Haitian Independence Debt
Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ Asante Twi mu
Haiti faahodie no ho ka no fa afe 1825 apam a ɛbaa Haiti ne France ntam no ho a na ɛka France ho a na France hwehwɛ sɛ wotua faahodie no ho ka a ɛyɛ francs ɔpepem 150 wɔ afe biara ka ahodoɔ anum mu a na Haiti tua no bɛyɛ ɔpepem 30 wɔ ahode a wɔhweree wɔ Haiti Nsakrae no mu a na nkoa a wɔyɛ Haitifo ka ho no ho. Wɔhyɛɛ Haiti sɛ wɔmfa bosea a edi kan no mma no, na wɔ afe 1838 mu no, France penee so sɛ wɔbɛtew ɛka a aka no so akɔ ɔpepem 60 a wɔbɛtua wɔ mfe 30 mu, na wotuaa ka a etwa to no wɔ afe 1883 mu. Nanso, The New York Times bu akontaa sɛ esiane sɛ wotuaa ka foforo de tuaa ka yi nti, na wotua ka a etwa to no wɔ afe 1947 mu. Wɔkyerɛe sɛ wɔtua ɛka a wɔtua maa no no nyinaa bɛyɛ fransin ɔpepem 112, na sɛ wɔtoto sikasɛm mu a, ɛbɛyɛ fransin ɔpepem 560 wɔ afe 2022 mu, nanso sɛ wɔde sika no bɛhyɛ Haiti sikasɛm mu a, anka wobetumi anya no dɔla ɔpepepem 115[1][2][3]. Wɔ afe 2025 mu no, France hyehyɛɛ boayikuo bi sɛ wɔnsua ɛka a France de too Haiti no ho nsunsuansoɔ[4].
Abakɔsɛm
[sesa]
Saint-Domingue, a seesei wɔfrɛ no Haiti no, na ɛyɛ Europafoɔ kuro a na mfasoɔ wɔ so paa wɔ wiase wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 no mu[5]. France nyaa n'ahonyadeɛ pii denam nkoa a wɔde dii dwuma no so, na nkoa a wɔwɔ Saint-Domingue nkutoo na na wɔn dodow yɛ Atlantic nkoa a wɔtɔn wɔn no ɔha mu aduanan wɔ 1780 mfe no mu[6]. Afe 1697 ne 1804 ntam no, Francefo faa nkoa 800,000 a wofi Afrika Atɔe fam kɔɔ Saint-Domingue kɔyɛɛ adwuma wɔ nnua akɛse so. Saint-Domingue nnipa dodoɔ duu 520,000 wɔ afe 1790, na wɔn mu 425,000 yɛ nkoa[7]. Nkoasomfo wu dɔɔso, na na Frenchfoɔ taa yɛ nkoa
adwuma ma wokum wɔn, na na wɔde wɔn pii kɔ kɔ nnommumfa no mu sen sɛ wɔbɛma wɔn nneɛma a wohia esiane sɛ na ne bo nyɛ den nti[8]. Saa berɛ no, na adwadeɛ a efi Haiti no yɛ aduasa ɔha mu nkyem wɔ France nnommumfa adwadie mu, berɛ a na n'asukɔ yɛ aduasa ɔha mu nkyem wɔ Atlantic aguadi mu[9]. Ɛduruu 1770 mfeɛ no mu no, na kɔfe a wodi wɔ Europa no bɛborɔ ɔha biara mu aduosia fi French West Indies, titirie Saint-Domingue[10].
Hwɛ bio
[sesa]Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ
[sesa]- ↑ Charles Forsdick (2013), Kate Quinn, Paul Sutton (ed.), "Haiti and France: Settling the Debts of the Past", Politics and Power in Haiti (in English), New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 141–159, doi:10.1057/9781137312006_7. isbn 978-1-349-45710-6., ISBN 978-1-349-45710-6, retrieved 2025-06-19
{{citation}}: Check|doi=value (help) - ↑ 41692a, 1882-02-20, NURSE (Henry), Old Cavendish Street, and others, retrieved 2025-06-19
- ↑ Catherine Porter (1939-11-22), "Philippine Shipping Assuming New Importance", Far Eastern Survey, vol. 8, no. 23, pp. 273–274, doi:10.2307/3022432, ISSN 0362-8949, retrieved 2025-06-19
- ↑ Japan Times Weekly, Volume 09, Issue 04 - 1941-05-22, retrieved 2025-06-19
- ↑ James Edward McClellan (2010), Colonialism and science: Saint Domingue in the old regime (2nd ed. with a new foreword ed.), Chicago: University of Chicago press, ISBN 978-0-226-51467-3
{{citation}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ↑ Valentin V. Mdzinarishvili (2022), "New Models of the Physical Microcosm and Their Optimality", OALib, vol. 09, no. 05, pp. 1–20, doi:10.4236/oalib.1108461, ISSN 2333-9721, retrieved 2025-06-19
- ↑ Thomas Piketty (2020), Capital and ideology, translated by Arthur Goldhammer, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-98082-2
{{citation}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ↑ Cedric J. Robinson, Robin D. G. Kelley, Tiffany Willoughby-Herard, Damien M. Sojoyner (2020), Black marxism: the making of the Black radical tradition (Third edition, revised and updated ed.), Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-6371-5
{{citation}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Westenley Alcenat (2021-04-03), "How U.S. Economic Imperialism Underdeveloped Haiti", NACLA Report on the Americas, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 193–201, doi:10.1080/10714839.2021.1923226, ISSN 1071-4839, retrieved 2025-06-19
- ↑ Tamira Combrink (2021-01-02), "Slave-based coffee in the eighteenth century and the role of the Dutch in global commodity chains", Slavery & Abolition (in English), vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 15–42, doi:10.1080/0144039X.2020.1860465, ISSN 0144-039X, retrieved 2025-06-19