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Decolonizing Museums through Repatriation of African Human Remains

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Nnansa yi, wiase nyinaa atuateɛ a wɔde rebɔ beaɛ a wɔkora nnoɔma ho ban no akɔ n'anim. Ne titire ne berɛ a wɔrehwehwɛ sɛ wɔde Afrikafoɔ nnompe a wɔboaboaa ano berɛ a na wɔhyɛ aman afoforɔ ase na wɔde siee Europa ahyehyɛdeɛ ahodoɔ mu no bɛsan aba no. Wɔ abakɔsɛm mu no, wobu saa adeyɛ yi sɛ nyansahunu mu adeyɛ anaa nnipa ho adeyɛ, na wɔrekyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ nnipa mu nyiyim, basabasayɛ, ne Afrikafoɔ a wɔte wɔn ho firi nnipa ho. Afrikafoɔ nnompe a wɔsan de kɔ wɔn man mu no nyɛ honam nipadua a wɔbɛsan de akɔ wɔn man mu kɛkɛ - ɛyɛ adeyɛ a ɛho hia a wɔde siesie amammerɛ, ayaresa, ne Afrikafoɔ nnidie a wɔsan si so dua.

Adwumayɛbea ahodoɔ a wɔboaboa nnoɔma ano ne haw no abɔseɛ

[sesa]

Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 ne afeha a ɛto so 20 no mfitiaseɛ mu a na Europa nniso no mu yɛ den bere mu no, wɔsisii nnipa nnompe - a na tiboa, nnompe, ne nipadua a wɔasiesie no wom - firii Afrika aboda, akono, ne nkurow mu. Wɔde saa nnompe yi kɔɔ Europa tete nneɛma akorae ne suapɔn ahodoɔ mu kɔyɛɛ nhwehwɛmu a ɛte sɛ nyansahu mu nhwehwɛmu a na wɔhwehwɛ sɛ wɔbɛkyekyɛ nnipa mmusua mu na wɔada Europafoɔ anim dom no adi[1]. Wɔboaboaa nneɛma ano wɔ mmeae bi te sɛ British Museum, Musée de l'Homme wɔ Paris, ne Humboldt Forum wɔ Berlin.

Mpɛn pii no, na wɔfa afunu no bere a wɔnka ho asɛm nkyerɛ wɔn, na na eyi ne Afrikafo amammerɛ ne wɔn som mu gyidi ahorow nhyia. Wɔn a wɔda so kura wɔn ho wɔ Europa tete nneɛma akorae no kyerɛ sɛ amammerɛ mu tumi a ɛwɔ hɔ seesei no ne hokwan a Afrikafo nni sɛ wobedi wɔn awufo ni no[2][3].

San a wɔbɛsan wɔn afoforɔ asase so sɛ amammuo a nnisoɔ ho akwankyerɛ

[sesa]

Afrikafoɔ nnompe a wɔasan de aba wɔn man mu no yɛ ade titiriw a ɛma wɔtew tete nneɛma akorae no so. Wɔ saa asɛm yi mu no, sɛ́ wɔbɛtew nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma no ase no kyerɛ sɛ wɔbɛsɛe tumidie, mmusua mu dibea, ne nimdeɛ mu tumidie a ɛtaa tete tete tete nneɛma akorae mu no. Nnipa nnompe a wɔde aba no si so dua sɛ nnipa a wɔde wɔn baa hɔ no yɛ nnipa a wɔasua wɔn ho ade, na ɛma wohu ntɛnkyea a nniso no de baa wɔn so no[4].

Sɛ wɔsan de obi kɔ fie a, ɛno nso yɛ atɛntenenee a wɔde siesie asɛm no. Afrika aman pii bu nananom a wɔawuwu a wɔbɛsan aba no sɛ ɛyɛ ade kronkron. Ɛma kwan ma mpɔtam hɔfo tumi yɛ ayi, amanne, ne amanne ahorow a ɛma honhom fam akomatɔyam ne amammerɛ mu nkɔanim ba[5].

Nnansa yi a wɔresan afa wɔn a wɔresan aba wɔn man mu ne nkɔsoɔ a aba

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Nkɔso a ɛho hia aba wɔ Afrikafoɔ nnompe a wɔasan de aba wɔn man mu no mu:

  • Namibia ne Germany: Wɔ afe 2011 mu ne afe 2018 mu no, Germany san de Herero ne Nama nneduafo a wɔsɛee wɔn no mpokyerɛ ne wɔn nnompe a na ɛwɔ Berlin ayaresabea hɔ no maa wɔn. Wɔde ɔman no nidi gyee saa nnompe yi wɔ Namibia[6][7].
  • Kenya ne UK: Wɔ afe 2022 mu no, London's Natural History Museum penee so sɛ wɔbɛsan de Kenyafo 32 nnompe a aka no ama, a wɔn mu bi ne wɔn a wɔko maa wɔn ahofadi a wokunkum wɔn wɔ Mau Mau atuateɛ no mu no. Nhyehyɛe no mu na National Museums of Kenya ne Kenya mpanimfoɔ[8].
  • Botswana ne UK: UK de nnipa 20 nnompe maa Botswana wɔ afe 2019 mu, berɛ a wɔdwenee nsɛm pii ho wiei no. Wɔkamfoo saa adeyɛ no sɛ ɛyɛ ɔkwampa a wɔfa so nya ayaresa ne mpata[9].

Mpɛn pii no, sɛ wɔsan ba a, wɔpa kyɛw wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so, na wɔyɛ nnoɔma de kyerɛ sɛ wɔabɛyɛ nnipa a wɔwɔ obu ne baakoyɛ.

Nhyehyɛeɛ ne mmara mu haw ahodoɔ

[sesa]

Ɛmfa ho nkɔsoɔ yi no, ahyehyɛdeɛ pii da so ara mpɛ sɛ wɔde nnipa nnompe bɛsan aba. Nsɛm a wɔtaa ka no bi ne nyansahu mu mfasoɔ, mmara kwan so ahintasɛm, baabi a wofiri a wonhu, ne ahwehwɛdeɛ ahodoɔ a ɛfa baabi a wofi ba ho[10] nso, mmara mu nhyehyɛeɛ pii, te sɛ UK's Human Tissue Act 2004 no, wɔansusu ho sɛ wɔbɛhwɛ nnɔbae a wɔtɔ firii nnisoɔ mmerɛ mu no so, na ama aman a wɔsan kɔ wɔn man mu no ayɛ den wɔ mmara kwan so.

Nea ɛbɛyɛ na wɔatumi adi ɔhaw yi ho dwuma no, wɔabɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛhwehwɛ abrabɔ ho akwankyerɛ a emu da hɔ, nhwehwɛmu a emu da hɔ, ne ɔpɛ a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ wɔbɛyɛ biribi bere mpo a mmara mu mmara biara nni hɔ[11][12]. Decolonization nso hwehwɛ sɛ wɔma Afrika nwomanimfoɔ ne nnipa a wɔwɔ hɔ tumi ma wɔdi nhyehyɛe no anim na wɔkyerɛ ɔkwan a wɔbɛfa so asan aba.

Mmoano

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Afrikafo nnompe a wɔasan de aba wɔn man mu no yɛ ade titiriw ne sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so adeyɛ wɔ nnwumakuw a wɔretwe nnwumakuw no ho afi amammerɛ ase no mu. Ɛhwehwɛ sɛ yegye tete basabasayɛ tom, na yɛko tia nnɛyi ahyehyɛde ahorow a na ɛwɔ hɔ bere a na wɔyɛ nniso ase no, na yɛma Afrikafo nya nidi bio. Bere a wɔrenya nkɔso no, gye sɛ wɔkɔ so yɛ amanaman ntam biakoyɛ ho adwuma, wɔhyɛ abrabɔ ho mmara ase, na wɔyɛ nsakrae wɔ tete nneɛma akorae ho.

Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ

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  1. ↑ Andi Zimmerman (2001), Anthropology and Antihumanism in Imperial Germany, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-98342-4, retrieved 2025-07-02
  2. ↑ Jonathan Paquette (2020-08-07), "France and the restitution of cultural goods: the Sarr-Savoy report and its reception", Cultural Trends, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 302–316, doi:10.1080/09548963.2020.1819773, ISSN 0954-8963, retrieved 2025-07-02
  3. ↑ The Restitution of African Cultural Heritage. Toward a New Relational Ethics (in American English), archived from the original on 2021-08-15, retrieved 2025-07-02
  4. ↑ Muriel Verbeeck (2020), "Dan Hicks, The Brutish Museums. The Benin Bronzes, Colonial Violence and Cultural Restitution", CeROArt, vol. 12, doi:10.4000/ceroart.8297, ISSN 1784-5092, retrieved 2025-07-02
  5. ↑ Pearl S.N.O. Lamptey, Wazi Apoh (2020-08-31), "The restitution debate and return of human remains: implications for bioarchaeological research and cultural ethics in Africa", Contemporary Journal of African Studies, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 97–115, doi:10.4314/contjas.v7i1.7, ISSN 2343-6530, retrieved 2025-07-02
  6. ↑ Lothar Löffler, 1996-01-01, doi:10.1515/9783486818642, retrieved 2025-07-02
  7. ↑ Deutscher Bundestag - Startseite (in German), 2025-07-02, retrieved 2025-07-02
  8. ↑ BBC News – Africa ✓, retrieved 2025-07-02
  9. ↑ "List of people consulted and interviewed during UNCTAD missions (2019)", UNCTAD ICT Policy Review and National E-commerce Strategy for Botswana, United Nations, pp. 141–153, 2021-12-22, ISBN 978-92-1-005863-6, retrieved 2025-07-02
  10. ↑ K. W. Tubb (2011-11), "Lyndel V. Prott (ed.). Witnesses to History: A Compendium of Documents and Writings on the Return of Cultural Objects. 440 pp.UNESCO, Paris2009.", International Journal of Cultural Property, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 463–466, doi:10.1017/s0940739111000324, ISSN 0940-7391, retrieved 2025-07-02 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  11. ↑ International Council of Museums (ICOM), retrieved 2025-07-02
  12. ↑ Standards and guidelines (in American English), retrieved 2025-07-02
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