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Climate-Driven Repatriation in the Sahel Region

Ɛfi Wikipedia

Asasewosow a Emu Nsɛnnennen De Ba wɔ Sahel Mantam no Mu. Sahel mantam[1] no - a aman te sɛ Mali, Niger, Chad, Burkina Faso, ne Sudan afa bi wom no[2] - yɛ mmeae a wim nsakrae tumi sɛe no kɛse wɔ wiase no mu biako. Nsakrae a asi wɔ wim tebea mu no ama nnipa pii atu afi wɔn nkurow mu, na eyi yɛ ade titiriw a ɛma nkurɔfo tu fi wɔn nkurow mu kɔ mmeae foforo. Nanso, nneɛma a ɛma wɔsan kɔ wɔn man mu, titiriw wɔn a wɔatu wɔn afi wɔn man mu ne wɔn a wɔatu wɔn fi aman foforo so no, ama nnipa, nneɛma a atwa wɔn ho ahyia, ne mmara ho nsɛmmisa a emu yɛ den asɔre. Bere a ɔpɛ, nsuyiri, ne asase a ɛresɛe no reyɛ kɛse no, atubrafo ne atubrafo a wɔresan akɔ wɔn kurom wɔ Sahel a wim tebea asɛe hɔ no hia mmoa ntɛmntɛm, na asiane kɛse bi wom.

Ewiem tebea ho haw ne atutenafoɔ a wɔwɔ Sahel

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Nneɛma a ɛde adwennwene ba nnipa so

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Wei bi ne anhweatam a ɛreyɛ ayɛ hɔ, nnɔbae a ɛresɛe, ne osu a ɛresɛe bere ne bere mu no ayɛ ɔhaw kɛse wɔ Sahel. Saa tebea ahorow yi sɛe wɔn asetena a egyina kuayɛ ne nnwanhwɛ so, na ɛtaa ma nkurɔfo tu kɔ nkurow akɛse mu anaa wɔtutu fa baabiara[3][4]. Afei nso, ntɔkwaw a ɛrekɔ so wɔ mpɔtam hɔ nyinaa wɔ asase ne nsu ho no ama nnipa pii atu afi wɔn nkurow mu ne aman foforo so.

Nnipa bɛborɔ ɔpepem 2.7 na wɔatu afiri wɔn afie mu wɔ Sahel mantam no mu esiane ntɔkwaw ne nneɛma a ɛfa wim tebea ho nti wɔ afe 2022 awiei mu[5]. Ɛwom sɛ nnipa dodow no ara atu afi wɔn afie mu de, nanso atubrafo ne atubrafo mpempem pii asan kɔ wɔn mmeae a wim tebea asɛe hɔ no - wɔ wɔn ankasa pɛ mu anaa wɔ nhyehyɛe a wɔde resan akɔ wɔn kurom so mu.[6]

Nnoɔma a ɛde nsakraeɛ ba abɔdeɛ mu no ne wɔn a wɔsan ba wɔn man mu

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Mpɛn pii no, nneɛma bi te sɛ amansan tebea, amammuisɛm, ne ahobammɔ nti na wɔsan de nkurɔfo kɔ wɔn kurom wɔ Sahel mantam no mu:

  • Asetena mu sɛe: Wɔn a wɔsan ba no taa hyia nsunsuanso bɔne sen bere a wofii hɔ no, te sɛ nnɔbae a asɛe, nsu a ayera, ne mmoa adidibea a kwae no asɛe[7][8].
  • Asetena mu ahokyere: Afoforo ntumi nkɔyɛ afuw anaa nguanhwɛ adwuma bio, titiriw mmabun ne mmea[9][10].
  • Ahobammɔ a Emu Nyɛ Den: Akokoakoko ne amumɔyɛsɛm a ɛrekɔ so wɔ Mali, Burkina Faso, ne Niger afa bi no da so ara ma nkurɔfo ntumi nkɔ wɔn kurom dwoodwoo, bere mpo a tebea no ma kwan no.

Enti, sɛ wɔamfa nneɛma a ɛho hia, asetena mu mmoa, ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a yɛbɛtra mu no anyɛ nea ɛho hia a, ebetumi ama nkurɔfo a wim nsakrae ama wɔresan akɔ wɔn kurom no ayɛ nea wɔmpɛ sɛ wɔyɛ anaa wɔrentumi ntena hɔ daa.

Mmuaeɛ a adwumakuo ahodoɔ no de ma ne nhyehyɛeɛ

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Nnwumakuo bebree na wɔdi anim ma wɔde nneɛma a ɛfa wim nsakrae ho no rehyɛ wɔn a wɔresan akɔ wɔn man mu no nhyehyɛe mu wɔ Sahel:

Amanaman Ntam Nkɔso Ahyehyɛde (IOM)

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IOM ayɛ "nneɛma a ɛfa wim tebea ho" ho nhyehyɛe, titiriw wɔ Niger ne Mali. Eyinom bi ne:

  • Asase a wɔresan asiesie (te sɛ, nnua a wɔsan dua, ne nea wɔde siw asase ano ano).
  • Sika a wɔde yɛ adwuma ho nhyehyɛe a wɔhwɛ sɛ wɔbɛyɛ nneɛma a ɛbɛma wɔatumi agyina nsakrae a ɛba wim tebea mu ano.
  • Mmoa a wɔde ma wɔn a wɔresan aba wɔn man mu no ma wɔn nya nnwuma a ɛyɛ fɛ na wɔhwɛ wɔn ho yiye wɔ wim tebea mu[4].

UNHCR

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UN Refugee Agency no gye tom sɛ ɛho hia sɛ wɔde wɔn a wotu wɔn ho ma no ba fie no ma ɛne wɔn asetena ne wɔn asetena mu nsɛm hyia. UNHCR ne aban ahorow a ɛwɔ hɔ bom boa:

  • Asase a wɔsan ba no, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔsan siesie hɔ.
  • Nhyehyɛe ahorow a wɔde di abɔde a nkwa wom ho dwuma wɔ mpɔtam hɔ.
  • Ɔmanfo a wɔresan aba wɔn man mu no, wɔhwɛ sɛ wɔbɛtumi de anyinam ahoɔden adi dwuma wɔ hɔ.[7][8]

Afrika Amanaman Nkabom ne Amanaman Nkabom

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Nnyinasosɛm ahorow te sɛ ECOWAS Free Movement Protocol ne AU Kampala Convention no de amantam nhyehyɛe ma sɛ wɔbɛbɔ nnipa a wim nsakrae ama wɔaguan no ho ban. Nanso, ne mmamu da so ara yɛ mmerɛw, titiriw wɔ sɛnea wɔfa nneɛma a ɛde asiane ba asetena mu ho gyinaesi ahorow mu[11][12].

Nhwɛsoɔ ho nhwehwɛmu

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Burkina Faso ne Mali

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Wɔ Burkina Faso atifi fam ne Mali mfinimfini no, nnipa mpempem pii a wɔatu afi wɔn afie mu (IDPs) san kɔɔ wɔn afie a emu asɛe no mu esiane mmoa a wɔatwa ama wɔn anaa tebea a ɛresɛe wɔ atrae hɔ nti. Nanso esiane sɛ na wɔnnya nsu, aba, anaa ahobammɔ nti, wɔn mu pii san tu fii wɔn man mu wɔ asram kakraa bi mu, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ mmɔden a wɔabɔ sɛ wɔbɛsan de wɔn aba wɔn man mu no anyɛ yie[13][14].

Chad ne Niger

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Chad anya nnipa kakra a wɔsan fi Sudan ne Libya ba, nanso sare so a ɛreyɛ kɛse ne Ɔtare Chad a ɛreyɛ ketee no mma nnipa ntumi nkɔ hɔ bio. Wɔ Niger no, IOM ne NGO ahorow a ɛwɔ hɔ no yɛɛ nnua a wɔhwɛ so yɛ nnua ne nsu a wɔboaboa ano ma wɔn a wɔsan ba wɔn kurom wɔ Zinder ne Tahoua, na woyii nkɔso kakra adi wɔ wɔn a wɔsan ba wɔn kurom no mu[3].

Akwansideɛ ne afotuo ahodoɔ titire

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Akwansideɛ

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  • Amanaman ntam mmara biara nni hɔ a ɛkyerɛ nea wɔfrɛ no "wɔn a woguan fi wɔn man mu kɔ wɔn man mu" no, na ɛma ahobammɔ nhyehyɛe no yɛ den.
  • Wɔn a wɔsan ba no nnya asetena mu nneɛma a ɛrentumi nsɛe wɔn wɔ wim nsakrae ho.
  • Sika a wonyae a wɔde bɛboa wɔn ama wɔasiesie wɔn ho ama nsakrae a ɛba wim tebea mu no nnɔɔso wɔ nhyehyɛe a wɔyɛ wɔ wɔn a wɔsan ba no akyi no ho.

Akwankyerɛ

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  • Fa nneɛma a ɛfa wim tebea ho a ebetumi asɛe wo daakye no yɛ adwuma wɔ nneɛma a ɛfa wo a wobɛsan akɔ wo kurom ho nhyehyɛe nyinaa mu.
  • Ma wɔn a wɔresan aba wɔn asetena mu no nneɛma a ɛfa asase ho, a nea ɛka ho ne asase-ne-mfaso, owia ahoɔden mfiri, ne nsu ho ntetee.
  • Sika a wɔde bɛhyɛ adan a ɛtumi gyina tebea no ano wɔ wɔn a wɔresan aba wɔn man mu - akwan, nsuwansuwa, ne adan.
  • Fa aban ahorow a ɛwɔ hɔ ne amammerɛ kwan so akannifo ka ho wɔ gyinaesi a ɛfa wim nsakrae ho.

Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ

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  1. "Sahel Region", Wikipedia (in English), 2024-08-22, retrieved 2025-06-15
  2. Sahel | Location, Facts, Map, & Desertification | Britannica (in English), 2025-06-06, retrieved 2025-06-15
  3. 1 2 Felipe González Morales (2021-10-04), "Jill Alpes, Emergency returns by IOM from Libya and Niger", EUNOMÍA. Revista en Cultura de la Legalidad, no. 21, pp. 435–440, doi:10.20318/eunomia.2021.6367, ISSN 2253-6655, retrieved 2025-06-15
  4. 1 2 IOM Niger (in English), retrieved 2025-06-15
  5. Home (in English), retrieved 2025-06-15
  6. Repatriation | How does law protect in war? - Online casebook, retrieved 2025-06-15
  7. 1 2 UNHCR Afghan refugee statistics 10 Sep 2001 / United Nations High Commissioner fro Refugees (UNHCR)., University of Arizona Libraries, 2001, retrieved 2025-06-15
  8. 1 2 UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency (in English), retrieved 2025-06-15
  9. FAO’s work on climate change : United Nations climate change conference 2018 / Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)., Afghanistan Centre at Kabul University, 2018, retrieved 2025-06-15
  10. Home | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (in English), retrieved 2025-06-15
  11. "African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (Kampala Convention), 2009", International Human Rights Law Documents, Cambridge University Press, pp. 606–620, 2018-10-25, retrieved 2025-06-15
  12. Home | African Union, archived from the original on 2024-05-08, retrieved 2025-06-15
  13. Pakistan : thousands remain displaced after military operations in South Waziristan / Global IDP, Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC)., University of Arizona Libraries, 2005, retrieved 2025-06-15
  14. NRC (in English), retrieved 2025-06-15