Malawi’s Cultural Artifact Recovery Programs

Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ Asante Twi mu

Te sɛ Afrika aman pii no, Malawi ayɛ nhyehyɛeɛ ahodoɔ a wɔde rehwehwɛ n'amammerɛ ho nnoɔma a wɔfomm, wɔwiaeɛ, anaa wɔde kɔeɛ wɔ nnisoɔ mmerɛ mu no. Saa dwumadie ahodoɔ yi ho hia kɛseɛ a ɛnyɛ honam fam amammerɛ agyapadeɛ no nko ara na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔsan gye, na mmom sɛ wɔde bɛsan ama ɔman ba pa yɛ, ahosɛpɛ, ne ne amammerɛ no akɔ so. Malawi mmɔdemmɔ no yɛ kontinente no mu nnipakuw bi a wɔhwehwɛ atɛntenenee ne akatua wɔ abakɔsɛm mu mfomsoɔ ahorow a wɔyɛe wɔ nnisoɔ ne asɛmpatrɛ nhyehyɛeɛ mu no fa.

Abakɔsɛm

Wɔ nnisoɔ no mu no, Europa asɛmpatrɛfoɔ, akwantufoɔ, ne aban mpanimfoɔ yii nnoɔma pii firii Malawi de bɔɔ ho ban, de yɛɛ agyapadeɛ, anaa kruwa ahodoɔ. Wɔde nnoɔma te sɛ ntadeɛ a wɔde kata wɔn anim, nnoɔma a wɔde hyɛ afahyɛ ase, nnoɔma a wɔde yɛ amanneɛ, nnwinnadeɛ, ne nananom a wɔsan kaeɛ wɔn no kɔɔ aman foforɔ so, na seesei ɛwɔ tete nnoɔma akorae ne nnipa ankasa nnoɔma a wɔaboaboa ano wɔ Europa ne Amerika Atifi fam, a British Museum, Pitt Rivers Museum a ɛwɔ Oxford, ne afoforɔ ka ho^[1].

Aban ne nnwumakuo ahodoɔ mmɔdemmɔ

Mfeɛ kakra a atwam ni no, Malawi ayɛ nea obetumi biara sɛ obenya saa nneɛma no denam amannifo, tete nneɛma akorae, ne amanaman ntam nhyehyɛe ahorow so. Adwumayɛbea a Ɛhwɛ Nneɛma Akorae ne Nkaedum so wɔ Malawi no na adi kan ayɛ saa nhyehyɛe yi. Ɛdenam saa dwumadibea yi so no, Malawi rehwehwɛ tete nneɛma a wɔde asie wɔ amannɔne no, rehwehwɛ baabi a wofi bae, na ɛrehwehwɛ sɛ wɔsan de wɔn aba wɔn man mu.

Nhyehyɛe a ɛda nsow no mu baako ne Malawi kyɛfa wɔ 2018 nhyiam a Afrika Nkabom yɛɛ ho nhyehyɛe a ɛfa amammerɛ agyapadeɛ a wɔde bɛsan ama no ho, a ɛsii hia a ehia sɛ Afrika aman de wɔn ho hyɛ Europa aman mu ma wɔsan de agyapadeɛ a wɔawia no ma wɔn no^[2]. Ɛfiri saa berɛ no, Malawi ada ɔpɛ adi sɛ wɔne nnwumakuo te sɛ UNESCO ne ICOM (International Council of Museums) bɛbom ayɛ adwuma de aboa wɔn a wɔresan aba wɔn man mu no ma wɔn nsa aka wɔn agyapadeɛ no.

Nkɔmmɔ a ɛyɛ adwuma ne nkuranhyɛ

Wiase nyinaa agyapade ho ahyehyɛdeɛ ne suapɔn ahorow na ɛboa ma wɔsan siesie nneɛma a asɛe no. Malawi Sukuupɔn no ayɛ nhomasua mu nhwehwɛmu a ɛboa ma wɔhwehwɛ tete nneɛma a wɔato din no mu. Bio nso, amanaman ntam ahyehyɛde te sɛ Goethe-Institut ne French Development Agency (AFD) ama wɔn nsa aka mfidie a wɔde bɛkyerɛw nneɛma a ayera no ho nsɛm na wɔde ayɛ nnwumakuw no ho twerɛtohɔ^[3].

Nnwumakuw a wɔnnyɛ aban adwumayɛfoɔ ne ɔmanfoɔ kuo a wɔwɔ Malawi no nso afiri aseɛ reyɛ ɔsatuo ahodoɔ de reboa ɔmanfo ma wɔahu mfasoɔ a ɛwɔ agyapadeɛ a wɔasan agye no so. Saa nhyehyɛeɛ ahodoɔ yi ma ɔmanfoɔ nya nimdeɛ, na ɛsan nso hyɛ aban no ma ɔde amammerɛ ho agyapadeɛ di kan wɔ ɔman no nkɔsoɔ nhyehyɛeɛ mu.

Ɔhaw ahodoɔ ne sɛdeɛ wɔsɔ ano

Ɛmfa ho nkɔso a wɔanya no, Malawi hyia ɔhaw ahodoɔ wɔ ne nnwinadeɛ a wɔde gye ho dwumadie ahorow mu. Eyinom bi ne sika a wonnya, nneɛma a wɔfow a wonnya ho kyerɛwtohɔ a emu da hɔ, amammuisɛm mu ahokyere, ne nneɛma a ananafo tete nneɛma akorae ahorow bi mpɛ sɛ wɔsan de ba. Bio nso, nsɛmmisa a ɛfa baabi a wɔde nneɛma bɛsie, nimdeɛ a ɛfa nneɛma a wɔde bɛsie ho, ne sɛnea wɔhwɛ tete nneɛma so bere tenten no da so ara yɛ nsɛm a ɛhaw adwene paa^[4].

Ne nyinaa akyi no, Malawi amammerɛ mu nnoɔma a wɔasan agye no daakye yɛ anigye. Nkorɔfo a wɔwɔ wiadze nyina no abɔ mmɔden dɛ wɔbɛma kwan ma wɔasan akyekyɛ hɔnho - a ɔmanfoɔ kasa nye hɔnho a wɔdze hɔnho bɛhyɛ ɔfa bi mu no akyekyɛ hɔnho - ama ayɛ ndzɛmba a ɔboa. Aman bi te sɛ France, Germany, ne Belgium de nnoɔma bi akɔma Afrika aman nnansa yi, na eyi yɛ nhwɛsoɔ a Malawi bɛtumi de adi dwuma.

Baabi menyaa mmoa firiiɛ

↑ Gilbert Pwiti, Webber Ndoro (1999-09), "The Legacy of Colonialism: Perceptions of the Cultural Heritage in Southern Africa, with Special Reference to Zimbabwe", African Archaeological Review, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 143–153, doi:10.1023/a:1021624632398, ISSN 0263-0338, retrieved 2025-07-30 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
↑ Robert B. Zoellick (2008-01-31), Remarks at the African Union Summit, Addis Ababa, doi:10.1596/29759, retrieved 2025-07-30
↑ Bénédicte Savoy (2022-03-11), Africa’s Struggle for Its Art, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-23591-2, retrieved 2025-07-30
↑ Webber Ndoro, Gilbert Pwiti (2001-01), "Heritage management in southern Africa: Local, national and international discourse", Public Archaeology, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 21–34, doi:10.1179/pua.2001.2.1.21, ISSN 1465-5187, retrieved 2025-07-30 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[1] Gilbert Pwiti, Webber Ndoro (1999-09), "The Legacy of Colonialism: Perceptions of the Cultural Heritage in Southern Africa, with Special Reference to Zimbabwe", African Archaeological Review, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 143–153, doi:10.1023/a:1021624632398, ISSN 0263-0338, retrieved 2025-07-30 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[2] Robert B. Zoellick (2008-01-31), Remarks at the African Union Summit, Addis Ababa, doi:10.1596/29759, retrieved 2025-07-30

[3] Bénédicte Savoy (2022-03-11), Africa’s Struggle for Its Art, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-23591-2, retrieved 2025-07-30

[4] Webber Ndoro, Gilbert Pwiti (2001-01), "Heritage management in southern Africa: Local, national and international discourse", Public Archaeology, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 21–34, doi:10.1179/pua.2001.2.1.21, ISSN 1465-5187, retrieved 2025-07-30 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

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