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Elgin Marbles

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Elgin Marbles (/ˈɛlɡɪn/ ELG-in)[1][2] yɛ Tete Greekfoɔ Ahoni a ɛfi Parthenon ne Athens Acropolis mu, a wɔyii no firii Ottoman Greece wɔ afeha a ɛtɔ so 19 mfitiaseɛ mu na wɔde no kɔtoo Britain wɔ Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin, agyinatufoɔ so, na seesei wɔde sie wɔ British Museum wɔ London. Wɔyɛɛ ahoni no mu dodow no ara wɔ afeha a ɛto so 5 A.Y.B. mu wɔ ɔbenfo ne ɔdansifo Phidias akwankyerɛ ase.

Parthenon ahoni anaa Parthenon ahoni (Greek: Γλυπτά του Παρθενώνα) gyina hɔ ma ahoni a efi Parthenon a wɔakora so wɔ nneɛma ahodoɔ mu, titire British Museum ne Acropolis Museum wɔ Athens[3].

Efi afe 1801 kosi afe 1812 no, Elgin adwumayɛfoɔ yii Parthenon ahoni a aka no bɛyɛ fa, ne ahoni a efi Erechtheion, Athena Nike Asɔredan no ne Propylaia no, de wɔn kɔɔ Britain sɛ wɔrebɛhyehyɛ tete nneɛma akorae bi. Elgin kae sɛ ɔyii ahoni no fii hɔ bere a Ottoman aban mpanyimfo a na wɔwɔ tumi wɔ Athens saa bere no maa no kwan no[4]. Elgin nneyɛɛ no ho mmara a edi mu no agye akyinnye[5].

Wɔn a wɔwɔ British Tete Nneɛma Akorae hɔ no yɛ amanaman ntam akyinnyegye a akyɛ. Wɔ Britain no, ebinom boaa Elgin ma ɔtɔɔ nhoma no bi[6], nanso ebinom te sɛ Lord Byron de Elgin nneyɛe no totoo basabasayɛ anaa adwowtwa ho[7]. British mmarahyɛ badwa no nhwehwɛmu wɔ 1816 mu no kae sɛ Elgin nyaa nhwiren no wɔ mmara kwan so[8]. Elgin tɔn wɔn maa Britain aban wɔ saa afe no mu, na ɛno akyi no, British Museum no de wɔn hyɛɛ ne nsa. Wɔ 1983 mu no, Greece aban no srɛɛ Britain aban no sɛ wɔnsan mfa wɔn mma Greece na wɔde asɛm no kɔto UNESCO din mu. Britain aban ne Britain Nneɛma Akoraebea no poo UNESCO nsrahwɛ no. Wɔ afe 2021 mu no, UNESCO too nsa frɛɛ Britain aban sɛ ɔnsiesie asɛm no wɔ aban ahodoɔ ntam[9].

Greek aban ne wɔn a wɔtaa ma wɔsan de mmorɔnoma no kɔ Greece no kyerɛ sɛ wɔfaa kwan a ɛmfata so na wɔn nsa kaa no, sɛ wɔwɔ Greece amammerɛ mu mfaso soronko bi, na sɛ wɔda wɔn amammerɛ mu mfaso adi wɔ baguam a, wɔn ani bɛgye ho paa sɛ wɔde wɔn bɛto Parthenon tete nneɛma a aka no ho wɔ Acropolis Museum. Britian aban ne Britian Tete Nneɛma Akoraebea no aka sɛ wɔde wɔn nsa kaa saa nneɛma yi wɔ mmara kwan so, na sɛ wɔsan de wɔn ba a, ɛbɛtumi asɛe wiase amammerɛ mu tete nneɛma akorae akɛse no nneɛma, na British Tete Nneɛma Akoraebea no nneɛma a wɔakora no ma wotumi hu tete nneɛma no yiye wɔ tete amammerɛ afoforo mu, na ɛno ma Acropolis Tete Nneɛma Akoraebea no adwene ba mu. Asɛnka a ɛda Britain ne Greece mpanyimfo ntam no rekɔ so[10][11].

Din

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Elgin Marbles no gyina hɔ ma Elgin Earl a ɔtɔ so 7 a, wɔ afe 1801 ne 1812 ntam no, ɔhwɛ ma wɔyii no fii Parthenon, Erechtheion, Athena Nike Asɔredan no ne Propylaia no, na wɔde wɔn kɔɔ England[10]. Ɛnam mmarahyɛ badwam mmara, British Museum Act 1816 no so no, wɔde nnwumakuo no kɔmaa British Museum no wɔ tebea a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔkora wɔn nyinaa bom na wɔfrɛ wɔn "Elgin Marbles no"[12]. "Parthenon Marbles" anaa "Parthenon Sculptures" gyina hɔ ma ahoni ne adansi nneɛma a wɔayi afi Parthenon no ho[3]. Seesei wɔhwɛ saa nneɛma yi so wɔ tete nneɛma akorae ason wɔ wiase nyinaa, titiriw Acropolis Museum ne British Museum[13]. Britian Tete Nneɛma Akorae ne Greece aban nyinaa de asɛmfua "Parthenon Sculptures" di dwuma wɔ saa ntease yi mu[10].

Mario Trabucco della Torretta kyerɛ sɛ bere a "Elgin Marbles" yɛ nnwumakuw no din a mmara taa hyɛ ho ma no, wɔn a wɔhwehwɛ sɛ wɔsan ma no no pɛ "Parthenon Sculptures"[14].

Akwankyerԑ

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Wosii Parthenon no wɔ Acropolis a ɛwɔ Athens no so fi afe 447 A.Y.B. sɛ ɔbosom Athena asɔredan. Ɛbɛyɛ sɛ Phidias na ɔyɛɛ ahoni no. Wɔ afeha a edi hɔ no mu no, wɔsesaa ɔdan no yɛɛ asɔredan ne asɔredan, na wɔsɛee n'ahoni no pii, nanso ɔdan no kɔɔ so yɛɛ adwuma yie[5]. Wɔ Ottoman ne Venetian ako a ɛto so asia (1684-1699) mu no, Turks no hyɛɛ Acropolis no den na wɔde Parthenon no dii dwuma sɛ atuo adaka. Wɔ Ɛbɔ bosome da a ɛtɔ so 26 wɔ afe 1687 mu no, Venetian akodeɛ bi hwiee atuo no guu hɔ, na nea efii mu bae no hwiee Parthenon no mfinimfini, na ɛkaa cella no afasu no sɛee[15][16]. Ɔfasuo anan no mu mmiɛnsa bubui, anaa ɛbɛn saa, na ahoni no mu nkyem mmiɛnsa mu baako hwehwee ase[17]. Nnipa bɛyɛ 300 na wokunkum wɔn wɔ ahum no mu, a na ɛyɛ ahweaseɛ a wɔde ahweaseɛ ahweaseɛ agu beae kɛse bi so[18]. Wɔ afeha a edi hɔ no ne fa mu no, wɔtotoo ɔdan no fa a aka no mu de hwehwɛɛ dan no mu nneɛma, na wɔyii nneɛma a ɛsom bo pii nso fii hɔ[19][20].

Ne nya

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Wɔ November 1798, wɔpaw Earl of Elgin sɛ "Ambassador Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary

Parthenon Selene Horse

of His Britannic Majesty to the Sublime Porte of Selim III, Sultan of Turkey" (Greece yɛ Ottoman Ahemman no fa saa bere no). Ansa na ɔrefi hɔ akɔyɛ adwuma no, na wakɔka akyerɛ Britania aban mpanyimfo no sɛ wɔpɛ sɛ wɔfa mfoniniyɛfo ma wɔyɛ Parthenon no afa horow a wɔabɔ ho mfonini. Sɛnea Elgin kyerɛ no, "Ahenni no mmuae ... no yɛ nea ɛmfata koraa"[6].

Elgin sii gyinae sɛ ɔno ankasa bɛyɛ adwuma no, na ɔfaa anwensɛmfo toaa ne mfonini no so wɔ Neapolitan ahemfie mfoniniyɛfo, Giovanni Lusieri, akwankyerɛ ase. Ɛwom sɛ na n'atirimpɔw ankasa ne sɛ ɔbɛkyerɛ ahoni no ho nsɛm de, nanso wɔ 1801 mu no Elgin fii ase yii nneɛma fii Parthenon no ne emu adan a atwa ho ahyia no mu wɔ Lusieri akwankyerɛ ase. Sɛnea Turkeyni bi kae no, na wɔhyew ahoni a wɔde aboɔ ayɛ a wɔatwa ato fam no sɛ wɔde rebɛsi dan, na sɛ wɔde mfoni a na wɔadi kan ayɛ no toto ho a, wɔhu sɛ na nkaeɛ no resɛe ntɛmntɛm[6]. Wɔsan nso yii nkae bi fii Erechtheion, Propylaia, ne Athena Nike Asɔredan no mu, ne nyinaa wɔ Acropolis no mu[10].

Metope from the Elgin Marbles depicting a Centaur and a Lapith fighting

Wɔde wɔn firi Greece baa Malta, a na ɛyɛ Britania aban a na ɛhwɛ wɔn so no, na wɔtenaa hɔ mfe pii kɔsii sɛ wɔde wɔn kɔɔ Britain[21]. Wɔwiee asase no a wɔtutuiɛ ne ne tu no wɔ afe 1812 mu, na Elgin ankasa tuaa £74,240[6][22] (a ɛne £5,670,000 yɛ pɛ wɔ afe 2023 mu). Elgin bɔɔ ne tirim sɛ ɔbɛfa nhwiren no so ama Britain[23] adwinni ayɛ yiye, na n'atirimpɔ ankasa ne sɛ aban no bɛtɔ wɔn[24].

Nkyerɛmu

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Annotated sectional view of the Parthenon with parts in the British Museum shaded

Abɔdenden a Elgin nyaa no bi ne nnipa bɛyɛ 21 a wɔfiri ahoni a ɛwɔ apuei fam ne atɔe fam no so, paneɛ 92 a ɛwɔ mfitiase no mu 15 a ɛkyerɛ ɔko a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ Lapiths ne centaurs ntam no, ne

Parthenon a ne tenten yɛ mita 75 a na ɛhyehyɛ ntenten a ɛwɔ asɔredan no mu no ho. Saa kwan yi so no, ɛyɛ nea ɛboro Parthenon ahoni no fa a aka no so[10].

Elgin nsa kaa nneɛma bi nso fii adan afoforɔ a ɛwɔ Atene Acropolis no so - caryatid a efi Erechtheion; ntayaa anan a efi ɔfasu a ɛwɔ Athena Nike Asɔredan no mu; ne Parthenon, Propylaia, Erechtheion, ne Athena Nike Asɔredan no mu nkae bi - ne Atreus Asɔredan wɔ Mycenae[10].

British Museum no nso kura Acropolis no mu nsɛsoɔ bi a wɔtɔ fii nneɛma ahodoɔ bi a ɛmfa Elgin ho, te sɛ Léon-Jean-Joseph Dubois,[25] William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire[25], ne Society of Dilettanti[25].

Hwɛ bio

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Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ

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  1. ↑ John Christopher Wells (2008), Longman pronunciation dictionary (3rd edition ed.), Harlow (GB): Pearson education, ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |edition= has extra text (help)
  2. ↑ Daniel Jones, Peter Roach, Jane Setter, John Henry Esling (2011), Cambridge English pronouncing dictionary (18th ed ed.), Cambridge (GB) New York: Cambridge university press, ISBN 978-0-521-15255-6 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |edition= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. 1 2 G.H. JENKINS (2013), "CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATION", Introduction to Cane Sugar Technology, Elsevier, pp. 325–347, ISBN 978-1-4832-3195-2, retrieved 2025-06-20
  4. ↑ "PROCEDURE: THE HOUSE OF COMMONS AND THE SELECT COMMITTEE", Parliamentary Affairs, 1959-12, doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.pa.a053457, ISSN 1460-2482, retrieved 2025-06-20 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  5. 1 2 Alexander Herman (2023), The Parthenon marbles dispute: heritage, law, politics, The Art law library, Oxford: Hart, ISBN 978-1-5099-6717-9 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  6. 1 2 3 4 "Volume 25, Number 1, May 1989, Volume 25, Number 2, June 1989", Human Immunology, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. iii–vi, 1989-08, doi:10.1016/0198-8859(89)90091-8, ISSN 0198-8859, retrieved 2025-06-20 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  7. ↑ Mary Beard (2002), The Parthenon: temple, cathedral, mosque, ruin, icon ..., Wonders of the world, London: Profile Books, ISBN 978-1-86197-292-7 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  8. ↑ "LVIII. Report of the Select Committee of the house of commons, appointed to inquire, whether it be expedient that the collection mentioned in the Earl of E<scp>lgin</scp>'s petition, presented to the house on the 15th day of February last, should be purchased on behalf of the public; and if so, what price it may be reasonable to allow for the same", The Philosophical Magazine, vol. 47, no. 216, pp. 267–285, 1816-04, doi:10.1080/14786441608628461, ISSN 1941-5796, retrieved 2025-06-20 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  9. ↑ Folarin Shyllon (2011-11), "The 16th Session of the UNESCO Intergovernmental Committee for Promoting the Return of Cultural Property to Its Countries of Origin or Its Restitution in Case of Illicit Appropriation, 21–23 September 2010", International Journal of Cultural Property, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 429–435, doi:10.1017/s0940739111000385, ISSN 0940-7391, retrieved 2025-06-20 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Catharine Titi (2023), "Annex: The Parthenon Sculptures—The Trustees' Statement (British Museum)", The Parthenon Marbles and International Law, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 309–311, ISBN 978-3-031-26356-9, retrieved 2025-06-20
  11. ↑ Catharine Titi (2023), "The British Museum and the Marbles", The Parthenon Marbles and International Law, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 139–186, ISBN 978-3-031-26356-9, retrieved 2025-06-20
  12. ↑ C. C. Hassett, D. W. Jenkins (1949-07-29), "Production of Radioactive Mosquitoes", Science, vol. 110, no. 2848, pp. 109–110, doi:10.1126/science.110.2848.109, ISSN 0036-8075, retrieved 2025-06-20
  13. ↑ Vatican Museums (CT), retrieved 2025-06-20
  14. ↑ Mario Trabucco della Torretta (2018-02-28), "New water from old spouts:", Great Waterworks in Roman Greece, Archaeopress Publishing Ltd, pp. 235–245, retrieved 2025-06-20
  15. ↑ Theodor E. Mommsen (1941-10-01), "The Venetians in Athens and the Destruction of the Parthenon in 1687", American Journal of Archaeology (in English), vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 544–556, doi:10.2307/499533, ISSN 0002-9114, retrieved 2025-06-20
  16. ↑ Lois Fichner-Rathus (2013), Understanding art (10th Ed ed.), Australia: Cengage Wadsworth, ISBN 978-1-111-83695-5 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |edition= has extra text (help)
  17. ↑ "Athens", The Archaeology of Athens, Yale University Press, pp. 247–270, 2017-12-31, retrieved 2025-06-20
  18. ↑ John Law (2003), "Venetian empire", Oxford Art Online, Oxford University Press, retrieved 2025-06-20
  19. ↑ Anthony Grafton, Glenn W. Most, Salvatore Settis, ed. (2010), The classical tradition, Harvard University Press reference library, Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-03572-0, OCLC 318876873, retrieved 2025-06-20{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  20. ↑ Alexander Herman (2023), The Parthenon marbles dispute: heritage, law, politics, The art law library, Oxford ; London ; New York ; New Delhi ; Sydney: Hart Publishing, ISBN 978-1-5099-6719-3 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  21. ↑ Paul K Davis (2001-06-14), "Atlanta/March To The Sea22 July-22 December 1864", 100 Decisive Battles, Oxford University PressNew York, NY, pp. 328–331, ISBN 978-0-19-514366-9, retrieved 2025-06-20
  22. ↑ "Dodge, John Vilas, (25 Sept. 1909–23 April 1991), Senior Editorial Consultant, Encyclopædia Britannica, since 1972; Chairman, Board of Editors, Encyclopædia Britannica Publishers, since 1977", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, retrieved 2025-06-20
  23. ↑ David Jenkins (2016), Indonesia, no. 102, p. 129, doi:10.5728/indonesia.102.0129, ISSN 0019-7289 https://doi.org/10.5728/indonesia.102.0129, retrieved 2025-06-20 {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  24. ↑ "If We Lose the Earth, We Lose Our Souls by Bruno Latour (review)", Journal of Ecumenical Studies, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 446–447, 2024-06, doi:10.1353/ecu.2024.a935559, ISSN 2162-3937, retrieved 2025-06-20 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  25. 1 2 3 F. J. Bell (1892), Catalogue of the British echinoderms in the British Museum (Natural History), London: Printed by Order of the Trustees, retrieved 2025-06-20
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