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Chadian Refugees and Return After Regional Conflicts

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Chad Aguanfo ne Wɔn a Wɔsan Ba Bere a Ɔmanko Asi no. Chad yɛ ɔman a ɛnni po wɔ Central Afrika, na ɛfiri berɛ tenten na ɛhyia ɔhaw a ɛfa nnipa a wɔatu wɔn afiri wɔn man mu ne atubrafo ho esiane ɔman mu basabasayɛ ne aman ntam ntɔkwa nti. Berɛ a abakɔsɛm kyerɛ sɛ Chad agye atubrafo afiri aman a ɛbɛn hɔ te sɛ Sudan, Central African Republic (CAR), ne Cameroon mu no, ɛyɛ baabi a atubrafo fi nso, titire bere a akodie ne basabasayɛ rekɔ so wɔ ɔman no mu no. Chad atubrafo a wɔresan aba wɔn man mu no - mpɛn pii wɔ asomdwoeɛ ne ahobammɔ a ɛyɛ mmerɛ mu - de ɔhaw a emu yɛ den ba wɔn a wɔsan kɔ wɔn man mu ne bere tenten mu ahobammɔ ho[1][2].

Nnoɔma a ɛma wɔtu afoforɔ

[sesa]

Amanyɔsɛm mu basabasayɛ, mmusuakuo ntam akasakasa, ne nsunsuansoɔ a ɛfiri ako ako mu na ama Chadfoɔ atu afiri wɔn afie mu. Ɔmanko a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ Chad (2005–2010), atuateɛ a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ Lake Chad mantam mu, ne Boko Haram nnwuma a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ Nigeria, Niger, ne Cameroon hye so no nyinaa ama nnipa pii atu afiri wɔn afie mu ne atubrafoɔ a wɔretwam wɔ aman foforɔ so[3][4].

Bio nso, aman a ɛbɛn no te sɛ Sudan (ne titire Darfur), CAR, ne Libya mu basabasayɛ taa nya nsunsuansoɔ wɔ Chad hyeɛ so, na ɛde atubrafoɔ a wɔyɛ Chad man mma a wɔdwanee ɔko no mu no kɔ baabi foforɔ[5].

Atutenafoɔ a wɔrehyia ne wɔn a wɔgye wɔn

[sesa]

Wɔ mmeaeɛ hodoɔ no, Chadfoɔ mpempem pii adwane akɔhwehwɛ dwankɔbea wɔ aman a ɛbɛn hɔ mu. Sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, berɛ a na ɔmanko rekɔ so wɔ 2005-2010 mu no, nnipa pii dwane kɔɔ Sudan, Cameroon, ne CAR. Berɛ koro no ara, Chad nso agye atutenafoɔ pii, titire wɔn a wɔfiri Sudan Darfur mantam no mu, baabi a Sudan atutenafoɔ bɛborɔ 400,000 anya wɔn atenaeɛ wɔ Chad apuei fam wɔ mfe aduonu mmienua atwam no mu[6].

Ɔfa mmienu a Chad di - sɛ ɔman a ɛma wonya atubrafo ne ɔman a wɔgye atutenafoɔ- no ama ayɛ den sɛ wɔde mmoa a wɔde boa nnipa ne nneɛma foforɔ bɛdi dwuma.

Mmɔden a wɔbɔ sɛ wɔbɛma wɔasan akɔ wɔn man mu

[sesa]

Chad atutenafoɔ a wɔagye pene sɛ wɔbɛsan aba wɔn man mu no nam Amanaman Nkabom no Atutenafoɔ Ho Dwumadibea (UNHCR), Chad aban, ne nnwumakuo ahodoɔ a wɔnnhyɛ aban ase(NGOs) a wɔaboa wɔn ano so. Nhwɛsoɔ bi a ɛda nso wɔ afe 2017 ne afe 2019 ntam, berɛ a Chad atutenafoɔ bɛborɔ 2,500 fi CAR san baeɛ, berɛ a ahobammɔ tebea mu yɛɛ yie wɔ Chad anafoɔ fam ne CAR afa bi no[7].

Wɔ afe 2023 mu no, Chadifoɔ a wɛfi Cameroon ne Niger san baa wɔn man mu bio, esiane sɛ wɔn man mu ahobammɔ mu ayɛ den, na tebea a ɛwɔ atubrafo atenae mu nso asɛe nti[5][8]. Nanso, na ɛnyɛ mmerɛw sɛ nkurɔfo bɛsan akɔ wɔn kurom. Nnipa pii a wɔsan ba no rebɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbenya nnoɔma a ɛho hia te sɛ nsu, apɔwmuden, nwomasua, ne asase a wɔde bɛsan atena hɔ[9].

Ɔhaw ahodoɔ a wɔfaa mu

[sesa]

Wɔn a wɔsan ba wɔn kurom no a wɔbɛsan akɔ wɔn kurom no da so ara yɛ asɛnnennen. Mmeae pii a nkurɔfo san kɔ wɔn kurom no - titire wɔ Lake Chad ne Tibesti mpɔtam no – da so ara yɛ mmeae a wonnya nkɔso na wɔnni ahobammɔ. Mpɛn pii no, wɔn a wɔsan ba no hyia asase ho akasakasa, asetra mu ahiade, ne nnipa a wɔne wɔn te mpɔtam a wɔasan aba no ntam ntɔkwa[10]. Bio nso, aban no tumi a enni ano ne sikasɛm a enni mu a efi amanaman ntam agyinatufo hɔ no ama wɔn a wɔasan afi wɔn amammerɛ mu aba no ho ayɛ den.

Ɔhaw a ɛda mmaa ne mmarima ntam nso wɔ hɔ, titire wɔ mmaa ne mmaawa a wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ basabasayɛ mu wɔ wɔn atubra ne wɔn a wɔresan aba wɔn man mu no fam. Mpɛn pii no, wɔn a wɔsan kɔ wɔn man mu no hia mmoa a ɛfa adwene ne abrabɔ ho, mmara mu ahobammɔ, ne sikasɛm mu mmoa ho nhyehyɛeɛ[11].

Amanaman ntam mmoa ne nhyehyɛeɛ ahodoɔ

[sesa]

Mmɔden a wɔbɔ de boa Chadifo a wɔasan aba wɔn man mu no gyina wiase nhyehyɛe te sɛ Global Compact on Refugees ne Kampala Convention on the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa so. Chad nso ne African Union (AU) ne ECOWAS ayɛ adwuma de ahyɛ amantam mu mmarahyɛ a ɛfa nsiakyibaa ne nkabom ho mu den[12].

Ɛmfa ho nhyehyɛe yi nyinaa no, ɛho hia sɛ amanaman no boa wɔn bere nyinaa na wonya sika de boa wɔn. Efi afe 2024 no, UNHCR ne IOM kɔɔ so srɛɛ mmoa a wɔde ma nnipa de boaa atubrafo ne wɔn a wɔatu wɔn afi wɔn man mu (IDPs) a wɔwɔ Chad no ma wɔsan kɔɔ wɔn man mu wɔ ahobammɔ ne nidi mu[13].

Mmuaeɛ

[sesa]

Chad atutenafoɔ a wɔresan aba wɔn man mu berɛ a akodie asi wɔn man mu no kyerɛ sɛ nnipa a wɔatu wɔn afi wɔn man mu no tumi gyina tebea no ano, na ɛma wohu sɛ asomdwoe ne nkɔso a ɛbɛkɔ so atena hɔ bere tenten no, nneɛma bi wɔ hɔ a ɛbɛtumi asi kwan. Ɛho hia sɛ wɔfa ɔkwan a ɛkyɛn so so - a ɛne ahobammɔ, mmoa a wɔde ma nnipa, ne nkɔso ho nhyehyɛeɛ hyia - na ama wɔn a wɔresan akɔ wɔn kurom no atumi ayɛ wɔn ho wɔn ho, anya ahobammɔ, na wɔatumi atena hɔ daa. Sɛ yɛpɛ sɛ yɛsakra nnipa a wɔsan ba yɛn man mu no fi baabi a asiane wom kɔ baabi a ahobammɔ wɔ no a, ehia sɛ yɛde ntoboa pii ma wɔn.

Baabi menyaa mmoa firiiɛ

[sesa]
  1. ↑ A Path to New Beginnings for Chadians Returning from Sudan (in English), retrieved 2025-06-18
  2. ↑ War in Sudan: Nearly one million people forcibly displaced to Chad (in English), retrieved 2025-06-18
  3. ↑ UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency (in English), retrieved 2025-06-18
  4. ↑ "Methodology", UNHCR Education Report, United Nations, pp. 2–2, 2021-09-26, ISBN 978-92-1-358496-5, retrieved 2025-06-18
  5. 1 2 Chad | International Crisis Group (in English), 2025-06-17, retrieved 2025-06-18
  6. ↑ UNHCR Afghan refugee statistics 10 Sep 2001 / United Nations High Commissioner fro Refugees (UNHCR)., University of Arizona Libraries, 2001, retrieved 2025-06-18
  7. ↑ Voluntary repatriation to Afghanistan / United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)., University of Arizona Libraries, 1989, retrieved 2025-06-18
  8. ↑ OCHA — United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, retrieved 2025-06-18
  9. ↑ Bast Jürgen (2010-12), "International Organization for Migration (IOM)", Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-923169-0, retrieved 2025-06-18 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. ↑ Anupama Roy (2022-05-18), "Liminal Citizenship", Citizenship Regimes, Law, and Belonging, Oxford University PressOxford, pp. 163–202, ISBN 0-19-285908-0, retrieved 2025-06-18
  11. ↑ national-outrage-violence-against-internally-displaced-women-and-girls-in-eastern-chad-nov-2010, retrieved 2025-06-18
  12. ↑ African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (Kampala Convention) | African Union, archived from the original on 2023-08-01, retrieved 2025-06-18
  13. ↑ Global Focus | UNHCR's reporting website for donors (in English), retrieved 2025-06-18
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