soafoɔ hyiaam wɔ London wɔ June 2005 mu de siesiee wɔn ho maa Gleneagles Nhyiamu a ɛbɛba wɔ July mu na wɔpenee so sɛ wɔde sika a ɛdɔɔso bɛma Wiase Sikakorabea, IMF ne Afrika Nkɔsoɔ Sikakorabea (AfDB) de atwa HIPC aman ahodoɔ ka a aka no mu ($40 kɔsi $55 ɔpepepem pii). Wɔn a wogye no bɛsan de ɛka a wotua no akɔ akwahosan ne nhomasua mu wɔ nsusuwii mu.[53] Gleaneagles nhyehyɛe no bɛyɛɛ Amanaman Ntam Ɛka Ho Ahorow (MDRI). Aman no bɛyɛɛ wɔn a wɔfata bere a wɔn boseabɔ adwumakuw no sii so dua sɛ aman no akɔ so akura nsakrae a wɔde adi dwuma no mu no.[53]

Bere a Wiase Sikakorabea ne AfDB de MDRI too aman a wowie HIPC nhyehyɛe no nkutoo so no, na IMF no fata a wɔfata no nyɛ anohyeto kakra sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobedi IMF ahwehwɛde soronko a ɛne "ayaresa koro" no so. Sɛ́ anka wɔbɛto aman a wɔfata no ano hye wɔ aman a wɔyɛ HIPC no mu no, ɔman biara a obiara nya sika dɔla 380 anaa nea ennu saa no fata sɛ wɔtwa ɛka mu. IMF gyee $380 aboboano no toom efisɛ ɛbɛn HIPC aboboano no yiye.[53]

Afrika a ɛwɔ Sahara Anafo fam

[sesa]

Ade biako a edii nkonim ne sɛ wɔhyɛɛ aburow a wɔyɛ wɔ Afrika Sahara Anafo fam no mu den. Eduu 1990 mfe no mfinimfini no, aburow a wɔde fi amannɔne ba no bɛyɛ dɔla ɔpepepem biako afe biara. Na akuafo nnyaa aburow ahorow a ɛfata a ɛsow aba pii. Wɔyɛɛ New Rice for Africa (NERICA), a ɛyɛ aburow a ɛsow aba pii na ɛyɛ nea ɛfata yiye, na wɔde baa mmeae a Congo Brazzaville, Côte d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, Togo ne Uganda ka ho . Saa aburow yi ahorow bɛyɛ 18 na ɛbae, na ɛmaa Afrika akuafo tumi yɛɛ aburow a ɛdɔɔso a wɔde bɛma wɔn mmusua aduan na wɔanya foforo a wɔbɛtɔn[54]

Ɔmantam no nso kyerɛɛ nkɔsoɔ a ɛkɔɔ MDG 2. Sukuu ho ka a ɛka ho ne Awofoɔ ne Akyerɛkyerɛfoɔ Fekuo ne mpɔtam hɔ ntoboa, adesua nwoma ho ka, ntadeɛ a wɔhyɛ ne ɛka foforɔ no gyee abusua a wɔdi hia no sika a ɛkame ayɛ sɛ nkyem anan mu baako na ɛdii aman a Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, ne Uganda sɛ wobeyi sika a ɛte saa afi hɔ, na ama wɔn a wɔkyerɛw wɔn din no akɔ soro. Sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔ Ghana no, ɔman sukuufo a wɔkyerɛw wɔn din wɔ amansin a wonni ahotɔ kɛse mu no kɔɔ soro fi ɔpepem 4.2 koduu ɔpepem 5.4 wɔ afe 2004 ne 2005 ntam hɔ.[55]

Bere a wogyee Mfirihyia Apem Nkɔso Botae ahorow (MDGs) toom akyi no, wɔ afe 2000 mu no, na Jeffrey Sachs a ɔwɔ The Earth Institute a ɛwɔ Columbia Sukuupɔn mu no ka nhomasua ho abenfo ne wɔn a wɔyɛ adwuma wɔ Mfe Apem Nkɔso Botae no ho no ho. Ɔdii WHO Commission on Macroeconomics and Health (2000–01) guamtrani, a ɛdii dwuma titire wɔ sikasɛm a wɔde ma akwahosan ne nyarewa ano aduru a ɛkɔ soro wɔ aman a wɔn sikasɛm tebea nye mu de boaa MDGs 4, 5, ne 6. Ɔne no yɛɛ adwuma UN Ɔkyerɛwfo Panyin Kofi Annan wɔ afe 2000–2001 mu sɛ ɔbɛyɛ nhyehyɛe na ɔde sii hɔ The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria.[56] Ɔne George W. Bush aban no mu mpanyimfo nso yɛɛ adwuma de yɛɛ PEPFAR nhyehyɛe a wɔde ko tia HIV/AIDS, ne PMI a wɔde ko tia asramma. Ɔgyinaa Annan ananmu fi afe 2002 kɔsi afe 2006 no, ɔyɛɛ UN Mfirihyia Apem Dwumadie no guamtrani, a na wɔde ahyɛ ne nsa sɛ wɔnyɛ nhyehyɛeɛ pɔtee a wɔde bɛyɛ adwuma de adu Mfe Mfeɛ Nkɔsoɔ Botaeɛ no ho. Amanaman Nkabom Bagua Kɛseɛ no gyee UN Mfirihyia Apem Dwumadie no nyansahyɛ titire no toom wɔ nhyiamu titire bi ase wɔ September 2005. Mprempren wɔde nyansahyɛ ahodoɔ a ɛfa Afrika nkuraaseɛ ho no redi dwuma na wɔrekyerɛw wɔ Mfirihyia Apem Nkuraaseɛ no mu, ne ɔman no mmɔdenbɔ ahodoɔ pii a wɔrebɔ sɛ wɔbɛma wɔayɛ kɛseɛ te sɛ Nigeria.

Mfirihyia Apem Nkuraase Dwumadi a Sachs kyerɛ no kwan no yɛ adwuma wɔ Afrika aman bɛboro dumien mu na ɛfa nnipa bɛboro 500,000 ho. MVP no ama akyinnyegye kɛse aba a ɛbata ho bere a akasatiafo agye adwuma no nhyehyɛe ne nsɛm a wɔka sɛ edii nkonim no nyinaa ho kyim no. Wɔ afe 2012 mu no, The Economist hwɛɛ adwuma no mu na ɛde baa awieeɛ sɛ [57]"adanseɛ no nnya nnyee asɛm a wɔka sɛ mfirihyia apem nkuraa adwuma no renya nkɛntɛnsoɔ kɛseɛ no so sɛ ebia Nnwuma akwan no na ɛde mfaso biara a wohuu wɔ sikasɛm mu nkɔso mu bae anaa. Wɔkasa tiaa afe 2012 Lancet krataa bi a ɛkyerɛ sɛ mmofra a wowuwu no so tew no akɔ soro mpɛn 3 sɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so yɛ adwuma no yɛ mfomso, na akyiri yi akyerɛwfo no gye toom sɛ asɛm no "ɛnyɛ nea ɛfata na ɛdaadaa"[58]

Akyi asɛm

[sesa]

Nsɛm a wɔde gyinaa so

[sesa]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Background", United Nations Millennium Development Goals, retrieved 16 June 2009.
  2. ↑ "Copenhagen Declaration on Social Development Annex I" (PDF). United Nations. 14 March 1995. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Political Economy of the MDGs : Retrospect and Prospect for the World's Biggest Promise. Manchester: University of Manchester. Brooks World Poverty Institute. pp. 3–5. ISBN 978-1-907247-09-5. OCLC 1099885941.
  4. ↑ "Shaping the 21st century: The contribution of development co-operation" (PDF). OECD. May 1996. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  5. ↑ UN General Assembly (9 January 1998). "Renewing the United Nations: a programme for reform (Resolution 52/12 B of 19 December 1997)" (PDF). World Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 26 April 2021
  6. ↑ "The Millennium Assembly of the United Nations (Resolution 53/202 of 17 December 1998)". United Nations. 12 February 1999. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Annan, Kofi A. "We the peoples: The role of the United Nations in the 21st century" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  8. ↑ UN General Assembly (18 September 2000). "United Nations Millennium Declaration (Resolution 52/2 of 8 September 2000)" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  9. ↑ Secretary-General, Un (6 September 2001). "Road map towards the implementation of the United Nations Millennium Declaration: Report of the Secretary-General". United Nations. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
  10. ↑ "The Millennium Development Goals Report"
  11. ↑ "United Nations Millennium Development Goals". Un.org. 20 May 2008. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
  12. ↑ "Tracking the Millennium Development Goals". Mdg Monitor. 16 May 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
  13. ↑ "List of goals, targets, and indicators" (PDF). Siteresources.worldbank.org. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
  14. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 8 September 2016
  15. ↑ "Goal :: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger". Mdg Monitor. Retrieved 18 October 2012
  16. ↑ "Goal :: Achieve Universal Primary Education". Mdg Monitor. 15 May 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2012
  17. ↑ "Goal :: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women". Mdg Monitor. 30 April 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
  18. ↑ "Goal :: Reduce Child Mortality". Mdg Monitor. 16 May 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
  19. ↑ "Goal :: Improve Maternal Health". Mdg Monitor. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
  20. ↑ "Goal :: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Diseases". MDG Monitor. Retrieved 18 October 2012
  21. ↑ "Goal :: Ensure Environmental Sustainability". Mdg Monitor. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
  22. ↑ "Goal :: Develop a Global Partnership for Development". Mdg Monitor. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 Deneulin, Séverine; Shahani, Lila (2009). An introduction to the human development and capability approach freedom and agency. Sterling, Virginia Ottawa, Ontario: Earthscan International Development Research Centre. ISBN 978-1844078066.
  24. ↑ Hikel, Jason (21 August 2014). "Exposing the great 'poverty reduction' lie". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Can the MDGs provide a pathway to social justice?: The challenge of intersecting inequalities. 2010. Naila Kabeer for Institute of Development Studies.
  26. ↑ Daniel C. Taylor, Carl E. Taylor, Jesse O. Taylor, Empowerment on an Unstable Planet: From Seeds of Human Energy to a Scale of Global Change (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012) pp. 25–33.
  27. ↑ "Human Development Report 2003" (PDF). The Millennium Project. United Nations Development Programme. Archived from the original on 27 March 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
  28. ↑ "Posición Comite Internacional de Planificacion por la Soberania Alimentaria Consultación Informal Tematica sobre Hambre, Alimentación y Nutrición Post 2015, con actores del" [Position International Planning Committee on Food Sovereignty Informal Thematic Consultation Hunger, Food and Nutrition Post 2015, CSA actors] (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 June 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
  29. ↑ FIAN International. "Post 2015 Thematic Consultation". Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
  30. ↑ Waage, Jeff; et al. (18 September 2010). "The Millennium Development Goals: a cross-sectoral analysis and principles for goal setting after 2015". The Lancet. 376 (9745): 991–1023. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61196-8. PMC 7159303. PMID 20833426
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Attaran, Amir (October 2005). "An Immeasurable Crisis? A Criticism of the Millennium Development Goals and Why They Cannot Be Measured". PLOS Medicine. 2 (10): 318. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020318. PMC 1201695. PMID 16156696.
  32. ↑ McArthur, J. W.; Sachs, J. D.; Schmidt-Traub, G. (2005). "Response to Amir Attaran". PLOS Medicine. 2 (11): e379. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020379. PMC 1297542. PMID 16288557.
  33. ↑ Andy Haines and Andrew Cassels. 2004. "Can The Millennium Development Goals Be Attained?" BMJ: British Medical Journal, Vol. 329, No. 7462 (14 August 2004), pp. 394–397
  34. ↑ United Nations. 2006. "The Millennium Development Goals Report: 2006." United Nations Development Programme, www.undp.org/publications/MDGReport2006.pdf (accessed 2 January 2008).
  35. ↑ Archived 2 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  36. ↑ "The Feasibility of Financing Sectoral Development Targets" (PDF). Archived from the original on 5 October 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
  37. ↑ Subramanian, Savitha; Joseph Naimoli; Toru Matsubayashi; David Peters (2011). "Do We Have the Right Models for Scaling Up Health Services to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals?". BMC Health Services Research. 11 (336): 336. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-11-336. PMC 3260120. PMID 22168915.
  38. ↑ "Gender and the MDGs". ODI Briefing Paper. Overseas Development Institute. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
  39. ↑ "MDGs and the humanitarian-development divide". ODI Briefing Paper. Overseas Development Institute. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
  40. ↑ "Economic Growth and the MDGs". ODI Briefing Paper. Overseas Development Institute. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
  41. ↑ "IHP+ The International Health Partnership". Internationalhealthpartnership.net. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 Vandemoortele, Milo (2010) "The MDGs and Equity"[permanent dead link], Overseas Development Institute.
  43. ↑ Singer, M (2008). "Drugs and Development: The Global Impact of Drug Use and Trafficking on Social and Economic Development". International Journal of Drug Policy. 19 (6): 467–478. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2006.12.007. PMID 19038724.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 Kabeer, Naila. 2003. Gender Mainstreaming in Poverty Eradication and the Millennium Development Goals: A Handbook for Policy-Makers and Other Stakeholders. Commonwealth Secretariat.
  45. ↑ Kabeer, Naila (2005). "Gender equality and women's empowerment: a critical analysis of the third millennium development goal". Gender and Development. 13 (Gender and Development): 13–24. doi:10.1080/13552070512331332273. S2CID 53667254.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Grown, Caren (2005). "Answering the Skeptics: Achieving Gender Equality and the Millennium Development Goals". Development. 48 (3): 82–86. doi:10.1057/palgrave.development.1100170. S2CID 83769004.
  47. ↑ Noeleen Heyzer. 2005. "Making the Links: Women's Rights and Empowerment Are Key to Achieving the Millennium Development Goals". Gender and Development, Vol. 13, No. 1, Millennium Development Goals (March 2005), pp. 9–12
  48. ↑ "Brazil: Quick Facts". MDG Monitor. Archived from the original on 3 June 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
  49. ↑ "Benin: Quick Facts". MDG Monitor. Archived from the original on 16 December 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
  50. ↑ "Halving Global Poverty" (PDF). Retrieved 14 October 2012.
  51. ↑ Chen, Shaohua; Ravallion, Martin (29 February 2012). "An Update to the World Bank's Estimates of Consumption Poverty in the Developing World" (PDF). Development Research Group, World Bank. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 "Poverty: Growth or safety net?". The Economist. 21 September 2013. Retrieved 4 October 2013.
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 E. Carrasco, C. McClellan, & J. Ro (2007) "Foreign Debt: Forgiveness and Repudiation" University of Iowa Center for International Finance and Development E-Book Archived 31 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  54. ↑ "Goal :: Tracking the Millennium Development Goals". Mdg Monitor. 1 November 2007. Archived from the original on 30 January 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
  55. ↑ "Goal: Tracking the Millennium Development Goals". MDG Monitor. 1 November 2007. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
  56. ↑ Kidder, Tracy (2003). Mountains Beyond Mountains. New York: Random House. p. 257. ISBN 9780375506161.
  57. ↑ "Jeffrey Sachs and the millennium villages: Millennium bugs". The Economist. 14 May 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
  58. ↑ "Does It Take a Village?". 24 June 2013
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