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Herero and Namaqua Genocide

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Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ Asante Twi mu

Nneduafoɔ a wɔwɔ Herero ne Nama[1]

Herero ne Nama mmusuakuo asetɔre anaa Namibia mmusuakuw asetɔre[2], a kan no na wɔfrɛ no Herero ne Namaqua mmusuakuo asetɔre no yɛ ɔsatu a ɛfa mmusuakuw a wɔsɛee wɔn ne asotwe a wɔbom yɛ ho a wɔde too Herero (Ovaherero) ne Namafo a wɔwɔ Germany South West Africa (mprempren Namibia) a German Ahemman no yɛe no so. Ɛyɛ mmusua asetɔre a edi kan a efii ase wɔ afeha a ɛto so 20 mu[3][4][5], a ɛsii wɔ 1904 ne 1908 ntam[1]. Wɔ January 1904 mu no, Hererofo a Samuel Maharero dii wɔn anim, ne Namafoɔ a na Captain Hendrik Witbooi di wɔn anim no tew atua tiaa Germanfo atubrafo nniso no. Wɔ 12 Ɔbɛnem 1904 mu no, wokunkum Germanfo atubrafo bɛboro 100 wɔ Okahandja mpɔtam hɔ[6].

Lieutenant General Lothar von Trotha

Wɔ August 1904 mu no, Germanni Ɔsahene Lothar von Trotha dii Ovaherero so nkonim wɔ Waterberg Ko no mu na ɔde wɔn kɔɔ Omaheke sare so, faako a wɔn mu dodow no ara wuwui esiane nsu a ɛtɔe nti no. Wɔ October mu no, Namafo no nso tew atua tiaa Germanfo, na wohuu amane a ɛte saa ara. Hererofo 24,000 kosi 100,000 ne Nama 10,000 na wokunkum wɔn wɔ mmusuakuw asetɔre no mu[7]. Nnipakum no fa a edi kan no yɛ owu a ɛtrɛw esiane ɔkɔm ne nsu a ɛtɔe nti, esiane Herero no a German asraafo ansiw kwan sɛ wobefi Namib Anhweatam so no nti. Berɛ a wɔdii Hererofoɔ ne NAMA mpempem pii so nkonim bere a wodii wɔn so nkonim no, wɔde wɔn guu nneduaban ahodoɔ mu, baabi a nyarewa, ayayade, ne ɔbrɛ kunkum wɔn mu dodow no ara[8][9].

Ɛho asɛm

[sesa]

Mfitiasefoɔ a na wɔte nea mprempren wɔfrɛ hɔ Namibia no ne San ne Khoekhoe. Herero a ɔka Bantu kasa no, mfiase no na wɔyɛ anantwinini kuw bi a wotu kɔɔ nea mprempren wɔfrɛ hɔ Namibia wɔ afeha a ɛto so 18 mfinimfini no mu. Hererofo no gyee asase so asasetaw a ɛso yɛ fɛ a ɛyɛ fɛ a na eye ma anantwi adidi no. Wɔde kuayɛ ho nnwuma a na ɛyɛ kakraa bi no hyɛɛ Khoisan ne Bushmen a wɔde wɔn yɛɛ nkoa no nsa. Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 18 no mu bere a aka no, Herero no de nkakrankakra de Khoisan no kɔɔ nkoko a ɛso yɛ kusuu na ɛso yɛ kusuu no so wɔ anafo fam ne apuei fam[10]. Ná Hererofoɔ no yɛ mmoahwɛfoɔ a wɔn asetena kwan nyinaa gyina wɔn anantwi so. Herero kasa no, bere a anohyeto wɔ ne nsɛmfua a ɛwɔ mmeae dodow no ara mu no, ɛwɔ nsɛmfua bɛboro apem a wɔde kyerɛ anantwi kɔla ne wɔn agyiraehyɛde. Na Hererofo no ani gye ho sɛ wɔbɛtra ase asomdwoe mu bere tenten a wɔn anantwi no wɔ ahobammɔ na wɔyɛ wɔn ho sɛ wɔyɛ wɔn ho yiye no, nanso wɔbɛyɛɛ akofo a wɔn ho yɛ hu bere a wɔn anantwi no hunahunaa wɔn no[11].

Theodor Leutwein (seated left), Zacharias Zeraua (2nd from left) and Manasseh Tyiseseta (seated, fourth from left), in 1895

Sɛnea Robert Gaudi kyerɛ no, "wɔn a wɔaba foforo no, a wɔware sen saa koraa na wɔyɛ ɔkofo a wɔn ho yɛ den sen Khoisanfoɔ a wɔyɛ kurom hɔfo no, na wɔwɔ atirimɔdensɛm a efi obi asetena kwan a wɔde gyina fibea baako so no so: biribiara a wobu no sɛ ɛsom bo, ahonyadeɛ nyinaa ne ankorankoro anigyeɛ, wɔ hɔ a ɛfa anantwi ho. Wɔ nea ɛfa wɔn nguankuw no hwɛ ne wɔn ho banbɔ ho no, na wɔde wɔn ho ayɛ wɔn nwansena no ho, na wɔn a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu no yɛɛ wɔn ho sɛ wɔde wɔn ho too wɔn ho so, ne wɔn a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu no. Wɔn akwan a ɛwɔ hɔ titiriw ne bearing a ɛyɛ fɛ ho no, Europafo kakraa bi a wohyiaa Herero mmusuakuw mufo wɔ mfiase no buu wɔn sɛ ɔmantam no ‘abɔde mu ahemfo.'&quot[10]; Ɛduruu berɛ a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ Afrika no, na wɔfrɛ beae a Hererofo te hɔ no sɛ Damaraland. Nama no yɛ mmoahwɛfo ne aguadifo na na wɔte Herero no anafo fam[12]. Wɔ 1883 mu no, Adolf Lüderitz, Germanni aguadifo bi tɔɔ mpoano fa bi a ɛbɛn Lüderitz Bay (Afra Pequena) firii ɔpanyin a ɔredi ade no hɔ. Na nsɛm a ɛwɔ adetɔ no mu no yɛ nnaadaa, nanso ne nyinaa akyi no, German aban no de ahobammɔ sii hɔ[13]. Saa bere no, ɛno nkutoo ne Germanfo asasesin a wobuu no sɛ ɛfata sɛ Europafo tenae[14].

Nama captain Hendrik Witbooi

Maharero a ɛbɛn ha no panyin, sɔree wɔ tumidi mu denam Herero no nyinaa a ɔkaa ne ho boom so[13]. hyiaa ntua a Khowesin, Khoekhoe abusua bi a na Hendrik Witbooi di wɔn anim mpɛn pii, de ne nsa hyɛɛ ahobammɔ apam ase wɔ Obubuo bosome da a ɛtɔ so 21 wɔ afe 1885 mu ne ahemman no amrado a ɔde ne ho hyɛɛ mu no (Gire Ghore the But The But The But The Bust Hererofoɔ no ho asɛm. Wɔpoo saa apam yi wɔ afe 1888 mu esiane sɛ na Germanfoɔ ntumi mmoa Witbooi nti nanso wɔsan de sii hɔ wɔ afe 1890 mu[15].

Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ

[sesa]
  1. 1 2 "Germany agrees to pay Namibia €1.1bn over historical Herero-Nama genocide", the Guardian (in English), 2021-05-28, retrieved 2025-06-20
  2. ↑ Matthias Goldmann (2024-09), "The ambiguity of colonial international law: Three approaches to the Namibian Genocide", Leiden Journal of International Law (in English), vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 580–607, doi:10.1017/S0922156523000742, ISSN 0922-1565, retrieved 2025-06-20 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  3. ↑ April Taylor (2015-11-18), Ocean Shipping Container Availability Report, November 18, 2015, retrieved 2025-06-20
  4. ↑ "Stevens, Hon. John Paul, (20 April 1920–16 July 2019), Associate Justice, Supreme Court of the United States, 1975–2010", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, ISBN 978-0-19-954089-1, retrieved 2025-06-20
  5. ↑ Port Moresby Project - October 1966-October 1970 - Western facade from upper side of Douglas Street, 7 July 1968, 2021-03-08, retrieved 2025-06-20
  6. ↑ Chapurukha M. Kusimba, Sibel Barut Kusimba (1999-06), "Book Review Africa: A Biography of the Continent. By John Reader. Hamish Hamilton, London 1997, 840 pp. ISBN 0-241-13047-6", African Archaeological Review, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 137–142, doi:10.1023/a:1021959113918, ISSN 0263-0338, retrieved 2025-06-20 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); line feed character in |title= at position 50 (help)
  7. ↑ R. D. Blackmore (2008-10-09), "Chapter XLV: A Change long needed", Lorna Doone, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-953759-4, retrieved 2025-06-20
  8. ↑ Michael Bollig, Jan-Bart Gewald, ed. (2000), People, cattle and land: transformations of a pastoral society in Southwestern Africa, History, cultural traditions and innovations in Southern Africa, Köln: Köppe, ISBN 978-3-89645-352-5 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  9. ↑ Robert J. Gordon (2009), "Hiding in Full View: The "Forgotten" Bushman Genocides of Namibia", Genocide Studies and Prevention, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 29–57, doi:10.1353/gsp.0.0006, ISSN 1911-9933, retrieved 2025-06-20
  10. 1 2 "Herero and Nama genocide", Wikipedia (in English), 2025-06-19, retrieved 2025-06-20
  11. ↑ Samuel Totten, William Spencer Parsons, ed. (2009), Century of genocide: critical essays and eyewitness accounts (3rd ed ed.), New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-99085-1 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |edition= has extra text (help)
  12. ↑ David Olusoga, Casper W. Erichsen (2010), The Kaiser's Holocaust: Germany's forgotten genocide and the colonial roots of Nazism (1. publ ed.), London: Faber and Faber, ISBN 978-0-571-23141-6 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  13. 1 2 Jan-Bart Gewald (1999), Herero heroes: a socio-political history of the Herero of Namibia, 1890 - 1923 (1. publ ed.), Oxford: Currey [u.a.], ISBN 978-0-8214-1256-5 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  14. ↑ "Women's International League for Peace and Freedom", SpringerReference, Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, retrieved 2025-06-20
  15. ↑ "History of Geopolitics and Biographies of Key Personalities (20th Century)", Geopolitics, pp. 7–28, 2011, doi:10.5040/9798400656446.ch-001, retrieved 2025-06-20
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